译林牛津版高中英语选修9课件：U2Grammar and usage.ppt

Unit 2 Grammar and usage 语法讲解建议采用归纳法，如尽可能多的呈现一些相关例句，或可让学生从已学课文中找相应例句，引导学生试着从所观察到的语言现象中总结出语言规则和语法规律。 1. At lunch time, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. 2. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far. 3. What surprised me most was that the old man couldn’t see anything. 4. The fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity. Predictive Clause ( 表语从句 ) Object Clause ( 宾语从句 ) Subject Clause ( 主语从句 ) Appositive Clause 同位语从句 Find clauses from the following sentences and tell the functions of them Noun clauses act like nouns and can function as the subject, object, predicative or appositive in the sentence. Question: What is the function of a noun clause in a sentence? Noun Clauses 主语从句 Subject Clause 名词性从句 Noun Clause 宾语从句 Object Clause 表语从句 Predicative Clause 同位语从句 Appositive Clause 在一个句子中由一个句子充当的主 语，这个句子叫做 主语从句 。 How the book will sell depends on its author. That he is the best student in the class is obvious. 主语从句 Subject Clause I. Subject clauses Subject clauses can be introduced by that, whether or questions words. 1. That he will succeed is certain. 2. Whether he will go there is not known. 3. What he said is not true. 4. Where he hid the money is to be found out. 5. Whoever comes is welcome. 6. How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 7. When they’ll start the project has not been decided yet. 用 it 作形式主语， that 引导的从句是句子的真正主语。 有以下四种不同的结构： a. It + be + 形容词 + that- 从句 　 It is necessary that … 　 有必要 …… 　 It is important that … 　重要的是 …… 　 It is obvious that … 　　 很明显 …… 主语从句常用 it 作形式主语放句首 b. It + be + -ed 分词 + that- 从句 　 It is believed that … 人们相信 …… 　 It is known to all that … 众所周知 …… c. It + be + 名词 + that- 从句 　 It is a surprise that … 令人惊奇的是 …… 　 It is a fact that … 　　事实是 …… d. It + 不及物动词 + that- 分句 　 It happens that … 　碰巧 …… 　 It occurred to me that … 　　 我突然想起 …… 在一个句子中由一个句子充当的 宾语，这个句子叫做 宾语从句 。 I worry about whether he can get over the illness . John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday . 宾语从句 Object Clause 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 She did not know what had happened . 动词 + 间接宾语 + 宾语从句 She told me that she would accept my invitation . 2. 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another . that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后 作宾语： anxious, certain, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, satisfied, content 等。 3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake . it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 She has made it clear that she will get married next month . 4. it 可以作为形式宾语 下列动词后常引导宾语从句 make, think, consider, feel, find 等。 这类动词有 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that 引导的宾语从句。 I admire their winning the match .  I admire that they won the match . 5. 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词 (right) (wrong) 常见的有 envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, advise 等。 He impressed the manager as an honest man . He impressed the manager that he was an honest man . (right) (wrong) 6. 有些动词不可用于“动词 + 间接宾语 + that 从句”结构中。 在一个句子中由一个句子充当的表 语，这个句子叫做 表语从句 。 The fact is that he has not been seen recently . 　 My suggestion is that we should turn the land into rice fields . 表语从句 Predicative Clause 2. 在 that 引导的表语从句中， that 不能 用 which 来替换。 1. 表语从句可以用 that, why, where, when, how, whether, what, who, which 等词引导。 表语从句需要注意的问题 3. 如果引出表语从句的名词是一些表示 “建议”或者是“命令”之类的词 , 如 : advice, suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea 等 , 那么从句中的动词通常 用 (should) + 动词原形 。 1) My suggestion is that we all ___________ (take) an active part in the coming sports meet. 2) His proposal was that the work _________________ (finish) in five hours. (should) be finished (should) take (1) 同位语从句的定义 在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。　 同位语从句 Appositive Clause 它一般放在 fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question 等名词的后面 , 对前面的名词作进一步的解释 , 说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词 that , 连接副词 how, when, where, whether 等。 The story goes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow. Word came that their team had won. 同位语从句有时被别的词把它和名词隔开： 注意 : (2) 同位语从句的表现形式 : ① 由 that 引导 The fact that you haven’t enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable. The hope that he may come here is not gone yet. ② 由 whether 引导 The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed. ③ 由 when 引导 I have no idea when they will go . We express the hope that they will come to visit China again . Those who want to go please sign your names here. ( 同位语从句 ) ( 定语从句 ) (3) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 : ① 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词 ; 定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。 The news that they won the match is true. ( 同位语从句 , new s 和从句没有逻辑关系 ) The news that you told us yesterday is true. ( 定语从句 , news是told的逻辑宾语 ) ② 同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有 逻辑关系 , 定语从句所限定的名词是从 句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、 状语等。 ③ 同位语从句主要由连接词 that 引导 , 有时也可用 when, where, who, whether 等引导 ; 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。 Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed . Do you know the place where he was born ? ④ 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略 ; 引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。 The news that he has been elected monitor of our class is true. The news (that) he told me is exciting. ⑤ 同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完整句子 , 谓语动词用be的不同形式 。 He heard the news that their team had won . The news was that their team had won. 此句可以变为一个表语从句 : A Read the article and decide whether the underlined clauses are subject, object, predicative or appositive clauses. subject clause predicative clause object clause object clause appositive clause 课本练习 B Join each pair of sentences into one. It is great that the ancient tower in the temple will go on the National Cultural Heritage list. Don’t you know that passengers are not allowed to use mobile phones during the flight? It is my hope that I can learn more about World Heritage by reading this book. 4. I promised my dad that I would quit watching TV for two weeks before the exam. 5. My suggestion is that we should deal with the problem in another way. 6. I have some doubt whether these pop stars will still be famous in 10 years. Individual activity They expressed the hope ___ they would come over to China. A. which B. that C. whom D. when 2. The fact ___ he didn’t see Tom yesterday is true. A. that B. which C. when D. what 3. I have no idea ____ he will come back. A. where B. when C. what D. that Multiple choice 4. ____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if 5. One of the men held the view ___ the book said was right. A. what that B. that which C. that what D. which that 6. Word has come ___ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week. A. what B. whether C. that D. which 7. The question is ____the film is worth seeing. A. if B. what C. whether D. how 8. They received orders _____ the work be done at once. A. which B. when C. / D. that 9. The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed. A. why; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that; because 10. ___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind. A. What; why B. Which; how C. That; why D. What; because 11. He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich. A. that B. if C. what D. that if 1. At lunch time, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. Object Clause II. Find clauses from the following sentences and tell the functions of them. 2. That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain. Subject Clause 3. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far. 4. What surprised me most was that the old man couldn’t see anything. 5. The fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity. Appositive Clause Subject Clause Predicative Clause 1. __________________ ( 他出生在何地 ) has not been found. 2. _____________________ ( 谁会赢得比 赛 ) is still unknown. 3. ______________ ( 谁来都 ) is welcome. 4. ____________________________ ( 那个 人为什么被谋杀 ) is still unknown. 5. ________________________________ _______ ( 我们是否要建新高中 ) hasn’t been decided. III. 汉译英。 Where he was born Who will win the match Whoever comes Why the person was murdered Whether we will build a new high school 6. _______________ ( 真遗憾 ) the weather isn’t good for our outing today. 7. _____________________ ( 他是否帮我们 ) makes much difference. 8. ___________________________ ( 我们需 要更多的电脑 ) is quite obvious. 9. Who put the apples here _____________ _________ ( 我们都不知道 ). 10. _________________________ ( 不管你借 哪一本书 ) must be returned within a week. Whichever book you borrow It is a pity (that) Whether he will help us That we need more computers is not known to us all 11. Our teacher told us ________________ _______________ ( 北京是中国的首都 ) when I was a child. 12. The reason he gave for failing the exam was ________________________ ( 因为他没有努力学习 ). 13. They haven’t decided ______________ ______________________ ( 下周是否举 行运动会 ). capital of China (that) Beijing is the that he didn’t study hard will hold the sports meet whether / if they 14. I asked them ____________________ _____ ( 他们在哪学习的绘画 ). 15. Could you tell me __________________ ( 选择哪个 ) as a gift for your mother? 16. The problem is ____________________ ____ ( 我们能否替换她 ). 17. Can you tell me ___________________ _____________ ( 怎么去火车站 )? where they learned to paint what you will choose whether we can replace her how I can get to the railway station 18. I had no idea _________________ ( 你在 这里 ). 19. The belief ________________________ ( 条条大路通罗马 ) is shared by many people. 20. The thought came to him ____________ 　 　　　　 _____________________________ ( 或许 敌人已经逃离了那个城市 ). that you were here that all roads lead to Rome that maybe the enemy had fled from the city Preview To preview Task on Page 26: Skills building 1 : listening for discourse markers Skills building 2 : stressing syllables and words Skills building 3 : writing informally about a formal topic Homework Read the points on Page 24 again. Do the exercises on Page 109 of your Workbook.