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初中英语语法专题讲座——形容词
【复习要点】
一、形容词的基本用法：
形容词是用来修饰名词或代词的，在句中可用作定语、表语和宾语补足语等。
⑴ 用作前置定语，即放在名词前修饰该名词。例如：China is a great country with a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
⑵ 用作后置定语。形容词修饰不定代词或形容词短语修饰名词时，需要后置。例如：He has something important to tell you.他有重要的事告诉你。She is a girl good at singing. 她是一位擅长唱歌的女孩。
⑶ 用作表语。例如：It was rainy yesterday, but today it is sunny. 昨天下雨，今天天晴。Your mother seems angry. 你母亲看上去生气了。The milk in the glass has gone bad. 玻璃杯里的牛奶发臭了。The leaves turn yellow in autumn. 树叶在秋天变黄。
注意：
有一些形容词在句中只能用作表语，我们称之为“表语形容词”。初中英语中常见的表语形容词有：afraid, alive, alone, asleep, glad, ill (生病的), ready, sorry, sure, unable, well (健康的)等。例如：I’m sorry not to have been ready for the party. 很抱歉，晚会我还没有准备好。The children were asleep just now, but now they’re awake. 孩子们刚才在睡觉，现在醒了。They were unable to help us. 他们没法帮助我们。
⑷ 用作宾语补足语。例如：The news made her happy. 那个消息使她很开心。Who left the door open? 是谁没把门关上？
二、名词化的形容词：
“the＋形容词”具有名词的功能，泛指一类人或抽象事物。用作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。可以这样用的形容词有：blind, dead, old, poor, rich, young等。例如：The young are the hope of the country. 年轻人是国家的希望。The rich are not always happy. 有钱人并不总是快乐。
三、形容词的比较等级：
1. 比较等级的构成：
形容词比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级三种。比较级和最高级的构成有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化由“原级＋-er”构成比较级、“原级＋-est”构成最高级，如：small – smaller – smallest；
形容词比较级的构成规则：
①.单音节和部分双音节形容词或副词通常加后缀–er和–est构成比较级和最高级。如：long →longer →longest
②.原级以字母e结尾，则只加-r和-st；如： large →larger →largest
③.原级以“辅音字母+y”结尾，则应将y改为i，再加-er和-est构成比较级和最高级；如：busy →busier →busiest
④.原级为重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，则双写这个辅音字母后再加词尾-er和-est构成比较级和最高级。如：big→ bigger→ biggest
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⑤.多音节和部分双音节形容词在其前加more和most构成比较级和最高级。如：useful →more useful →most useful difficult →more difficult →most difficult
⑥.比较级和最高级的不规则变化如下表：
原级
比较级
最高级
bad/badly/ ill(有病的)
worse
worst
far
farther further
farthest（指距离） furthest（“抽象”的远）
good/well
better
best
little
less
least
many/much
more
most
old
older elder
oldest（强调年龄，指人、物） eldest（强调长幼，只指人）
说明：
⑴ farther / farthest和further / furthest作为形容词都可以指距离。例如：The village was father / further than the bridge. 那个村子比那座桥更远。What is the farthest / furthest place you’ve ever been to? 你最远去过哪里？
further可以用来修饰抽象名词，表示“进一步的；更多的”。例如：a college of further education 继续教育学院；进修学院He will need further help. 他将需要进一步的帮助。
⑵ elder / eldest只用于人，表示兄弟姐妹间的长幼（排行）。elder指“（年纪）较大的”，eldest指“（年纪）最大的”。elder不与than连用。例如：He is my elder brother. 他是我的哥哥。（比较：my younger brother 我的弟弟）She is my eldest daughter. 她是我的长女。（比较：my youngest daughter 我最小的女儿）
2. 比较等级的基本用法：
形容词和副词都有比较等级的用法，以下内容含有对副词比较等级的介绍。
⑴ 原级用于两者之间进行平级比较，其结构是“A is as…as B.”，意思是“A和B一样…”。例如：Mary is as tall as her sister. 玛丽和她姐姐个子一样高。He can speaks English as well as an Englishman. 他英语说得跟英国人一样好。She can read twice as fast as he does. 她阅读速度比他快一倍。
该结构的否定式为“A is not as / so… as B.”，意思是“A不如B那样……”。not as…多用于口语，not so… 多用于书面语。例如：This room is not as bright as that one. 这间房间没有那间房间亮。It is not so hot today as it was yesterday. 今天不如昨天热。He doesn’t work as hard as me. (= … as hard as I do.) 他工作不及我努力。
⑵ 比较级用于两者之间进行比较并且其中一者在程度上超过另一者，其结构是“A is -er than B.”，意思是“A比B更……”。例如：The sun is bigger than the earth. 太阳比地球大。My room is smaller than yours. 我的房间比你的小。The houses here are higher than the ones over there. 这边的楼房比那边的楼房高。
⑶ 最高级用于三者或三者以上之间进行比较并且其中一者程度最甚，其结构是“A is the -est of / in….”，意思是“A在其中最……”。形容词最高级前要用定冠词the。例如：The earth is bigger than the moon. The sun is bigger than the earth. So it is the biggest of the three. 地球比月亮大，太阳比地球大，所以太阳是三者中最大的。This building is the tallest in the city.这座大楼全市最高。Tom works hardest in his class. 汤姆在班上学习最努力。
注意：
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最高级的比较范围如果是所在群体内的成员，就用of引出；如果是群体所在地，就用in, among等词引出。请比较：This is the best picture of the three.这是三幅图画中最好的。This is the best picture in the hall. 这是大厅中最好的图画。
3. 比较级前常见修饰语总结：比较级前可以有一个表示程度的状语，表示“……得多”或“稍……”之类的意思。
①. 比较级前可用a little, a bit, a little bit,等修饰，表示“稍微”、“一点”。如：It’s a little colder today than it was yesterday. 今天比昨天稍冷一点。They’re a little bit better now. 现在他们稍好一点儿了。
②. 比较级前可用much, far, by far, a lot, a good deal, a great deal, rather等修饰，表示“……得多”。如：She’s a good deal better today. 她今天好多了。There are far more people than we expected. 人比我们预计的多得多。
注意：quite 也可修饰比较级，表示“……得多”，但该比较级通常只限于 better。如：He’s quite better now. 他现在好多了。
③. 比较级前可用even, still修饰，表示“更……”。如：It was even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天还要冷。The next day she got up still earlier. 第二天她起床更早些。
注意：
①.very，quite，so，too等一般不修饰比较级，而多用来修饰原级。
②.more 可以构成比较级，一定不能修饰比较级。
4．比较等级的特殊用法：
⑴“the + 比较级 + of the two （+复数名词）”表示“二者之中更……的”。例如：Of the two boys Mike is the taller one. 迈克是两个男孩中个子较高的一个。
注意：比较级前一般不加the，但表示两者中较突出者，且比较级后又有名词或出现了of the two，这时比较级前一定要加the。例如：Which is the larger country, Canada or Australian? 加拿大和澳大利亚，哪个国家更大? （区别：Which is larger, Canada or Australian?）Of the two jobs，he chose the harder.在两项工作中他选择了较艰苦的那一个。下列句型中也要加the：The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.
⑵ more and more表示“越来……越……”。例如：He has become busier and busier now. 他现在（变得）越来越忙了。Computers are becoming more and more important in our work. 电脑在我们的工作中变得越来越重要。
It is raining more and more heavily now. 现在雨下得越来越大了。
⑶ the more… the more表示“越……就越……”。例如：The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴。
The more I see it, the less I like it. 那样东西我越看越不喜欢。
本结构常用省略句形式，例如：The more the better. 越多越好；多多益善。The sooner the better. 越早越好；（时间上）越快越好。
⑷“one of + the + 形容词最高级 +复数名词”表示“最……之一”。最高级前还可以用物主代词或名词所有格来修饰。Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in China.上海是中国最美丽的城市之—。Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.我们城市是世界上最安全的城市之—。One of the most important languages is English.最重要的语言之一是英语。
5. 比较结构的同义转换：
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⑴. 原级与比较级之间的转换：
①. 英语的几种倍数表达方法:
A. 表示“几倍大小（长短；数量）”，由“倍数+ the size（length，amount…）of…”结构组成。例如：The earth is forth-nine times the size of the moon. 地球是月亮的49倍大。
B. 表示“……比……大几倍”，由“倍数+形容词（副词）比较级”结构组成。例如：This box is three times bigger than that one. 这个盒子比那个盒子大三倍。
C. 表示“……是……倍”，由“倍数+ as +形容词原级+ as +”结构组成。例如：Our factory is twice as big as theirs. 我们的工厂是他们的三倍。I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
注意: “一倍”用once，“两倍”用 twice。“三倍”用three times 其他依次类推。
②.not so / as ... as与比较级之间的转换。如：Miss Zhang isn't so old as Miss Wang. →Miss Wang is older than Miss Zhang. / Miss Zhang is younger than Miss Wang.
⑵. 最高级与比较级之间的转换：
①.最高级与比较级+ than any other +名词单数之间的转换。如：Wei Hua is the tallest boy in his class. →Wei Hua is taller than any other boy in his class. / Wei Hua is taller than the other boys in his class.
②.最高级与比较级+than any of the other + 名词复数 / than the other two之间的转换。如：Robert is the best student in the school. →Robert is better than any of the other students in the school.
注意：比较级是同类别之间进行比较，不同类之间不可以比较：
The weather here is much colder than Beijing. (F) The weather here is much colder than that in Beijing. (T)
The people in China are more friendly than those in America.
Tom has shorter hair than Jim. =Tom’s hair is shorter than Jim’s.
6. 多个形容词作定语时的位置:
“冠代数形大，新色国材名”。意思是“冠词、代词、数词放在前面，而形容词又根据大小、新旧、颜色、国籍、材料的顺序依次排列修饰名词”。 例如：A small round table一张小圆桌 A tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物 A dirty old black shirt一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣 A famous American medical school一个非常著名的美国医学院
【考题分析】
1．—In our English study，reading is more important than speaking, I think.— I don’t agree. Speaking is __ reading.
A. as important as B. so important as C. the most important D. the same as
分析：根据原题的上下文，要求表达“和……一样重要”的意思。as… as结构一般用于肯定句，(not) so… as结构一般用于否定句。答案： A
2．— Mum, could you buy me a dress like this? — Certainly, we can buy _ one than this, but__ this.
A. a better, better than B. a worse, as good as C. a cheaper, as good as D. a more important, not as good as
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分析：第一个空格后有than这个词，说明要用比较级。第二个空格后没有than，对照答案选项，可以看出不用比较级。另外再从句意上去考虑，不可能买“更糟糕的（worse）”衣服，而应是“更便宜的（cheaper）”衣服。答案：C
3．Remember this, children._____ careful you are, _____ mistakes you will make.
A. The more, more B. The fewer, the more C. The more, the fewer D. The less, the less
分析：本题考点较多：首先是the more… the more结构；根据题意，第一个空格应是副词，可考虑选填The more。其次，要注意和可数名词mistakes正确搭配的那个词，可在the more和the less之间选择。第三，要注意句子前后的语义关系。答案：C
4．That is an __ book, but I don’t know why the boy was not ___ in it. (interest)
分析：英语动词的现在分词和过去分词可以用作形容词。一般来说，现在分词作形容词具有主动意义，可用于人或物；过去分词作形容词具有被动意义，通常用于人。请比较：
amazing令人惊愕的—amazed感到惊奇的
exciting令人激动的—excited 激动的
interesting令人感兴趣的—interested感兴趣的
pleasing (=pleasant)令人愉快的 —pleased 高兴的
surprising 使人惊奇的—surprised 吃惊的
worrying 使人焦虑的—worried 焦虑的
本题中，book应当是“令人感兴趣的”，而the boy则应对其“感兴趣”。答案：interesting interested
【巩固练习】
一、选择填空：
1. The story sounds ______.
A. to be true B. as true C. being true D. true
2. These oranges taste ______.
A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
3. — Mum, I think I’ m ______ to go to school.
— Not really, my dear. You’d better stay at home for another day or two.
A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough
4. He told us ______ story that we all forgot about the time.
A. such an interesting B. such interesting a C. so an interesting D. a so interesting
5. It is impossible for so ______ workers to do so ______ work in one day.
A. few, much B. few, many C. little, much D. little, many
6. — Lucy, do you have a ruler?
— Yes, I do. But it’s ______.
A. very small one B. an only small ruler C. quite small ruler D. only a small one
7. ______ food you have cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
8. They all looked ______ at the master and felt quite ______.
A. sad, sad B. sadly, sad C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sadly
9. He’d like to sleep with the window ______ at night.
A. open wide B. open widely C wide open D. opened wide
10. The little boy looks ______.
A. lovely B. carefully C. heavily D. sadly
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11. The United States, Britain, New Zealand and so on are ______ countries.
A. speaking-English B. English-speaking C. spoken-English D. English-spoken
12. The trip was ______ and everyone was ______ with it.
A. pleasant, pleased B. pleased, pleasant C. pleased, pleased D. pleasant, pleasant
13. What ______ news! A. an exciting B. exciting C. an excited D. excited
14. This is a ______ story about a ______ woman teacher.
A. true, real B. real, true C. truly, really D. really, true
15. Can you retell the text in ______ English? It is not ______ for you.
A. easy, hardly B. easily, hard C. hard, easily D. easy, hard
16. His child broke the new glass, but he doesn’t get ______.
A. angrily B. angry C. well D. good
17. He was ______ the next morning.
A. found die B. found dying C. found dead D. found death
18. Jim was just falling ______ when I came into his room quietly.
A. asleep B. sleep C. slept D. slept
19. Computers can help people do ____ work in ______ time.
A. many, few B. much, little C. more, more D. more, less
20. What a ______ cough! You seem ______ ill.
A. terrible, terribly B. terribly, terrible C. terrible, terrible D. terribly, terribly
21. This kind of cake looks ______ and smells ______.
A. good, good B. good, well C. well, well D. well, good
22. Did you notice the ___ boy at the back of the classroom?
A. asleep B. sleepy C. sleep D. sleeps
23. There’s ______ with your mother. Don’t worry.
A. something serious B. anything serious C. nothing serious D. serious nothing
24. The teacher found him ___ boy.
A. clever B. was a clever C. a clever D. is a clever
25. Lots of visitors come to Nanjing because she is ______ city.
A. so a beautiful B. very beautiful C. such beautiful a D. quite a beautiful
26. We find it __ to do some reading every day.
A. easily B be enjoyable C. helpful D. interested
27. Lucy said she hadn’t heard ______ music before.
A. such a beautiful piece of B. a beautiful C. so beautiful D. such a wonderful
28. The boy wasn’t ______ at English, but now he does ______ in it.
A. good, good B. well, better C. better, well D. good, better
29. ______ children there are in a family, ______ their life will be.
A. The less, the better B. The fewer, the better C. Fewer, richer D. More, poorer
30. Now China had joined WTO, so I think English is ______ useful than before.
A. more B. most C. much D. many
二、下列各句中均有一处错误，请找出并改正：
1. He saved a six-years-old boy from the river yesterday. ______________
2. Could I ask for leave? I want to visit an ill aunt in a hospital. ______________
3. This question is very important than that one. ______________
4. He is my older brother. ______________
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5. The here fresh water is very good. ______________
6. The boys in Class One are good at playing football than those in Class Two.
______________
7. He is luckily enough to get the ticket for the football match. ______________
8. We’ll never forget the pleased trip to Beijing. ______________
9. The little boy looks sadly. ______________
10. Please tell the children to be careful in crossing a full of traffic street.
______________
三、同义句转换（含副词练习）：
1. Liu Ying does well in physics.
Liu Ying __________ __________ __________ physics.
2. John ran faster than Jeff in the 100-meter race.
Jeff ran __________ __________ __________ John in the 100-meter race.
3. Alice was born in 1990 and so was Linda.
Alice is _________ _________ _________ Linda. They were both born in 1990.
4. Maria sings best of the girls in her class.
Maria sings _________ _________ _________ ________ ________ in her class.
5. The door is too narrow for the fatty to go through.
The door __________ __________ __________ for the fatty to go through.
6. The Changjiang River is the longest in China.
__________ river in China is __________ __________ the Changjiang River.
7. I think football is more exciting than basketball.
I think basketball is __________ __________ __________ football.
I __________ think basketball is __________ __________ __________ football.
8. If you work harder, you’ll get higher scores.
__________ __________ you work，__________ __________ scores you’ll get.
参考答案：
一、1—5 DACAA 6—10 DDBCA 11—15 BABAD 16—20 BCADA 21—25 ABCCD 26—30 CADBA
二、1. six-years-old → six-year-old 2. ill → sick 3. very → more 4. older → elder 5. The here fresh water → The fresh water here 6. good → better 7. luckily → lucky 8. pleased → pleasant 9. sadly → sad 10. a full of traffic street → a street full of traffic
三、1. is good at 2. less fast than 3. as old as 4. better than any other girl 5. isn’t wide enough 6. No, longer than 7. less exciting than; don’t, as / so, exciting as 8. The harder, the higher
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