课时15 阅读理解七选五(1)
一、题型特点
阅读理解七选五主要考查对文章整体内容、结构以及上下文逻辑的理解和掌握。七选五以考查细节理解为主。文章以说明文和议论文居多，且结构清晰，过程完整，适合考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等，以达到考查学生综合阅读能力的要求。短文的特点如下：
(1)选材特点：短文一般为300词左右的说明文或议论文，其中正文词数240词左右，选项词数60词左右；
(2)篇章结构常为：提出问题——解决问题；
(3)七个选项意义上都与短文相关，设空类型一般有标题类、段落主题句类、过渡句类、细节类；
(4)选项均为完整句子，句型不一；
(5)顺序通常按长度排列。
二、解题技巧
1．通读全文
快速浏览文章，寻找主题句，弄清文章结构及文章内容。
在阅读过程中，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首句及末句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式较为常见。首段一般是全文的主题所在，说明文章将探讨的内容，并会简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式呈现。掌握首句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义，如果首句是文章的主题句，就可以使读者迅速明确文章将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有一个整体的了解。如果首句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如两者均可排除，则需要在文章中的其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意首段与末段的提示作用。
2．略读段落
在短时间内找出每段的关键词。明确各段的主题句或段落大意。
文章正文部分通常分为若干段落。各段落会围绕文章主题展开，对文章主题从不同的方面进行叙述。找出各个段落中的关键词，明确其描述内容，为解答题目作好铺垫。
3．定位选项
明确各备选项的含义，抓往其中的关键词语，根据文章结构与具体内容将选项填入文中，填写时要注意各选项中出现的衔接性标志词。
在定位选项时，要特别注意空白所在段落的上、下段的写作内容，以及空白所在段落上段的尾句和下一段的首句。将所选选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语意及逻辑上的一致关系，是否符合该处语境，能否使文章无论在内容还是衔接上都连贯。
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一篇文章作为一个整体是有其写作的线索与思路的，在定位选项时，尤其要注意，文章的写作线索，文章写作思路的连贯性使文章的每个段落、每个句子都成为文章必不可少的一部分。如果选项放入空白处后，文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，应更换其他选项。
4．通读复检
将所选选项代入文中，再次通读全文，重点检查逻辑关系和关联结构。
在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语意是否连贯，各段内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当，从而判断选择的选项是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与正确选项的内容相近而具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析，仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。
5．研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。
【典题演练】
(2017·全国新课标Ⅰ卷)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping，I would have laughed heartily.Campers，in my eyes，were people who enjoyed insect bites，illcooked meals，and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me.__1__
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.__2__ We slept in a tent，cooked over an open fire，and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work，recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.
I was，nevertheless，talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness.__3__ Instead，we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My natureloving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
__4__ We have done a lot of it since.Recently，we bought a twentyeightfoot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a builtin TV set.There is a separate bedroom，a modern kitchen with a refrigerator.The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.
__5__ It must be true that sooner or later，everyone finds his or her way back to nature.I recommend that you find your way in style.
A．This time there was no tent.
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B．Things are going to be improved.
C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then，however.
E．I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F．After the trip，my family became quite interested in camping.
G．There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
【能力提升】
A
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The iPhone, the iPad, each of Apple's products sounds cool and has become a fad (一时的风尚). __1__ And many other brands are following suit. The BBC's iPlayer—which allows Web users to watch TV programs on the Internet—adopted the title in 2008. A lovely bear—popular in the US and UK—that plays music and video is called “iTeddy”. __2__
In general, singleletter prefixes(前缀) have been popular since the 1990s, when terms such as email and ecommerce first came into use.
Most “i” products are targeted at young people and considering the major readers of Independent's “i”， it's no surprise that they've selected this fashionable name.
__3__ Why not use “a”， “b”， or “c” instead? According to Tony Thorne, head of the Language Center at King's College, London, “i” works because its meaning has become ambiguous. When Apple uses “i”， no one knows whether it means Internet, information, individual or interactive, Thorne told BBC Magazines. “Even when Apple created the iPod, it seems it didn't have one clear definition，” he says.
“However, thanks to Apple, the term is now associated with portability (轻便) .”adds Thorne.
__4__ Each person believes they have their own needs, and we love personalized products for this reason.
Along with “Google” and “blog”， readers of BBC Magazines voted “i” as one of the top 20 words that have come to define the last decade.
But as history shows, people grow tired of fads(时尚). From the 1900s to 1990s, products with “2000” in their names became fashionable as the year was
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associated with all things advanced and modern. __5__.
A．But it's hard to see what's so special about the letter “i”.
B．The letter “b” replaces letter “i” to name the products.
C．Apple has cleverly taken advantage of the power of the letter “i” .
D．However, as we entered the new century, the trend inevitably disappeared.
E．Nowadays, the “i” term often reminds people of the products which are environmentally friendly.
F．A version of London's Independent newspaper was launched last week under the name “i”．
G．Clearly the letter “i” also agrees with the idea that the Western World is centered on the individual.
B
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Sometimes people come into your life and you come to realize that they were meant to be there, to serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson, or to help you figure out who you are or who you want to become. You never know who these people may be (possibly your roommate, neighbor, coworker, longlost friend, lover, or even a complete stranger). __1__
And sometimes things happen to you that may seem horrible, painful, and unfair at first, but in reflection you find that without overcoming those obstacles you would have never realized your potential, strength, willpower or heart. Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by chance or by means of good luck. __2__ Without these small tests, whatever they may be, life would be like a smoothly paved, straight, flat road to nowhere. __3__
The people you meet who affect your life, and the success and downfalls you experience, help to create who you are and who you become. Even the bad experiences can be learned from. __4__ If someone hurts you, betrays you, or breaks your heart, forgive them, for they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of being cautious when you open your heart. If someone loves you, love them back unconditionally, not only because they love you, but because in a way, they are teaching you to love and how to open your heart and eyes to things.
__5__ Appreciate every moment and take from those moments everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it again. Talk to people that
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you have never talked to before, and actually listen. Let yourself fall in love, break free, and set your sights high, hold your head up because you have every right to. Tell yourself you are a great individual and believe in yourself, for if you don't believe in yourself, it will be hard for others to believe in you.
A．Make every moment count.
B．Money is very useful but they can't buy anything.
C．It would be safe and comfortable, but dull and rather pointless.
D．In fact they are probably the most miserable and important ones.
E．Things often turn out in an unfavorable way that you reluctantly expect.
F．But when you lock eyes with(目光锁定于) them, you know in an instant that they will affect your life in some way.
G．Illness, injury, love, brilliant achievements, and sheer stupidity all occur to test the limits of your soul.
C
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Are you a saver or a spender?
A penny saved is a penny earned. __1__ “Putting money away for a rainy day” is another way to talk about saving for the future.
People who hate to spend money are known as “tightwads”，while those who like to get the most value for their money are called“thrifty”. A thrifty person is different from a spendthrift. __2__ People like that are often said to spend money “like a drunken sailor” or “like there's no tomorrow”．
In the United States, people who want to start a savings account have different choices of where to put their money. These include banks and credit unions. Credit unions are cooperatives for people who have some kind of connection. For example, the members might work for a university or a government agency. __3__
Credit unions, banks and other financial institutions pay interest on savings accounts. But the interest rates are low. Certificates of deposit(存款)pay higher returns. With a certificate of deposit，a person agrees not to withdraw the money for a certain period of time. __4__ Longer terms and larger amounts pay higher interest.People can withdraw their money early but they have to pay a penalty(罚金)．
In a number of countries, people have been saving less over the years. It is
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reported that in 2000, Americans had a household savings rate of 7%. __5__ Many European countries have higher rates, but Americans save more than families in Japan.
A．Before gold, even kings take off their hats.
B．People are willing to save money for the future.
C．Most credit unions are nonprofit organizations.
D．This year the rate is expected to be a little more than 4%.
E．A spendthrift is someone who spends money wastefully.
F．This old saying calls attention to the wisdom of saving money.
G．This term could be anywhere from a few months to several years.
D
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Every animal sleeps，but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep，they die within a month.__1__
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories.__2__ We know that，while awake，fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加强) connections between brain cells，but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons (神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight，making room for fresh memories to form the next day.__3__
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right.__4__ The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep，showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi's theory is right，it would explain why，when we miss a night's sleep，we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information—our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner.The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size.__5__ “You keep what matters，”Tononi says.
A．We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B．It's as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C．Similarly，when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.
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D．The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E．That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F．“Sleep is the price we pay for learning，”says Giulio Tononi，who developed the idea.
G．Tononi's team measured the size of these connections，or synapses，in the brains of 12 mice.
E
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Qualities of a Good Friend
Good friends always make life seem much easier and better. __1__ Though it might be unnecessary to know the definitions of a good friend, it is important to know the qualities of a good friend and the skills to be a good friend!
__2__ To be a good friend, you must fully accept your friend with his/her faults. Friendship is all about awareness and acceptance of people as they are. An important test of friendship is the reliability of a friend. Whether to keep a secret or if she wants to get help in an emergency－the reliability is an important ingredient(成分)in friendship.
Living together is one of the most beautiful friendships. It is not a matter whatever friends always stick! Be it one of the most boring days in your life or one of the toughest battles of life or one of its most memorable moments in life! __3__ Even if your friend thinks they are wrong, he/she will first try to assure you that no matter which side you choose, true friends are always two steps back!
If you look horrible in that dress you bought last week, a true friend will always tell you! __4__ True friends, who often speak from their minds, are ready to give you a taste of the bitter truth—even sugar coated(涂上……)－or help you deal with it!
Often when you feel sad or depressed, you need not ever explain to your friend that you are feeling bad. __5__ Understanding without words, that is the highest level of friendship. To be a good friend requires patience to understand your friend.
A．Loyalty is the best policy of all.
B．Honesty is essential in any relationship.
C．A true friend knows when you are upset.
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D．Full acceptance is a key element of any human relationship.
E．Understanding is always important between you and your friend.
F．Unconditional support and encouragement is one of the things that friends have.
G．In our busy lives, sometimes when we feel stuck and isolated, it is our friends who spend their time with us.
F
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Most cars have seat belts as part of their equipment. Seat belts protect drivers and passengers in case of accidents. They also reduce the effect of a crash on the body. __1__ Worldwide, the devices have protected up to a million people.
America first recognized the invention of an automobile seat belt in 1849.The government gave a patent to an engineer named Edward Claghorn of New York City so that others would not copy his invention of a safety device. __2__ This early version of safety belt was said to include hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object.
Other inventors followed with different versions of the seat belt. __3__ It resulted from the work of a Swedish engineer, Nils Bohlin. His threepoint, lap and shoulder seat belt first appeared on cars in Europe 50 years ago.
Nils Bohlin recognized that both the upper and lower body needed to be held securely in place. His invention contained a cloth strap (带子) that was placed across the chest and another strap across the hips (臂部). __4__
Volvo was the first company to offer the modern seat belt to its cars. This company also provided use of Nils Bohlin's design to other carmakers.
__5__ He received a gold medal from the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1995.He died in Sweden in 2002.
A．Claghorn called his invention a safety belt.
B．The design joined the straps next to the hip.
C．The Swedish engineer won many honors for his seat belt.
D．Claghorn was a promising young engineer with many honors all his life.
E．But more than 100 years passed before the current seat belt was developed.
F．There are many companies adopting Nils Bohlin's invention of the seat
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belt.
G．Safety experts say that seat belts save thousands of lives a year in America alone.
G
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Spending a term abroad can be one of the most thrilling experiences of your college career. __1__ The following are top tips of the experts on improving your time abroad.
Set specific goals.“Set goals for yourself when going abroad so that you can bring experiences back home with you，” says Harrison，the Outreach Manager of Go Abroad.“Whether you want to learn to cook a traditional recipe from your host family or pack for the longterm，these lessons of daily life can translate back home __2__.”
Befriend the locals. “Make at least one local friend，” says Matthew, cofounder of Students Gone Global. “Join a club，community service group，or a sports league. __3__ Go out of your way to talk to students in your classes.”
__4__ “Take classes that are interesting and related to the local culture.” says Matthew. “I highly recommend classes with field trips because your professor can show you a side of the country you never would have seen on your own.”
If you're staying with a host family, do get to know them. “When living with a host family, be mindful of their lifestyle and try your best to adapt to it，” says Lauren, a member of GoAbroad's Conten & Outreach Team.“Have a conversation about rules and customs right away to be sure you know what your host family expects of you. __5__ Try every meal that is offered to you at least once, and ask them to teach you how to play their favorite sport or game.”
A．Join in their way of life yourself.
B．You must first ask your host's permission.
C．Sign up for classes that allow you to explore.
D．The trips can help you out of loneliness.
E．It will help you form a network and find people you click with.
F．But it's challenging to adapt to a new culture，especially when you don't speak the native language.
G．How you choose to learn from your experiences，or even apply them as
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transferable job skills，will make all the difference.
H
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Teach New Vocabulary Words
__1__ The essential parts for teaching vocabulary involve teaching students how to use a dictionary to look up words they don't know, guessing the meaning of a word from its context and how to determine a definition of a word using tools such as root words, prefixes and suffixes.
For elementary school children, looking up words in the dictionary is one of the first fundamental lessons a student should learn. __2__ You can then help them to practice these skills by giving them a list of words to look up on a daily basis. They can play games such as dictionary races to see who can look up each of the words the fastest, in order to make this more interesting. Students should keep a vocabulary notebook in which they write down all of the new words which they need to look up in their dictionaries.
While learning vocabulary is useful, it is impossible for students to learn every word that they will ever encounter.__3__ Students can improve their vocabulary when they use contextual clues to help them to identify the meanings of words they don't know. Students can practice this skill by doing fillintheblank exercises in which one word is left out and they have to determine an appropriate word to put in the blank. __4__
Prefixes, suffixes and root words are the building blocks of the English language. Teachers should provide students with a definition of root words, prefixes and suffixes and teach them the meanings of common root words, prefixes and suffixes. __5__
A．Learn to look for clues in the sentence itself.
B．Students should understand how most dictionaries work.
C．Teaching vocabulary involves a number of different parts.
D．It is about giving students the coping skills necessary to understand what to do if they don't know a vocabulary word.
E．When students learn these building blocks, they will be better able to identify words they do not know.
F．Therefore, it is essential to also teach students how to cope with words that
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they don't know in case they cannot look them up.
G．They can also be given sentences in which there are two or more new words whose meanings have to be guessed.
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课时15 阅读理解七选五(1)
【典题演练】
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者由不喜欢野营到喜欢上野营的过程。作者认为每个人迟早都会找到回归自然的方式，呼吁大家寻找与大自然相处的方式。
1．D [解本题可用关联逻辑法。空格前一句说“他们与我没有共同之处”，空格后一段讲述了作者的一次野营，前后之间存在转折关系，所以此处需要填一个承上启下的转折句，这与D项中的however相呼应。本设空类型为过渡句类。]
2．C [解本题可用句意判断法。根据后文的描述“我们睡帐篷，在篝火上做饭，走很长的路去洗澡和上厕所”可知，这次野营比较艰难，这与C项中的rough相对应。本设空类型为段落总结类。]
3．A [解本题可用关联逻辑法。根据后文转折副词instead后的描述“我们这次有野营车，里面有舒服的床和空调”可知，这次的野营没有帐篷，故选A项。 本设空类型属于细节理解类。]
4．F [解本题可用词汇锁定法和句意判断法。根据空格后的代词we可判断所填句子中应含有复数名词，再结合空格后面一句“从那以后我们进行了很多次野营”可判断应选F项“这次野营后，我的家人都对野营相当感兴趣了”。本设空类型属于细节理解类。]
5．E [解本题可用设题位置法。根据整篇文章的行文思路来看，此处应填一个总结升华的句子，结合空格后面一句“每个人迟早都会找到回归自然的方式”可判断选E项。本设空类型属于细节理解类。]
【能力提升演练】
A
1～5 CFAGD
B
1～5 FGCDA
C
1～5 FECGD
D
1～5 CEFGB
E
1～5 GDFBC
F
1～5 GAEBC
G
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1～5 FGECA
H
【语篇导读】本文为说明文，学习词汇可从三个方面入手，一是学会查字典，二是通过上下文学习生词，三是通过英语的词根、前缀和后缀来学习词汇。
1．C [本文主要介绍了学习词汇所涉及的三个必要的部分，本段作了一个简要介绍，C项符合此处的语境需要。]
2．B [第二段主要讲学生需要学会用字典，B项“学生应当懂得大多数字典的工作原理”与本段的大意符合，故B项正确。]
3．F [根据上一句的it is impossible for students to learn every word that they will ever encounter与下文的use contextual clues to help them to identify the meanings of words they don't know与F项在语境意义上是连贯的，故F项正确。]
4．G [本段主要讲通过上下文学习生词，此空上一句是训练学生猜词的方法，G项也是一种训练猜词能力的方法，故G项正确。]
5．E [最后一段讲通过词根、前缀和后缀来学习词汇，E项中的“these building blocks”与本段第一句关键词“the building blocks of the English language”是一致的，故E项正确。]
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