专题九 句子基本结构及句型
真 题 试 做
(A)1.(2018重庆中考A卷)______ me a chance and I'll bring you a surprise.
A.Give B.Giving C.Gives D.To give
(D)2.(2018重庆中考A卷)______ special class we had today! We learned about kung fu.
A.How B.What C.How a D.What a
(C)3.(2018昆明中考)—Have you watched the movie named Amazing China(《厉害了,我的国》)?
—Sure, I have.______ great achievements our country has made!
A.What a B.What an C.What D.How
(D)4.(2018新疆维吾尔自治区中考)Both Mike and I ______ ready for the new high school life.
A.be B.am C.is D.are
(C)5.(2018宜宾中考改编)—______ will you go back to your hometown?
—In a week.
A.How long B.How far
C.How soon D.How often
考向归结
在近年的中考中,对句式的考查主要为:1.否定句的各种句式;2.反意疑问句的反问部分;3.特殊疑问句中疑问词的选择;4.祈使句的特殊形式;5.感叹句中what和how的正确选择,同时注意感叹词后不定冠词的有无;6.特殊句型:there be 句型,so 和neither(nor)的倒装句式。
考 点 突 破
句子结构
按用途分,句子可分为四种:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
句子
陈述句
肯定句
I like apples.我喜欢苹果。
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种类
否定句
I don't like bananas.我不喜欢香蕉。
疑问句
一般疑问句
Do you usually go to school by bike?你经常骑自行车上学吗?
选择疑问句
Would you like tea or coffee?你想要茶还是咖啡?
反意疑问句
He finished his homework,didn't he?他完成他的家庭作业了,不是吗?
特殊疑问句
How often do you play basketball?你多久打一次篮球?
续表
句子
种类
祈使句
let引导的祈使句
Let me help you.让我来帮你。
祈使句的否定
Don't eat in class.不要在上课的时候吃东西。
感叹句
what引导的感叹句
What a brave boy he is!他是多么勇敢的男孩啊!
how引导的感叹句
How beautiful the flowers are!这些花多漂亮啊!
what与how引导
的感叹句的转换
What an interesting book it is!=How interesting the book is!这本书多么有趣啊!
下面以陈述句为例介绍一下句子的结构:
陈述句用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法。陈述句分为肯定式和否定式两种,句末用句号,读时用降调,有五种基本句型。
1.陈述句的肯定式
(1)主语+系动词+表语。如:
We are happy.我们很快乐。
注意:系动词有三类:be 等表状态;look等表感官;become等表变化。具体如下:
①表状态:be,seem,appear(显得),go(变成),stand(坐落),stay(保持),lie(位于),keep(保持)
②表感官:look(看上去),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),feel(摸起来),taste(尝起来)
③表变化:get(变得),become(成为),turn(变成),grow(渐渐变成),come(成为)
(2)主语+不及物动词。如:
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They are swimming.他们在游泳。
(3)主语+及物动词+宾语。如:
I teach English.我教英语。
注意:如果动词短语是“动词+副词”型,而宾语又是代词时,只能将宾语放在动词和副词之间;若宾语是名词,则宾语既可放在副词前,也可放在副词后。
Write them down,please.请写下它们。
Please write down the words.=Please write the words down.请写下这些单词。
(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语表物,间接宾语表人。一些间接宾语可改成一个由to引导的短语(强调动作是“向谁”做的),或由for 引导的短语(强调动作是“为谁”做的)。
①能带双宾语的动词中多数在间接宾语前加to,这样的动词有:give(给),pass(传;递),take(拿去),bring(带来),show(出示;展现),lend(借给),sell(出售)等。如:
He gave me a book.=He gave a book to me.他给了我一本书。
②带双宾语的动词在间接宾语前加for的动词有:buy(购买),make (制作/造),build(建造),mend(修理),cook(烹饪)等。如:
My mother bought me a present.=My mother bought a present for me.我妈妈给我买了件礼物。
(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补。如:
You'd better tell the students not to make so much noise.你最好告诉学生们不要这么大声吵闹。
①带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:tell,ask,order,want等。
②省略to的不定式作宾补的动词有:feel,hear,see,notice,have,make,let等。
2.陈述句的否定式
(1)含be动词、助动词、情态动词的否定
如果句子的谓语包含be动词、助动词和情态动词,在它们之后加not 构成否定句。如:
I am not a student.我不是一名学生。
I haven't been to Beijing.我没去过北京。
Tom can't swim.汤姆不会游泳。
(2)行为动词的否定
如果句中动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词,
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在谓语前加do的相应形式后再加not。如:
He didn't want to take pictures of his trip.他不想拍他旅行的照片。
(3)可用nothing等表否定的代词,no等表否定的形容词和little,few,hardly等半否定词与肯定形式的谓语动词连用来表示否定。如:
I can hardly understand what you said.我几乎听不明白你说的。
(4)在“I think/believe that 从句”的句型中,若想否定从句动词的含义,必须否定主句动词think/believe,这叫否定的转移。如:
I don't think it's true.我认为它不对。
疑问句
疑问句用于提出问题。句末用问号,可分为四种:一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和特殊疑问句。如:
Can you draw?你会画画吗?(一般疑问句)
Do you usually go to school by bus or by bike? 你通常上学是乘公交还是骑自行车? (选择疑问句)
It is a nice day,isn't it? 今天天气很好,对不对?(反意疑问句)
How do you make a banana milk shake? 你怎么制作香蕉奶昔?(特殊疑问句)
1.一般疑问句
可用Yes 或No 来回答的问句。它总是以be动词、情态动词或助动词开头。有时也可回答“Not at all”,“Certainly”等。如:
—Would you like more rice? 你想再来一些米饭吗?
—No,thanks.I'm full.不,谢谢。我饱了。
2.选择疑问句
(1)以一般疑问句为基础,用 or 来连接不同的选择对象。如:
Shall we go to the zoo or the park? 我们应该去动物园还是公园?
(2)以特殊疑问句为基础,在其后用or来连接不同的选择对象。如:
What would you like,tea or milk? 你想喝什么,茶还是牛奶?
3.反意疑问句
反意疑问句是提出情况或看法,问对方是否同意的句子。一般由两部分组成:“陈述句+简略问句”。这两部分的肯定与否定形式正好相反,
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即:“肯定的陈述句+否定的简略问句”和“否定的陈述句+肯定的简略问句”。如:
Mr.Green went to Shenzhen on business last week,didn't he?格林先生上周去深圳出差了,不是吗?
反意疑问句主语与谓语的确定应以陈述部分的主语和谓语为依据,尤其是要注意一些特殊的情况。同时,简略问句部分的主语一般应用人称代词,而动词若为否定形式则一般应用缩略形式。
(1)陈述部分含有never,few,little,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none,too…to…等表示否定意义的词时,其附加问句应用肯定形式。如:
There are few people in the room,are there? 房间里几乎没有人,是吗?
She is too young to go to school,is she? 她太小而不能去上学,是吗?
(2)陈述句部分是“there be”结构时,疑问部分用“be there”。如:
There is a tree in front of the building,isn't there? 大楼前面有一棵树,不是吗?
(3)当陈述部分的主语为指事(物)的不定代词something,anything,everything等时,附加问句的主语应用it。如:
Something is wrong with your computer,isn't it? 你的电脑出毛病了,不是吗?
(4)当陈述部分的主语为指人的不定代词somebody,anybody,everybody等时,附加问句的主语可用he 或they,但不可用it 来代替。如:
Somebody wants to see you,doesn't he(don't they)? 有人要见你,不是吗?
(5)当陈述部分的主语为this,that 等时,附加部分的主语应用it;当陈述部分的主语为these,those等时,附加部分的主语应用they。同时,陈述部分为肯定形式时,附加问句部分应用否定形式,反之亦然。如:
This is a beautiful picture,isn't it? 这是一幅美丽的图画,不是吗?
Those aren't apple trees,are they? 那些不是苹果树,是吗?
(6)当陈述部分动词为have(has)时有下列几种情况:
①have为构成完成时态的助动词时,附加问句的谓语用have。如:
Tom has had a new watch,hasn't he? 汤姆已经有块新表,不是吗?
②have to 表示“不得不;必须”之意时,附加问句的谓语应用助动词do。如:
Kate has to help her mother at home,doesn't she? 凯特不得不在家帮她妈妈,不是吗?
③have表示“吃、喝、玩、度过”等意思时,其附加问句的谓语应用助动词do。如:
They have a good time in Beijing,don't they? 他们在北京玩得很开心,不是吗?
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(7)当陈述部分含有need时,如果need用作行为动词,则附加问句的动词应用do;如果need用作情态动词,则附加问句的动词应用need。如:
We need to arrive in Shanghai at 7:00,don't we? 我们需要在七点到达上海,不是吗?
We needn't leave at once,need we? 我们不必马上离开,是吗?
(8)当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,有下列几种情况:
①must 表示“必须”之意,附加问句的谓语用needn't。如:
They must come on time,needn't they? 他们必须准时到,不是吗?
②must表示推测,意为“一定;想必”,附加问句的谓语动词的确定应根据must后面的动词。如:
That man must be Mr.Wang,isn't he? 那个人想必是王先生,是吗?
(9)当陈述部分为I am形式时,附加问句部分应该用aren't I。如:
I'm right,aren't I?我是对的,不是吗?
(10)陈述句部分若为主从复合句,疑问部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。如:
She said he would come tomorrow,didn't she? 她说他明天会来,不是吗?
注意:若主句的主语是第一人称I/we,其谓语动词又是think,suppose,expect,believe,imagine等,疑问部分的主语一般与从句的主语一致。同时,应特别注意否定的转移。如:
We don't think you are right,are you? 我们认为你不对,是吗?
4.特殊疑问句
以疑问词引出的问句。一般为疑问语序:“疑问词+一般疑问句”,回答时要具体作答,不能用yes或no来回答。
(1)语序
①当疑问词或由其所修饰的词不作主语时,用一般疑问句语序。如:
Where will you go?你将要去哪里?
②当疑问词或由其所修饰的词作主语时,用陈述句语序:“疑问词(+主语)+谓语+动词(+其他)?”
Who broke the door? 谁弄坏了门?
Which boy runs the fastest? 哪个男孩跑得最快?
(2)特殊疑问词的用法
①问性格“What's…like?”;问外貌“What do(does) sb.look like?”;问想法“What
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do(does) sb.think of…?”;问年龄“What's…age?”或“How old…?”;问身体状况“How…?”;问身高“How tall…?”;问工作生活情况“How are(is) sb.…getting on?”。
②询问时刻用“what time”,问何时用“when”,问星期用“what day”,问日期用“what's the date”。
③询问一段延续的时间有多长(久)用“how long”,答语用“for+一段时间”或“since+过去时间点”;问某事过多久将会发生用how soon,答语用“in+一段时间”;问某个动作重复发生的频率间隔用how often,答语用“次数+时间”,如“three times a day”等;问总共的次数用how many times,答语用“基数词+times”等。如:
—How long will it take us to get there by bus? 我们坐公共汽车到那儿要多长时间?
—About two hours.大约两个小时。
④询问数量时,对可数名词提问用“how many”,对不可数名词提问用“how much”。此外“how much”还可以用来询问“多少钱”。问人口用“What's the population of +地区?”如:
—How much is the ticket?票价是多少?
—About forty yuan.大约四十元。
What's the population of Yibin?宜宾有多少人口?
⑤询问距离用“how far”。
⑥询问颜色用“what color”。
⑦询问号码用“what number”或“what is…number”;如果是number 作主语,则用what。如:
What number is your car? 你的车牌号是多少?
What's your telephone number? 你的电话号码是多少?
there be句型
1.there be 句型的时态
there be可以有现在时(there is/are)、过去时(there was/were)、将来时(there is/are going to be或there will be)和完成时(there have/has been),还可用there must be,there can't be,there used to be等。 如:
There is going to be a concert this evening.今晚将会有一场音乐会。
2.there be 句型的反意疑问句
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其附加问句构成为be (not) there? 如:
There is some milk in the bottle,isn't there?瓶子里有一些牛奶,没有吗?
3.there be 句型的主谓一致
There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致,遵循“就近原则”。如:
There isn't any rice in the bowl.碗里没有米饭。
There were many apples on the tree last year.去年树上有很多苹果。
4.there be 句型与have句型的区别
(1)there be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下:there be表示“某处存在某物或某人”;have表示“某人拥有某物或某人”,它表示所有、拥有关系。 如:
There are two men in the office.办公室里有两个男人。
He has two sons.他有两个儿子。
(2)当have表示“包括;存在”的含义时,there be 句型与其可互换。如:
A week has seven days.=There are seven days in a week.一个星期有七天。
感叹句
1.感叹句表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈的感情。这种句子一般用how 或what开头,都用陈述语序,后加感叹号,读降调。如:
What fine weather it is!多么好的天气啊!
2.感叹句中,how(多么)用作状语,修饰形容词或副词;what(多么)用作定语,修饰名词,名词前可有不定冠词a(an)和形容词。
(1)How+形容词或副词(+主语+谓语)!如:
How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊!
(2)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如:
How good a film we have seen!我们看了一场多么精彩的电影啊!
(3)What+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如:
What an interesting book the girl has! 那女孩有一本多有趣的书啊!
(4)What+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!如:
What clever boys they are!他们是多么聪明的男孩呀!
What delicious food it is!多美味的食物啊!
倒装句
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so和neither(nor)的倒装句式
为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复,常用so和neither(nor)的倒装句式:
1.so+be动词(助动词、情态动词)+主语,表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同。如:
—His brother is a college student.他哥哥是个大学生。
—So am I.我也是。
2.neither/nor+be动词(助动词、情态动词)+主语。表示与前面所述的否定情况相同。如:
—One of my friends can't speak English.我的一个朋友不会说英语。
—Neither/Nor can his wife.他的妻子也不会。
祈使句
1.祈使句表示命令、请求或劝告等。主语通常是听话者you,习惯上常省略,而由动词原形引出。否定祈使句是在动词原形前加缩写的don't,还可在动词原形前加do或never来加强语气。如:
Do help me.一定要帮我。
2.祈使句后,还可以加一个简略问句。祈使句为否定结构时,后加“will you?”。祈使句为肯定结构时,表邀请则加“won't you?”;表请求可用“will you?/would you?/can you?/can't you?”等等。如:
Lucy,clean the blackboard today,will you? 露西,你今天擦黑板,好吗?
3.以Let's 开头的句子,us的缩写包括说话人和听话人“双方”,后半部分的简略问句用“shall we?”;以Let us 开头的句子,us 仅指说话人“一方”,其后的简略问句用“will you?”。如:
Let's go and see him after school,shall we? 让我们放学后去看他,好吗?
Let us look at your photo,will you? 让我们看看你的照片,好吗?
小 试 牛 刀
(C)1.(2018遂宁中考)______ interesting person our English teacher is!
A.How B.What C.What an D.What a
(A)2.(2018凉山州中考)______ enjoyable The Readers is! I like the TV program.
A.How B.How a C.What a D.What
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(B)3.(2018上海中考)Please ______ the rubbish into different litter bins according to the signs.
A.puts B.put C.putting D.to put
(C)4.(2018临沂中考)The TV news reports that there ______ a storm the day after tomorrow.
A.is B.was C.will be D.has be
(B)5.(2018临沂中考)______ popular festival Halloween is in North America!
A.What B.What a C.How D.How a
(D)6.(2018扬州中考)—______ does Joanna take the course in DIY?
—Every Saturday afternoon.
A.How long B.How much
C.How soon D.How often
(C)7.(2018吉林中考改编)Let's save pandas! There ______ only about 2,000 pandas living in the forests now.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
(A)8.(2018吉林中考改编)Please ______ here earlier! We don't want to miss the last bus to the library.
A.arrive B.to arrive C.arriving D.arrived
(B)9.(2018北京中考)—______ do you usually go to school, Mary?
—By bike.
A.When B.How C.Where D.Why
(C)10.(2018宜昌中考)—Were you told ______ to arrive at the train station?
—Yes.The group leader said we would meet there at half past ten.
A.how B.why C.when D.where
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