课时11 阅读理解体裁解读(2)
—说明文【体裁解读】
做主旨大意题时可以通过：
(1)寻找主题句，确定文章大意。在许多情况下，尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。
(2)抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心的基础上。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。
(3)抓主线和关键词，归纳文章中心。要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句隐含在段落中。
体裁演练(2017·全国新课标Ⅰ卷)
Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations，though，in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it's not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radio's reporter Neal Conan.“What I'm hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.It's actually color，and it's actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran.
Last year，Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller's music for a dance party，“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，” says Moran.“For me，it's the recontextualization.In music，where does the emotion(情感) lie？Are we，as humans，gaining any insight (感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something
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as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts？Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，” says Moran，“so I want to continue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”
1．Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International JazzDay?
A．To remember the birth of jazz.
B．To protect cultural diversity.
C．To encourage people to study music.
D．To recognize the value of jazz.
2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
3．What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz?
A．It will disappear gradually.
B．It remains black and white.
C．It should keep up with the times.
D．It changes every 50 years.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Exploring the Future of Jazz
B．The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C．The Story of a Jazz Musician
D．Celebrating the Jazz Day
【能力提升】
A
When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn't sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It's a plant's way of crying out.But is anyone
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listening？Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the_tables_are_turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don't know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged，but it wasn't a true，intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin，over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate (亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There's a whole lot going on.
1．What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A．It makes noises.
B．It gets help from other plants.
C．It stands quietly.
D．It sends out certain chemicals.
2．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A．The attackers get attacked.
B．The insects gather under the table.
C．The plants get ready to fight back.
D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.
3．Scientists find from their studies that plants can ________.
A．predict natural disasters
B．protect themselves against insects
C．talk to one another intentionally
D．help their neighbors when necessary
4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．The world is changing faster than ever.
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B．People have stronger senses than before.
C．The world is more complex than it seems.
D．People in Darwin's time were more imaginative.
B
A buildityourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the U．S.Department of Agriculture，it's an excellent water collector.Unfortunately，you must carry the necessary equipment with you，since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes.The only components required，though，are a 5′× 5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic，six feet of plastic tube，and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still，use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the_water_catcher's productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.
Next，cover the hole with the plastic sheet，securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's center down with a rock.The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45degreeangled sides.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over，and no more than three inches above，the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic.Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form，run down the material，and fall off into the cup.When the container is full，you can suck the refreshment out through the tube，and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
5．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
A．It's delicate. B．It's expensive.
C．It's complex. D．It's portable.
6．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The tube. B．The still.
C．The hole. D．The cup.
7．What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?
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A．Dig a hole of a certain size.
B．Put the cup in place.
C．Weight the sheet's center down.
D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
8．When a solar still works，drops of water come into the cup from__________.
A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole
C．the open air D．beneath the sheet
C
After years of heated debate，gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year，the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results.Deer and elk populations—major food sources (来源) for the wolf—grew rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被)，which reduced plant diversity in the park.In the absence of wolves，coyote populations also grew quickly.The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes，and completely drove away the park's beavers.
As early as 1966，biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today，the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
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9．What is the text mainly about?
A．Wildlife research in the United States.
B．Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C．The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D．The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
10．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
11．What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?
A．Damage to local ecology.
B．A decline in the park's income.
C．Preservation of vegetation.
D．An increase in the variety of animals.
12．What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A．Doubtful. B．Positive.
C．Disapproving. D．Uncaring.
D
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people，leading to them becoming more isolated (隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe，the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custommade navigation(导航) tools，night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.Phil Blythe explains：“For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.
“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills.The result is that people stop driving
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before they really need to.”
Dr Amy Guo，the leading researcher on the older driver study，explains：“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.
“For example，most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly，we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined.We're looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.
“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions (解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”
13．What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?
A．To explore new means of transport.
B．To design new types of cars.
C．To find out older drivers' problems.
D．To teach people traffic rules.
14．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?
A．It keeps them independent.
B．It helps them save time.
C．It builds up their strength.
D．It cures their mental illnesses.
15．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?
A．Improve their driving skills.
B．Develop driverassist technologies.
C．Provide tips on repairing their cars.
D．Organize regular physical checkups.
16．What is the best title for the text?
A．A New Model Electric Car
B．A Solution to Traffic Problems
C．Driving Services for Elders
D．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
E
If you bought some candy months ago but never ate it, how can you tell whether it is still safe to eat? The easiest way is to check the “useby date” printed
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on the wrapper. If that date has already passed, you’re likely to throw the candy away. But is that really necessary?
According to a new report from the US Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), tons of food is wasted each year, largely because people don't fully understand what expiration dates, or “useby dates”， actually mean.
Food dating was introduced in the 1970s because consumers wanted more information about the things that they were eating. When they first showed up, useby dates were only supposed to indicate freshness because producers wanted their products to be tasted in their best conditions.
But the truth is that these dates aren't related to the risk of food poisoning or foodborn illness, according to Time News. However, most customers misinterpreted useby dates and related them to the safety of the food, and they still largely do now.
Eggs, for example, can still be eaten three to five weeks after purchase even though the useby date is much earlier. When their useby dates pass, strawberryflavored drinks may lose their red color and biscuits may lose their crunch (松脆), but they are not harmful.
“It's a confusing subject, the difference between food quality and food safety，” said Jena Roberts, vice president of National Food Lab, a US food testing company. “Even in the food industry I have colleagues who get confused.”
This is why scientists are calling for a standard explanation to be printed following the useby dates. “We want this to be clearly communicated so consumers are not misunderstanding the data and contributing to a lot of waste，” said Dana Gunders, a staff scientist with the NRDC.
But this won't be a mistake that is easy to correct since people have believed it for so long Another problem is that the quality levels of different foods change differently—some are still safe to eat long after their useby date while others are not.
As a result, food industry officials are now thinking of changing the useby date to a date indicating when food is most likely to go bad.
17．The useby date was first intended to ________.
A．tell the freshness of food
B．show the safety of food
C．give a warning of food poisoning
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D．indicate the relation between food and illness
18．The underlined word “misinterpreted” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．made guesses about
B．formed a wrong idea about
C．made wrong use of
D．took no notice of
19．Which of the following is TRUE?
A．Most customers understand what useby dates mean.
B．“Useby dates” have existed for more than 50 years.
C．Biscuits can't be eaten when not as crunchy as they are bought.
D．Even after their useby dates pass, some foods are still safe to eat.
20．Scientists are calling for a standard explanation to be printed together with the useby dates because ________.
A．useby dates are not helpful or reliable
B．more consumers get worried about food safety
C．most consumers often misunderstand useby dates
D．the quality level of different foods changes differently
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课时11 阅读理解体裁解读(2)—说明文
【体裁演练】
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了国际爵士乐日的设立以及爵士乐现在面临的问题，探讨了爵士乐的未来。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying (联合) voice across cultures.”可知，设立国际爵士乐日是为了提高人们对爵士乐的认识，故选D项“认可爵士乐的价值”。A、B、C三项无中生有，文章没有提及A项“纪念爵士乐的诞生”、B项“保护文化的多样性”和C项“鼓励人们学习音乐”。
2．C [代词指代题。第二段提到在美国爵士乐的听众数量正在减少，爵士乐未能受到年轻一代的欢迎，第三段首句提到Jason Moran的工作就是要帮助改变这一现象，由此可知that指代“爵士乐不受年轻人欢迎”这一现象，故选C项。A项曲解文意，根据第三段中的Moran hopes to...make the music more accessible可知，Jason Moran希望爵士乐能更容易被人们了解，显然A项“爵士乐正变得更容易被人们了解”不符合文意。B项无中生有，文章没有提到“爵士乐的制作变快了”。D项颠倒是非，根据第二段中的in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink可知，在美国爵士乐的听众数量正在减少，D项与文意恰恰相反。
3．C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Jason Moran的话可知，他认为世界的运作方式跟以前不一样了，爵士乐也应该继续发展，故选C项。A项无中生有，文章没有提到“爵士乐会逐渐消失”。B项颠倒是非，根据第四段中的“...jazz is not black and white anymore.”可知，爵士乐不再是黑白的。D项无中生有，文章没有提到“爵士乐每50年改变一次”。
4．A [标题归纳题。文章介绍了国际爵士乐日的设立，讨论了爵士乐现在面临的问题，即未受到年轻一代的关注，且其娱乐方面的属性已经丢失，故A项“探索爵士乐的未来”作为标题最合适。B项曲解文意，文章不是介绍“爵士乐的兴衰”。C项无中生有，文章没有讲述“一个爵士乐音乐家的故事”。D项以偏概全，第一段提到了国际爵士乐日的设立，但文章不是主要介绍“庆祝爵士乐日”的。
【能力提升】
A
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了植物受到袭击时会释放出某种化学物质来保护自己并“告知”附近的植物。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These
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chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.”可知，植物受到伤害时会散发出一种特殊的气味，而这种特殊的气味就是某些化学物质，故选D项。A、B两项无中生有，文章并没有提及制造声响和从其他植物那儿获取帮助的信息；C项曲解文意，第一段中的“...it doesn't sit quietly.”不等于“It stands quietly.”。]
2．A [句意猜测题。根据第三段中的“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.(它们散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌)”，以及画线部分后的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.(正在吃午餐的袭击者现在就变成了午餐)”可知，画线部分的意思是袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击，故选A项。B、C两项无中生有，文中未提及B项“昆虫聚集在桌子下”、C项“植物们准备还击”；D项“气味吸引了天敌”，文中确实提到此事，但它提到的是吸引了袭击者的天敌。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.”和“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.”可知，植物能保护自己免受昆虫的伤害，故选B项。A项无中生有，文中并未提及A项“预测自然灾害”；C项曲解文意，根据第五段最后一句可知，“植物不是在彼此故意交谈”；D项中的when necessary与文意不符。]
4．C [推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，达尔文设想了一个远比现实世界更繁忙、更喧嚣和更亲密的世界，而我们的感官却非常弱，我们还有很长的路要走。由此可知，世界似乎比它看上去的样子更复杂，故选C项。A项无中生有，最后一段并没有提及世界变化快慢的信息；
B项颠倒是非，最后一段说人们的感官很弱，而B项“人们有比以前更强的感官”，两者正好相反；D项偷换概念，文章只是说“达尔文设想……”，并没有说达尔文时期的人们想象力更加丰富。]
B
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何自制太阳能蒸馏器以便在野外获取饮用水。
5．D [推理判断题。根据第一段中的“These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.”可知，这些东西可以折叠放进小包中系在腰带上，由此可知这一太阳能蒸馏器装置是“便携的”，故选D项。A项中delicate意为“易碎的”，B项中expensive意为“昂贵的”，C项中complex意为“复杂的”，均不符合文意。]
6．B [推理判断题。根据第二段中的描述可知，制作一个蒸馏器装置，需要挖一个四英尺宽、三英尺深的洞，要尽量在潮湿的地方挖洞来提高the water catcher的生产力，结合全文可知，提高的应该是整个蒸馏器装置的生产力，故选B项。本题易误选D项，结合全文可知生产力是整个装置的而不是作为其中一部分的杯子的。]
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7．C [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“...weighting the sheet's center down with a rock.”可知最后一步是用石块将塑料板的中心位置压下去，故选C项。A、B、D三项曲解文意。A项“挖一个一定尺寸的洞”、B项“把杯子放在正确位置”和D项“用塑料板盖好洞”均不是制作蒸馏器装置的最后一步。]
8．D [细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，地下水蒸发后在塑料板下方凝结成水滴，然后坠落到杯子里，故选D项。A、B、C三项曲解文意。根据最后一段可知，水滴不是从“塑料试管” “洞的外面”或“露天”进入到杯子中的。]
C
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。以前在黄石地区随处可见的灰狼消失了。灰狼的消失引发了一系列生态问题，生物学家建议重新引入狼群，但附近农场主反对。政府花了近30年时间研究计划重新引入狼群，这一案例对其他地区也有借鉴意义。
8．D [主旨大意题。文章围绕重新将灰狼引入黄石公园展开讨论，故选D项。A项“美国的野生生物调查”过于宽泛；B项“黄石地区的植物种类”与主题不符；C项“农场主和灰狼之间的冲突”以偏概全。]
10．C [词义猜测题。根据上文可知，灰狼曾经随处可见，再结合后文wolves had practically disappeared可知与displaced意思最接近的是C项“封杀出局，消灭掉”。displace意为“取代，替代”。test测试；separate分开；track down追查到，均与语境不符。]
11．A [推理判断题。由第三段可知，灰狼的消失产生了很多意想不到的结果。鹿群及丛林狼的数量快速增长，前者导致植被破坏，后者杀死大量红狐狸并将河狸赶出公园。由此可知，灰狼的消失导致当地的生态失去平衡，故选A项。B项“公园收入下降”，无中生有；C项“植被保护”及D项“动物种类增加”均与原文相悖。]
12．B [推理判断题。由最后一段可知，灰狼回归后，鹿群及丛林狼的数量减少了，而河狸和红狐狸又回来了，再由a valuable experiment to help等可推断出作者对于黄石狼项目持肯定态度，故选B项。doubtful怀疑的；disapproving不支持的；uncaring不关心的。]
D
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了英国纽卡斯尔大学的研究团队为保证老年人自行驾车从而能够独立生活而进行的辅助驾驶系统的研发。
13．C [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...‘DriveLAB’ in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.”以及倒数第三段中的“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these
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problems.”可知，DriveLAB的目的是了解老年人开车的问题所在，并利用技术来解决这些难题。故选C项。A、B、D三项无中生有。根据第四段中的“These include custommade navigation (导航) tools，night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.”可知，他们的着力点在导航工具、夜视系统和速度智能调节上。“探索新的交通方式”“设计新型汽车”“教给人们交通规则”文中都未提及。]
14．A [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Phil Blythe explains：‘For many older people...driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.’”可知，在Phil Blythe看来，驾驶能让老年人保持独立，有四处走动的自由，故选A项。B、C两项无中生有。文章没提及驾驶可以帮助老年人节省时间或者是增强体力。D项曲解文意。根据第二段中的“Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people...”可知，研究表明，放弃驾驶是老年人健康状况和幸福感下降的一个关键原因，但由此不能推出驾驶可以治愈老年人的精神疾病。此外，这也不是Phil Blythe的观点。]
15．B [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“These include custommade navigation (导航) tools，night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.”可知，他们在导航工具、夜视系统和速度智能调节方面进行了技术研发，来辅助年龄大的司机更好地驾驶，故选B项。A、C、D三项无中生有。“提高他们的驾驶技能”“在修理汽车方面给他们提供建议”“组织定期的体检”在文中均未提及。]
16．D [标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了老年司机面临的问题。年龄大了，反应迟钝了些，适应不了有挑战性的路况，有时也因为超速被罚款，这让他们对驾驶失去了信心。同时，由于过早放弃驾驶，他们的身体健康状况和幸福感下降。研发团队致力于技术开发，来解决老年人的这些问题，让老年人可以一直“在路上”享受开车的自由和乐趣。A项中的Model Electric Car未在文中提到。B项无中生有，文章没有提及交通问题。C项研发团队的技术革新的确给老年人驾驶提供了便利和服务，但提供这些服务的真正目的还是解决现实的问题，让老年人在路上一直“畅通无阻”。]
E
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们对保质期的误解。人们通常会把过了保质期的食物理解为不能食用，而把它们扔掉，这造成了很大的浪费。其实，许多过了保质期的食物还是可以食用的。
17．A [细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“When they first showed up, useby dates were only supposed to indicate freshness ...”可知，最初引入保质期是为了显示食物是否新鲜。故选A。]
18．B [词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句“But the truth is that these dates aren't related to the risk of food poisoning or foodborn illness, according to Time News
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.”和第五段的例子可知，事实上保质期和食物中毒或者食源性病毒的风险无关。然而，大多数消费者根据保质期的提示都会把过了保质期的食物扔掉，其实，有的食物虽然过了保质期，但还可以食用。由此推知，消费者对保质期存在误解。所以misinterpret意为“误解，曲解”。故选B。]
19．D [细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Eggs, for example, can still be eaten three to five weeks after purchase even though the useby date is much earlier.”可知，鸡蛋在购买三到五个星期后仍然可以食用，尽管保质期早得多。这说明有些食物虽然过了保质期，但是仍然还是可以食用的。故选D。]
20．C [细节理解题。根据第七段第二句“We want this to be clearly communicated so consumers are not misunderstanding the data and contributing to a lot of waste”可知，科学家们需要一个标准的解释以消除消费者对保质期的误解。可见，消费者总是误解保质期。故选C。根据第四段第二句和第六段第二句也可得出答案。]
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