课时10 阅读理解体裁解读(1)
—记叙文【体裁解读】
高考阅读理解体裁纷繁多样，但每套试卷通常包含一到两篇记叙文。在所有的阅读体裁中，记叙文的难度相对是比较低的。如果掌握了阅读的技巧，多多实践，阅读能力就会大大提高。
1．记叙文写作特点
记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等文体，都属于记叙文的范畴。就写作顺序而言，记叙文要么是按时间顺序，要么是按事件的重要性的顺序来展开。不管是哪种叙述方法，最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟，这是记叙文的精华所在，也是阅读的难点所在，可谓“一篇之妙，在于落句”。
2．记叙文命题特点
从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开差距的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。
体裁演练(2017·全国新课标Ⅰ)
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife，a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain.However，when it works，it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young owl (猫头鹰) on the ground.When I arrived，I saw a 2 to 3weekold owl.It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick (雏鸟) and it seemed fine.If I could locate the nest，I might have been able to put it back，but no luck.My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found.I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable.I placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.
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Now all that was needed were the parents，but they were absent.I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks.These advertise the presence of chicks to adults；they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings.I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
1．What is unavoidable in the author's rescue work according to paragraph 1?
A．Efforts made in vain.
B．Getting injured in his work.
C．Feeling uncertain about his future.
D．Creatures forced out of their homes.
2．Why was the author called to Muttontown?
A．To rescue a woman.
B．To take care of a woman.
C．To look at a baby owl.
D．To cure a young owl.
3．What made the chick calm down?
A．A new nest. B．Some food.
C．A recording. D．Its parents.
4．How would the author feel about the outcome of theevent?
A．It's unexpected. B．It's beautiful.
C．It's humorous. D．It's discouraging.
【能力提升】
A
Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days，a brush was made from camel's hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.
The brush did not last long.Soon Benjamin needed more fur.Before long，the cat
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began to look ragged(蓬乱)．His father said that the cat must be sick.Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.
The_cat's_lot_was_about_to_improve.That year，one of Benjamin's cousins，Mr.Pennington，came to visit.He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings.When he went home，he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes.He also sent six engravings(版画) by an artist.These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen.
In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.He asked Benjamin's parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.
In the city，Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.The boy began a landscape(风景)painting.William Williams，a wellknown painter，came to see him work.Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home.The books were long and dull.Benjamin could read only a little，having been a poor student.But he later said，“Those two books were my companions by day，and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nineyearold boy decided then that he would be an artist.
1．What is the text mainly about?
A．Benjamin's visit to Philadelphia.
B．Williams' influence on Benjamin.
C．The beginning of Benjamin's life as an artist.
D．The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.
2．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest?
A．The cat would be closely watched.
B．The cat would get some medical care.
C．Benjamin would leave his home shortly.
D．Benjamin would have real brushes soon.
3．What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?
A．He took him to see painting exhibitions.
B．He provided him with painting materials.
C．He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.
D．He taught him how to make engravings.
4．Williams' two books helped Benjamin to ________.
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A．master the use of paints
B．appreciate landscape paintings
C．get to know other painters
D．make up his mind to be a painter
B
My elder brother Steve gave me important lessons in values that helped me grow into an adult after our father died when I was six.
For instance, Steve taught me to face the results of my behavior. Once when I returned in tears from a Saturday baseball game, Steve took time to ask me what had happened. When I explained that my baseball had broken Mrs. Holt's basement window, Steve encouraged me to confess to it. After all, I should have been playing in the park and not in the path between buildings. Although my knees knocked as I explained to Mrs. Holt, I offered to pay for the window if she would return my ball. I also learned from Steve that personal property (财产) is a sacred thing. After I found a shiny silver pen in my fifthgrade classroom, I wanted to keep it, but Steve explained that it might be important to someone else. I returned the pen to my teacher, Mrs. Davids, and she praised me.
Yet of all the instructions Steve gave me, his respect for life is the most vivid in my mind. When I was twelve, I killed an old brown sparrow in the yard with a BB gun. Excited with my accuracy, I screamed to Steve to come from the house to take a look. I shall never forget the way he stood for a long moment and stared at the bird on the ground. Then in a dead, quiet voice, he asked, “Did it hurt you first, Mark？” I didn't know what to answer. He continued with his eyes firm，“ The only time you should even think of hurting a living thing is whether it hurts you first. And then you think a long, long time. ”I really felt terrible then, but that moment stands out as the most important lesson my brother taught me.
5．What does the underlined word “confess” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Cover. B．Admit.
C．Deny. D．Agree.
6．How did the author feel when he faced Mrs. Holt?
A．He was unwilling.
B．He felt frightened.
C．He appeared challenging.
D．He was lighthearted.
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7．Which was the most important lesson the author learned from his brother?
A．Care for the property of others.
B．The value of honesty.
C．Responsibility for one's actions.
D．Respect for living things.
8．What technique does the author mainly use to organize the text?
A．Time order. B．Cause and effect.
C．Examples. D．Logical reasoning.
C
I first met Paul Newman in 1968，when George Roy Hill，the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid，introduced us in New York City.When the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference，we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.We were respectful of craft (技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core (核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back—he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill，and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly，but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago.He'd been in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didn't talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.
9．Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?
A．Paul Newman wanted it.
B．The studio powers didn't like his agent.
C．He wasn't famous enough.
D．The director recommended someone else.
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10．Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?
A．They were of the same age.
B．They worked in the same theater.
C．They were both good actors.
D．They had similar characteristics.
11．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Their belief.
B．Their care for children.
C．Their success.
D．Their support for each other.
12．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To show his love of films.
B．To remember a friend.
C．To introduce a new movie.
D．To share his acting experience.
D
Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater，employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater's 75year history.This time，however，the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish，another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end.
The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old，most of the 250 seats were filled with tearyeyed audience wanting to say goodbye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.
Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete.He added that the theater's location (位置) was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town，”he said.“Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”
Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However，these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a
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local development firm，which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
The theater audience said goodbye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time.After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie.The theater will be missed.
13．In what way was yesterday's cleanup at the Plaza special?
A．It made room for new equipment.
B．It signaled the closedown of the theater.
C．It was done with the help of the audience.
D．It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.
14．Why was The Last Picture Show put on?
A．It was an alltime classic.
B．It was about the history of the town.
C．The audience requested it.
D．The theater owner found it suitable.
15．What will probably happen to the building?
A．It will be repaired.
B．It will be turned into a museum.
C．It will be knocked down.
D．It will be sold to the city government.
16．What can we infer about the audience?
A．They are disappointed with Bradford.
B．They are sad to part with the old theater.
C．They are supportive of the city officials.
D．They are eager to have a shopping center.
E
At least once each winter I manage to get a good flight in the middle of a snowstorm. Last Sunday was that flight. My gliding(滑翔的) partners had looked at the weather reports of showers and decided to stay at home. People say that you shouldn't fly by yourself, but on that day I felt the urge to go flying and so headed for my favorite gliding site.
I had the mountain ridge to myself. After a smooth liftoff, I floated stably in the breeze, feeling at peace with myself and the world. I looked across the valley to Bedford and a moment later saw the town disappear in a band of snow that was moving
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towards me.
The breeze remained strong enough for flying and I knew that as long as the visibility was good, it was OK for me to stay in the air. The snow moved in and swirled around me. It was a light dry snow. The day was already very quiet but, somehow, the light snow made it even more silent. I felt like a snowflake.
Two bald eagles joined me. They didn't pay me any attention and spent a few minutes flying around the ridge before disappearing. I flew through another band of snow. I had been flying for about 45 minutes when I next looked across the valley. I could see there were more bands of snow to come and the breeze was dying too.
It was time to go home, get in a hot bath and warm up. I couldn't wait to tell my gliding partners that they had missed out on a perfect flight.
17．Why did the author's gliding partners refuse to fly on that day?
A．They preferred to fly alone.
B．The weather did not permit.
C．They did not like winter flights.
D．The equipment was not adequate.
18．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “visibility” in Paragraph 3?
A．Weather. B．Skill.
C．Possibility. D．View.
19．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．The bald eagle can cause damage to the author's flight.
B．The author will land and go home after the snow stops.
C．Brand of snow will be a great threat to the author's flight.
D．The author will hesitate to share his experience with his partners.
20．What could be the best title for the article?
A．The First Flight Alone
B．A NarrowEscape Flight
C．One NeverAgain Flight
D．An Impressive Winter Flight
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第二部分 阅读理解技巧与体裁演练
课时10 阅读理解体裁解读(1)—记叙文
【体裁演练】
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者救助一只猫头鹰幼雏的经历。
1．A [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.”可知，救助野生动物的工作有时让人悲伤，因为不能保证野生动物会存活下来，也就是说，救助野生动物的努力可能会白费，故选A项。B项曲解文意，第一段提到了帮助受伤的野生动物，而不是说作者难免会在工作中受伤。C项曲解文意，第一段中的survival is never certain是说野生动物能否存活下来不能确定，而不是说作者对自己的未来感到不确定。D项曲解文意，第一段中提到了injured，displaced or sick creatures，但并不是说野生动物被迫离开家园在作者的工作中是不可避免的。]
2．C [细节理解题。根据题干中的Muttontown可定位到第二段。根据第二段中的“She had found a young owl (猫头鹰) on the ground.When I arrived，I saw a 2 to 3weekold owl.”可知，一位女士在地上发现了一只猫头鹰幼雏，她给作者打了求助电话，由此可知，这位女士让作者去Muttontown是为了让作者看一看那只猫头鹰幼雏，故选C项。 A、B两项颠倒是非，作者接到了一位女士的求助电话，但不是去救助或照顾这位女士。D项曲解文意，女士打电话时并不确定猫头鹰幼雏是否受伤，所以她不是让作者去治好它。]
3．A [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“I placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.”可知，作者为猫头鹰幼雏做的新鸟巢让它很快安静下来，故选A项。B项无中生有，文章没有提到作者给猫头鹰幼雏提供食物。
C、D两项曲解文意，文章提到作者给房主一段录音来帮助寻找猫头鹰幼雏的父母，但录音和猫头鹰幼雏的父母并不是让它安静下来的事物。]
4．B [推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者这次救助猫头鹰幼雏的工作非常成功，再结合第一段中的“However，when it works，it is simply beautiful.”可知，救助工作成功让作者感觉极好，故选B项。A项“出乎意料的”、C项“幽默的”、D项“使人气馁的”均不符合文意。]
【能力提升】
A
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国著名艺术家本杰明·韦斯特是如何开始他的艺术生涯的。
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1．C [主旨大意题。文章从本杰明在六岁时自制画笔作画写起，到后来利用专业工具作画，再到知名画家送给本杰明书籍，都是在讲述本杰明是如何一步步走上艺术之路的。A、B、D三项以偏概全，文章虽然提及了A项“本杰明对费城的访问”、B项“威廉姆斯对本杰明的影响”以及D项“本杰明与潘宁顿之间的友谊”，但这并不是本文的主旨。]
2．D [推理判断题。 由前文可知，本杰明在没有专业画笔之前是用猫的毛制作画笔的。画线句的字面意思是“猫的命运将会得到改善”。由该段后文可知，本杰明的表兄送给了他专业的颜料和画笔。由此可推知D项与画线句的意思相符。A、B、C三项无中生有，A项“猫会被严加看管”、B项“猫将得到一些医疗护理”以及C项“本杰明不久就会离开他的家”均与画线句内容无关。]
3．B [细节理解题。短文第四段提到“He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.”，接着下一段又谈到“...Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.”，由此可知，潘宁顿送给本杰明绘画材料来帮助他发展艺术才能，故选B项。A、C、D三项无中生有，文章并未提及A项“潘宁顿带本杰明去参观绘画展览”、C项“潘宁顿送本杰明去费城的一所学校”和D项“潘宁顿教本杰明如何制作版画”。]
4．D [细节理解题。由文章最后两句“While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nineyearold boy decided then that he would be an artist.”可知，这两本书是他通往古典绘画的指引，也帮助他下定决心成为一名画家，故选D项。A、B两项无中生有，文章最后一段并未提及这两本书帮助本杰明“掌握了颜料的使用”“欣赏风景画”；C项颠倒是非，这两本书也没能让本杰明渐渐认识其他的画家，因为他几乎看不懂这些书。]
B
【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了“我”的哥哥陪伴“我”成长的经历：他鼓励“我”勇于承担打碎窗户的责任；向老师送回捡到的钢笔；他还教育“我”尊重生命。
【难句分析】 I shall never forget the way he stood for a long moment and stared at the bird on the ground.
分析：该句为主从复合句。句中he stood for a long moment and stared at the bird on the ground为省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词way。
译文：“我”决不会忘记他长久地站着、凝视着地上死去的鸟的情景。
5．B [考查词义猜测。根据“When I explained that my baseball had broken Mrs. Holt's basement window, Steve encouraged me to”和下文内容可知，“我”玩棒球时打碎了Holt夫人家的窗户，哥哥鼓励“我”向Holt夫人承认错误。据此可以判断，画线词意为“承认”，故B项正确。A项意为“遮盖”，C项意为“否认”，D项意为“同意”，都与文意不符。]
6．B [考查细节理解。根据第二段的“Although my knees knocked as I explained to
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Mrs. Holt, I offered to pay for the window if she would return my ball”可知，“我”在向Holt夫人解释情况时双腿打颤。据此可知“我”很害怕，故B项正确。]
7．D [考查细节理解。根据最后一段的第一句“Yet of all the instructions Steve gave me, his respect for life is the most vivid in my mind”可知，在所有的教育中，最令“我”难忘的是哥哥对生命的尊重，故D项正确。]
8．C [考查写作方法。通读第二段可知，文章列举了哥哥鼓励“我”勇于承担打碎窗户的责任、向老师送回捡到的钢笔这两件事，说明哥哥教育“我”要对自己的行为负责；通读第三段可知，哥哥教育“我”要尊重生命。据此可以判断，本文通过举例法组织全文，故C项正确。]
C
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和一位名演员Paul Newman 之间的友谊。
9．C [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.”可知，电影公司想要跟保罗一样出名的人，由此可以判断，“我”不够出名，故选C项。A项颠倒是非，根据上面的分析可知，电影公司起初不想要“我”，但保罗支持“我”演这个角色，而不是保罗想要演这个角色；B项无中生有，文章并未提及公司实权人物是否喜欢他的经纪人；D项无中生有，导演只是想要像保罗一样出名的人，但文中并未提及他推荐其他人。]
10．D [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core (核心) of our relationship off the screen.”可知，“我”与保罗在荧幕前和荧幕后都很幽默、有进取心，并开对方的玩笑，即两人有相似的性格，故选D项。A项颠倒是非，根据文章第二段中although there was an age difference可知，两人有年龄差异；B项曲解文意，根据文章第二段中“...we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.”可知，“我们”两个都遵循剧院和直播电视平台的传统；C项答非所问，说两人都是好演员，这与他们有着长久的友谊构不成因果关系。]
11．A [词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句“We shared the belief that...”以及下面对belief的具体解释可知，画线处是指共同拥有这种“信念”使“我们”两人更近了，故选A项。B项范围过大，照顾孩子是保罗做的，作者并没有做；C项答非所问，他们的成功虽然在文中提到，但与本题所问问题无关；D项答非所问，他们互相支持，是在画线词后出现的，与画线词含义无关。]
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12．B [作者意图判断题。本文是按照时间顺序写的，从与保罗的最初相见，到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看生病的保罗，由此可知作者写此文的目的是回忆一位朋友，故选B项。A项移花接木，作者对电影的热爱不是写此文的目的；C项无中生有，文章并没有介绍一部新电影；D项移花接木，分享自己的表演经历在文中一笔带过，并没有重点写，不是写此文的目的。 ]
D
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。最后一场电影结束几分钟后，工作人员忙着清理爆米花，收拾可乐杯子。这是在电影院75年的历史中被重复了很多次的普通一幕，但这一次清扫工作有点儿不同。到底是什么原因使得它与众不同呢？快读读文章，来寻找答案吧！
13．B [推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“This time，however，the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish，another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end.”可知，这次清扫工作有点儿不同，清理完垃圾后，工作人员也要把椅子和其他影院设备搬走，因为这个电影院要关门了，故选B项。A、D两项曲解文意。A项是对第一段中other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end的曲解，不是给新设备腾地方，是影院要关门了。D项是对第一段第二句中in the theater's 75year history的曲解，影院开了75年了，但清扫不是影院75周年纪念的标志。C项无中生有。文中未提及清扫工作在观众的帮助下完成。]
14．D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.”可知，影院选择放映电影The Last Picture Show，是因为影院老板认为它比较合适。故选D项。A项答非所问。它是部经典电影，但这不是选择它的原因。B项颠倒是非。这部电影以一个小城镇为背景，这个镇上唯一的电影院即将关门。这个小城镇不是影院老板所在的城镇。C项无中生有。文中没提及，而且文章说的是，影院老板安排放映了这部影片。]
15．C [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“...which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.”可知，Bradford把楼和地卖给了一家当地的开发公司，这家公司打算在这个地方建一家购物中心，所以可以推断出，这个楼会被拆除(be knocked down)，选C项。A项曲解文意。这座楼是被拆除，而不是被修缮(be repaired)。B项曲解文意。最初的想法是把这座楼用作博物馆，后来因为资金问题这一想法夭折了。D项曲解文意。这座楼没有卖给市政府，而是卖给了一家开发公司。]
16．B [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Though the movie is 30 years old，most of the 250 seats were filled with tearyeyed audience wanting to say goodbye to the old building.”可知，观众对电影院很有感情，挥泪告别这座老建筑，故选B项。A、C、D三项无中生有。文中没提及“他们对Bradford很失望”“他们支持市政府官员”“他们渴望有一个购物中心”。]
E
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本文为记叙文，讲述了作为滑翔爱好者的作者独自经历的一次难忘的滑翔。
17．B [细节判断题。根据第一段第三句“My gliding(滑翔的) partners had looked at the weather reports of snow showers and decided to stay at home.”可知作者的同伴因当天有“snow shower”而不愿去滑翔飞行，故选B。]
18．D [词义辨析题。根据第三段中“The breeze remained strong enough for flying”提到天气因素，故排除A；而通过整体句意可排除“技术”和“可能性”两个选项，故选D。]
19．C [细节判断题。根据第四段最后一句中“I could see there were more bands of snow to come and the breeze was dying too.”和最后一段的“It was time to go home”可知雪带对于飞行是威胁，故选C。]
20．D [主旨大意题。通读文章可知这并非作者第一次飞行，也不是他死里逃生的一次飞行；亦非作者的最后一次飞行，故选D。]
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