Unit 1
Present perfect tense&
Present prefect continuous tense
Grammar
Lead-in
Look at the following sentences and try
to explain why the tense is used in these
sentences.
1. We
have studied
English for about
five years.
2. They
have lived
there since 1990.
3. She
hasn’t finished
her homework yet.
4. Eric
has
just
come
back.
5. How long
have
you
been
here?
1. The form of the present
perfect tense:
We form the present perfect tense with
have/has
and
the past
participle
of the verb.
have (has) +
过去分词
Justin
has disappeared
, so Kelly is very sad.
We use the present perfect tense
to talk about things that happened in the recent past, but are connected to the present.
Note:
2. The uses of the present perfect tense:
I
have not seen
Justin since last Friday night.
We also use the present perfect tense
to talk about something that started in the past and is still happening now
.
Note:
I
haven’t seen
your
for
ages.
He
has
just
gone
out.
It
has been
very cold
lately
.
She
has
already
finished
her homework.
He
hasn’t seen
her
since
the meeting.
Note:
We use the present perfect tense
when the exact time of an action is not clear or important.
We use it with time expressions such as:
already ever for just lately never recently since yet
We use
already
for affirmative statements,
yet
for negative statements.
We use
for
+ a period of time,
since
+ a point in time.
Note: We use the present perfect tense
to talk about actions that were
completed only a short time ago.
He
has
just
gone
out.(= He went out a few minutes ago.)
I
have
just
heard
the news. (= Now I know the news.)
Note:
We can also use the present perfect tense
for repeated actions,
that is, we use the present perfect tense with the time expressions
once/twice/three times…
They say that they
have been
to America
many times
.
Look at the sentences and find the difference:
Tom
has rung up
three times this morning.
Now it is still in the morning.
Tom
rang up
three times this morning.
Now it is
not
still in the morning.
Actions occurring in an incomplete period might be indicated by
today
or
this morning/afternoon/ evening/ week/ month/ year/ century or all day/night/week, all the time, always
etc.
Note:
Point out what tense or tenses are used in the sentences and the reasons why they are used.
1. We
have studied
English for about
five years.
We
began
to study it five years ago.
2. They
moved
to the south in 1990 and
have lived
there since then.
3. Eric
left
home last year and
has just come
back.
4. They
bought
this house three years ago and they
have lived
here since then.
5. My brother
went
to see my grandpa last week. He
has visited
him three times this month.
1 ‘_____ you _____ my pen?’ ‘Yes, I____
it on your desk just now.’ (see)
2 ‘_____ you ____ dinner?’ ‘Yes, I ____ it with Mary.’ (have)
3 _____the postman_____ yet this morning?
____ the postman_____ this morning?
(come)
Have
Have
had
Did
Have
Complete the sentences.
seen
come
come
had
saw
The present perfect tense
is
normally
used for an action which
lasts throughout an incomplete period
, but with
the past simple tense
, we use time expressions which
a fixed point in the past.
Note:
e.g.
Bill
has smoked
since he left school.
He still smokes.
Bill
smoked
for six months.
It means that he stopped
smoking then.
Sometimes
, however,
The present perfect tense used for the action finishes at the time of speaking.
e.g.
It
has been
very cold lately but it’s just beginning to get warmer.
On meeting someone, you may say: I
haven’t seen
you for ages. (But I see you now.)
Note
Note
The present perfect tense used
for a past action whose time is not definite and often has a result in the present.
e.g. Tom
has had
a bad car crash.
He’s probably still in hospital now.
Tom
had
a bad car crash.
He is probably out of
hospital now.
(2) __________ (3) __________
(4) __________ (5) __________
(6) __________ (7) _________
(8) __________ (9) _________
(10) _________ (11) ________
Answers for the diary:
saw
has visited
loves
hasn’t visited
has seen
has never met
has travelled
has found
hasn’t found
Has, been
Look at the sentences:
Sorry.
Have
you
been waiting
long?
I
have been waiting
for an hour.
Past
One hour ago
Present
waiting
arrive
1. The form of the Present perfect continuous tense
：
We form the present perfect continuous tense with
have/has been
and
the present participle
of the verb.
have (has) +been + doing
2. The uses of the present perfect continuous tense:
We sometimes use the Present perfect continuous tense to talk about actions that
started in the past and are still continuing, or have just finished but are still connected to the present in some way.
Answers of Dr Frank’s website
(2) ______________ (3) _____________
(4)______________ (5) _____________
(6) ______________
have been talking
have been talking
have been studying
have seen
have been writing
Present perfect
or
present perfect continuous tense?
She is still reading the book.
Li
Jia
has been reading
a book about Stonehenge.
Li
Jia
has read
a book about Stonehenge.
She finished reading the book.
She knows the content of the book now.
Note:
We use
the present perfect tense
to talk about
an action completed in the recent past
, and
the present prefect continuous tense
for
an action that started in the past and is still happening
.
I
have visited
Egypt twice this month.
I
have been touring
Egypt for two months.
Note:
The present perfect continuous tense can’t be used with time expressions such as twice or how many times
, because in this tense the action is continuous, not stopped and started again. We can use
the present perfect tense for repeated actions
,
and
the present perfect continuous
tense for non-stop actions
.
How many times
have you swum
in the lake?
How long
have you been swimming
in the lake?
Note:
We usually use
the present perfect tense
to ask questions beginning with
how many/much
, and
the present perfect continuous tense
to ask questions beginning with
how long
.
A state verb or an action verb?
1. I
have had
this camera for five years.
2. I
have taken
photos of UFOs with this
camera.
3. I
have been taking
photos of UFOs
with this camera.
state verb
action verb
state verb
An
action
means something
happening
or
changing
. A
state
means something
staying the same
. Some examples of action verbs are
do, go, and play
. Some examples of state verbs are
like, know and exist.
Note:
We can use either a state verb or an action with the present perfect tense, but
we usually can only use an action verb with the present perfect continuous tense
. A
state verb
doesn’t mean an action, so it
can’t be used in a continuous tense
.
e.g.
They
’ve
always
had
a big garden.
How long
have
you
known
each other?
He
’s
been
in hospital since his accident.
I’ve
already
been to Paris.
I’ve
never
visited Paris.
Note:
We use the present perfect tense
, not the present perfect continuous tense,
with the words like
always
,
never
,
yet
,
already
and
ever
.
How long
have
you
been learning
English?
How long
have
you
learnt
English?
It
has been raining
for a long time.
It
has rained
for a long time.
Note:
An action which began
in the past
and
is still continuing
or
has only just finished
can, with certain verbs, be expressed by
either
the present perfect
or
present perfect continuous. Verbs which can be used in this way include
expect, hope, learn, lie, live, sleep, sit,
study, wait, want, snow
, etc.
Practice
Make up dialogues with the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense.
Answers of part A on page 11:
(1) __________ (2) __________
(3) __________ (4) __________
(5) __________ (6) _________
(7) __________ (8) _________
(9) _________ (10) ________
(11) _________
heard
been doing
been researching
done
started
achieved
read
found
started
been drawing
been making
1. He has been waiting at a bus stop in a city.
2. They have been travelling in a UFO. It looks like a saucer.
Sample answers on page 11 part B
3. They probably have talked to animals or plants on Earth as well as creatures on other plants.
4. They have visited Mars, Venus, Jupiter and some other planets.
高考链接
— I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow
you. Did you say you want to
return on September 20?
— Sorry, I _________ myself clear.
We want to return on October 20.
(2010
北京
)
A. hadn’t made B. wouldn’t make
C. don’t make D. haven’t made
2. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ______ before leaving their hometowns.
(2010
福建
)
A. promised B. were promised
C. have promised
D. have been promised
3. Mother wanted to be a good
provider, a role she ________ since
her marriage to Father.
(2010
江西
)
A. shoulders B. shouldered
C. is shouldering
D. has been shouldering
4. The book has been translated into
thirty language since it ________
on the market in 1973.
(2010
重庆
)
A. had come B. has come
C. came D. comes
5. I’m tired out. I _______ all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything.
(2010
湖南
)
A. shopped B. have shopped
C. had shopped
D. have been shopping
考点考例
1. I
haven’t heard
anything from him yet. (P8)
[
考点
]
现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响，句中可以没有具体的时间状语。肯定句中用
already
，否定句和疑问句中用
yet
。
[
考例
1]
----____ you _____ him around the
museum yet?
----Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have
；
shown B. Do
；
show
C. Had
；
shown D. Did
；
show
[
点拨
]
此句强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，即：是否已经带他参观了博物馆。
[
考例
2]
We _____ our new neighbors yet, so we don’t know their names.
A. don’t meet B. won’t meet
C. haven’t met D. hadn’t met
[
点拨
]
此句表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响。
2. He has sent me an e-mail,
telling me
about his travels around the world. (P8)
[
考点
]
V-
ing
短语作后置定语，表示
V-
ing
形式和被修饰的名词之间
是主动关系。
[
考例
1]
Peter received a letter just now _____ his grandma would come to see him soon.
A. said B. says
C. saying D. to say
[
点拨
]
saying
修饰
a letter
，相当于
which said ...
。
[
考例
2]
Don’t respond to any e-mails ___ personal information, no matter how official they look.
A. searching B. asking
C. requesting D. questioning
[
点拨
]
search
和
ask
后面应加介词
for
；
request
意为“询问”；
question
意为“提问，盘问，审问”。故选
C
。
3. Kelly: Sorry I’m late.
Have
you
been
waiting
long?
Mavis: Yes.
I’ve been waiting
for an
hour. (P9)
[
考点
]
现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始的动作到现在为止一直在进行，且可能持续下去。有时含有不耐烦、责备等感情色彩。
[
考例
1]
—I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You _____ in front of that
computer too long.
A. work B. are working
C. have been working D. worked
[
点拨
]
由语境可以看出
work
动作开始于过去，持续到现在，对现在还有影响，且含有责备的口吻，所以用现在完成进行时。
[
考例
2]
Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _____ English for a year.
A. studies B. studied
C. is studying D. has been studying
[
点拨
]
句意：凯茜正在阳光学校的课堂上做语法笔记，她一直在那里学英语，到现在已经一年了。
Homework
1. Finish Part C1 and C2 on page 88 in
Workbook.
2. Review Task part.
Thank you for listening！
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