时间：8～10分钟/篇 分值：2分/小题
Passage 1(2018天津)
Many people travel to different places in the world by air. Usually it takes a long time, perhaps half a day, for passengers to stay in the plane. So airlines(航空公司) offer passengers food. But it is common that they feel bad about food taste. Do you agree?
To solve this problem, airlines try hard to improve their food. They would like to do so because they don't want to lose customers.
However, according to scientific research, part of the reason why plane food tastes bad is that at high altitude(海拔) we can not taste things as well as we do on the ground. Also scientists have found that our noses become very dry even before a plane takes off. As the plane moves up, the change in air pressure(气压) reduces one third of the sensibility(感觉) of our taste buds(味蕾). So our taste buds become senseless. The sad fact, however, is that our noses don't know it.
All of these help explain why food on the plane tastes so bad. They also help explain why airlines choose to offer passengers salty and spicy(辛辣的) food. Without doing so, the food would be tasteless.
Now there are many researches on this. According to one of them, some volunteers are asked to lie with their feet higher than their heads for weeks. And scientists write down their feelings about food taste.
Though scientists try their best, it is not as easy as they thought. Because they can't deal with the special environment successfully, such as the change in air pressure, making food taste good is still hard for them.
( )1. In Paragraph 2, “this problem” means ________．
A. passengers stay long in the plane
B. food on the plane tastes bad
C. passengers have no food to eat
D. food on the plane is expensive
( )2. What do airlines do to solve this problem?
A. Get more customers. B. Offer more food.
C. Improve their food. D. Reduce the ticket price.
( )3. As the plane moves up, the change in air pressure reduces ________ of the sensibility of our taste buds.
A. half B. one third C. one fourth D. one fifth
( )4. Why do scientists feel it hard to make food on the plane taste good?
A. The volunteers don't know about food taste.
B. The volunteers don't understand them.
C. They can't find enough volunteers.
D. They can't deal with the special environment successfully.
( )5. What is the best title of the passage?
A. Taste of Airplane Food
B. Airplane Travel
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C. Scientific Research on Noses
D. The Change in Air Pressure
Passage 2(2018东营)
It seems that school children all over the world complain(抱怨)about their school food. What do students of your age eat for lunch at school in other countries?
Japan
High schools have dining rooms. They serve everything from noodles to rice, but not burgers and chips. Other children bring food from home, such as cold rice balls, meat or fish, pickles(泡菜)and vegetables. Twice a year parents are invited to have a taste of the food.
United States
A typical menu from a US school is made up of a hamburger with fried potatoes or roast chicken, lettuce and pickles, fruit and cookies. School lunches must also provide at least one third of the daily amount(总量)of necessary nutrition(营养)，such as, vitamin A, vitamin C and calcium(钙)．
Australia
Meat pies, sausage rolls(香肠卷)and hotdogs are all traditional dishes in Australian school shops. But as the country pays more attention to children's health, healthier foods have started to appear on school menus. Many schools have used a traffic light system. The sale of red labeled(标注)foods, including cookies, chocolate and soft drinks, is served only twice a week. Healthier green labeled foods such as sushi, sandwiches, corn and watermelons, however, are available every day.
South Africa
Most of South African schools do not serve meals at all. Classes end at 1：30 p．m. and students get their own lunches. Many students bring food from home, usually sandwiches.
Fast food and fried food sell the best among students. As a result, it has caused a rise in obesity(肥胖)among children. But as more people began to realize that being too fat may cause different kinds of serious illnesses, some schools in towns have led the way towards better nutrition. Now students at these schools are offered lunches of porridge with vegetables, such as cabbage, onions, beans, carrots and tomatoes.
( )1. High schools in Japan serve________．
A. noodles and rice B. burgers and rice balls
C. chips and vegetables D. fish and roast chicken
( )2. From the passage, we know the typical menu from a US school is________．
A. delicious B. quite healthy
C. not very healthy D. popular in South Africa
( )3. Which are traditional dishes in Australia?
A. Meat pies and hotdogs. B. Chocolate and soft drinks.
C. Cookies and sushi. D. Sandwiches and corn.
( )4. In South Africa，________．
A. most students have sandwiches and vegetables for lunch
B. students like fast food and fried food very much
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C. more and more students become ill
D. students realized that fast food and fried food were bad for their health
( )5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A. Parents in Japan are invited to taste the food twice a year.
B. In the United States, school lunches must provide at least one third of the daily amount of necessary nutrition.
C. In Australia, many schools have used a traffic light system.
D. In South Africa, schools don't serve meals.
Passage 3(2018长沙)
Why is clean water so important to developing countries? A recent report shows that about 80 percent of diseases in developing countries are caused by poor water and low sanitation(卫生)conditions. In those countries, women and girls spend several hours collecting water, but often polluted, far away from their families. The polluted water more or less influences their health. In this case, there is an urgent(迫切的) need for people in developing countries to have access to(有机会或权利使用) clean water to improve their health.
Here is a short story about Hadjara Zakari, a 12yearold girl in Niger. Having access to clean water changed her life. She learned about the importance of handwashing when the school first received clean water three years ago. That evening, she told her father, “You shouldn't eat with me unless you clean your hands.” Her father was very angry and shouted at her, “It's not up to you to tell me what to do！” Stunned(目瞪口呆的), Hadjara sat in silence. But she knew she was right. In protest,_Hadjara refused to eat dinner that night. After her father questioned Hadjara's head teacher, he understood the importance of handwashing and his daughter's intentions(目的). The girl really wanted her family to live longer and healthier lives.
For people in developing countries, clean water can change many things, especially improve their health. So, from now on, let's avoid wasting water and take action to save water, which is important to people all over the world.
( )1. According to the recent report, poor water and low sanitation conditions can cause ________．
A. traffic problems B. forest fires C. many illnesses
( )2. The key to improving people's health in developing countries is ________ in Paragraph 1.
A. to get clean water
B. to exercise often
C. to refuse drugs
( )3. What can we infer(推断) from Paragraph 2?
A. Hadjara laughed at her father's foolishness.
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B. Hadjara refused to eat dinner that night in order to lose weight.
C. Hadjara's father understood his daughter's love and care for him later.
( )4. The underlined word “protest” in this passage means ________．
A. 抗议 B. 保护 C. 节约
( )5. The purpose of the writer is to ________．
A. teach people how to wash hands
B. call on people all over the world to save water
C. show developing countries rich in clean water
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专项训练八 饮食、卫生与健康
Passage 1【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文，文章讲述了为什么我们会觉得飞机上的食物不好吃的原因。
1. B【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：在第二段中“this problem”指的是。根据第一段的最后两句“But it is common that they feel bad about food taste. Do you agree? ”可知答案。故选B。
2. C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：航空公司是如何解决这个问题的？根据文中第二段第一句“To solve this problem, airlines try hard to improve their food.”可知选C。
3. B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：随着飞机的上升，气压的改变降低我们味蕾敏感度的。根据文中第三段第三句“As the plane moves up, the change in air pressure(气压) reduces one third of the sensibility(感觉) of our taste buds(味蕾)．”可知选B。
4. D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：为什么科学家认为把飞机上的食物味道变好很困难？根据文中最后一段最后一句“Because they can't deal with the special environment successfully, such as the change in air pressure, making food taste good is still hard for them.”可知选D。
5. A【解析】标题归纳题。题干意为：文章最好的标题是什么？A项：飞机上食物的味道；B项：飞机旅行；C项：关于鼻子的科学研究；D项：飞机气压的变化。通读本文可知主要讲述的是飞机上食物的味道，故选A。
Passage 2【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了日本、美国、澳大利亚、南非四个国家的学生在学校的午餐情况。
1. A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：日本中学会提供。根据文章第二段第二句“They serve everything from noodles to rice...”可知日本学校的食堂提供面条和米饭。故选A。
2. C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：从短文中，我们知道美国学校传统的菜单是。根据文章第三段第一句“A typical menu from a US school is made up of a hamburger with fried potatoes or roast chicken...”可知传统的美国校餐主要包括汉堡、炸薯条和烤鸡，这些都是不健康的食品。故选C。
3. A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：哪些是澳大利亚的传统菜肴？根据文章第四段第一句的“Meat pies, sausage rolls (香肠卷) and hotdogs are all traditional dishes in Australian school shops.”可知肉馅饼和热狗是澳大利亚的传统菜肴。故选A。
4. B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在南非，。根据文章最后一段第一句“Fast food and fried food sell the best among students.”可知学生都喜欢快餐和油炸食品。故选B。
5. D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：下列哪项是不正确的？根据第二段最后一句“Twice a year parents are invited to have a taste of the food.”可知A项正确；根据第三段最后一句的“School lunches must also provide at least one third of the daily amount (总量) of necessary nutrition(营养)．..”可知B项正确；根据第四段第三句“Many schools have used a traffic light system.”可知C项正确；根据文章的最后一句“Now students at these schools are offered lunches...”可知现在南非的这些学校已经提供午饭，因此D项错误。故选D。
Passage 3【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。文中主要讲述了净水资源对于发展中国家人们健康的重要性，号召我们采取行动，节约用水。
1. C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据最近的报道，水质差的水和卫生状况差可能引起。第一段第二句“A recent report shows that about 80 percent of diseases in developing countries are caused by poor water and low sanitation (卫生) conditions.”可知大约80%的疾病都是由水质差的水和卫生状况差引起的。故选C。
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1. A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在第一段中，改善发展中国家人们健康状况的关键是。根据第一段最后一句“In this case, there is an urgent (迫切的) need for people in developing countries to have access to (有机会或权利使用) clean water to improve their health.”可知使用净水是改善人们健康的关键，故选A。
2. C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：从第二段中我们能推断出什么？根据第二段倒数第二句“After her father questioned Hadjara's headteacher, he understood the importance of handwashing and his daughter's intentions (目的)．”可知Hadjara的父亲最终明白了女儿对他的关心和爱。故选C。
3. A【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：这篇短文中划线单词“protest”的意思是。根据第二段倒数第三句“...Hadjara refused to eat dinner that night.”可知此处指她为了抗议拒绝吃晚餐。故选A。
4. B【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：作者的目的是。根据短文最后一句“So, from now on, let's avoid wasting water and take action to save water, which is important to people all over the world.”可知作者写本文的目的主要是号召人们节约用水。故选B。
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