第 十 二 章 句 子 的 种 类
句子是具有一定语法结构,表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三类,而根据使用目的,则可分为陈述句、感叹句、疑问句和祈使句
。
1.
句子的类型
主语
+
不及物动词
(
主、谓结构
)
:
The baby is sleeping.
主语
+
及物动词
+
宾语
(
主、谓、宾结构
)
:
The baby drinks milk every day.
主语
+
连系动词
+
表语
(
主、系、表结构
)
:
Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
简单句
常见的连系动词有:
be
,
become
,
get
,
turn
,
feel
,
look
,
smell
,
sound
,
taste
,
seem
。
主语
+
及物动词
+
间接宾语
(
人
)+
直接宾语
(
物
)=
主语
+
及物动词
+
直接宾语
(
物
)+to/for
+间接宾语
(
人
)
此类及物动词有:
give
,
pass
,
show
,
lend
,
buy
等,但
buy
与
for
连用:
My mother bought me a watch on my 16th birthday.
主语
+
及物动词
+
宾语
+
宾语补足语
(
作宾补的词:名词、形容词、不定式、动词
-
ing
形式
)
:
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy.
并列句
由并列连词
and
,
or
,
so
,
while
,
yet
,
but
等把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成并列句
(
其结构为:简单句
+
并列连词
+
简单句
)
:
My father is outgoing
,
but my mother is very quiet.
复合句由一个主句和一个或以上的从句构成:
I really can't find out who has broken the windows.
2.
句子的种类
句子种类
(
按使用目的分类
)
陈述句
(
用来陈述事实
)
肯定句:
He is fond of collecting stamps.
否定句:
He hasn't written a letter to his mother yet.
疑问句
(
用来提出问题
)
一般疑问句:
— Are you a policeman
?
— Yes
,
I am./No
,
I am not.
特殊疑问句:
What's your e-mail address
?
反意疑问句:
There are few people in the room
,
are there
? 选择疑问句
— Do you like football or basketball
?
— I like basketball.
祈使句
(
用来发出请求或命令
)
肯定句:
Come on
!
No smoking
!
否定句:
Don't be late for school
!
感叹句
(
表示强烈的感情
)
How …: How beautiful the flower is
!
What …: What a beautiful flower it is
!
考 点
1
感 叹 句
感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情色彩。感叹句一般由
what
或
how
开头。
what
用来强调名词,
how
则用来强调形容词、副词或动词
。
1.
感叹句的基本句型
(1) What a/an+
形容词
+
可数名词单数
+
主语
+
谓语:
What a lovely girl she is
!
What an exciting match it was
!若形容词为元音音素开头则用
what an
,若形容词为辅音音素开头则用
what a
。
(3) How+
形容词
/
副词
+
主语
+
谓语
: How delicious the food is
!
(
2) What+
形容词
+
可数名词复数
/
不可数名词
+
主语
+
谓语
:What beautiful pictures they are
!
有些不可数名词如
rain
,
wind
,
breakfast
,
lunch
,
success
,
surprise
前面有形容词修饰时,要用
what a/an
。
(4) How+
主语
+
谓语:
How time flies
!
2.
以
what
开头的感叹句和以
how
开头的感叹句可以相互转换,意思不变,但要改变句子结构。如:
What a lovely girl she is
!
=How lovely the girl is
!
(=How lovely a girl she is
!
)
What lovely girls they are
!
=How lovely the girls are
!
热身真题
( ) — _____ angry
Kangkang
looks! What happened?
— He found his mother reading his diary when he returned home yesterday.
(
2016·
福州市
)
A. How B. What C. What an
中考真题
A
考 点
2
疑 问 句
用以提问或表示疑问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句一般分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句
:
助动词和
be
动词提前直接用
Yes
或
No
来回答
: — Does she do the washing
?
— Yes
,
she does./No
,
she doesn't …
选择疑问句
(1)
一般疑问句
+or+
供选择的部分
: — Is he reading books or doing homework
?
— He is reading books./Reading books.
(2)
特殊疑问句
+A or B
: — Which do you like better
,
the red one or the green one
?
— The red one.
不能用
Yes
和
No
来回答,要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式来回答
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词
(
Wh
或
How)+
一般疑问句不能直接用
Yes
或
No
来回答,要用一个词或词组,也可以用一个完整的句子来回答
: — Where does he live
?
— Paris./He lives in Paris.
(1) how many
用于询问数量,针对可数名词复数形式提问,意为 “多少”。如:
How many siblings do you have.
(2) how long
用于询问 “时间多长,多久”。一般针对过去时、将来时或完成时提问,不对将来时进行提问,意为 “多长,多久”。如:
How long did you stay in Hong Kong last time
?
注意:重点关注
how
引出的词组,如
how many
,
how long
,
how often
,
how soon
,
how far
的用法区分。
(3) how often
用于询问 “时间的频率”,意为 “多久一次”。如:
How often do you water the flowers
?
(5) how far
用于询问距离,意为 “多远”。如:
How far is it from here to the bus stop
?
(4) how soon
意为 “多久”,强调未来还需要多长时间,针对将来时提问。如:
How soon will you arrive
?
真题热身
( )1.— is the nearest hospital from here?
—
Er
, it’s about ten minutes’ walk.
(
2016·
福州市
)
A. How long B. How far C. How often
( ) 2. — These shoes look cool. _____ are they?
— They are on sale, only $69.
(
2016·
厦门市
)
A. How much B. How long C. How many
中考真题
B
A
考 点
3
祈 使 句
祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等,主语通常被省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。
基本结构
例子
答句
肯定句
动词原形
+
表语
/
宾语!
Hurry up
!
/Be careful
!
Yes
,
I/we will.
No
,
I/we won't.
否定句
Don't+
动词原形
+
表语
/
宾语!
Don't be late
!
No+
名词
/
动名词!
No photos
!
/No smoking
!
Let's not+
动词原形
Let's not play football.
真题热身
( ) 1. Tommy, _____ play basketball in the street next time. You may get hit by a car. (2016·
广东省
)
A. do B. don’t C. must D. mustn’t
( ) 2. Daniel, ______ play with the mobile phone while you’re walking in the street. (2015·
盐城市
)
A. don’t B. doesn’t C. won’t D. can’t
中考真题
B
A