Unit16 Scientists at work一、课文背景知识富兰克林(1706-1790)本杰明.富兰克林——资本主义精神最完美的代表,十八世纪美国最伟大的科学家,著名的政治家和文学家。他一生最真实的写照是他自己所说过的一句话“诚实和勤勉,应该成为你永远的伴侣。”学习一生1706年1月17日,本杰明.富兰克林出生在北美洲的波士顿。他的父亲原是英国漆匠,当时以制造蜡烛和肥皂为业,生有十个孩子,富兰克林排行第八。富兰克林八岁入学读书,虽然学习成绩优异,但由于他家中孩子太多,父亲的收入无法担负他读书的费用。所以,他到十岁是就离开了学校,回家帮父亲做蜡烛。富兰克林一生只在学校读了这两年书。十二岁时,他到哥哥詹姆士经营的小印刷所当学徒,自此他当了近十年的印刷工人,但他的学习从未间断过,他从伙食费中省下钱来买书。同时,利用工作之便,他结识了几家书店的学徒,将书店的书在晚间偷偷地借来,通宵达旦地阅读,第二天清晨便归还。他阅读的范围很广,从自然科学、技术方面的通俗读物到著名科学家的论文以及名作家的作品。就是在当学徒的这段时间里,富兰克林把在学校曾两度考试不及格的算术学了一遍,又读了塞勒和舍尔梅的关于航海的书,从这些航海的书里,他接触到了几何学知识。他还读了洛克的《人类的悟性》和波尔洛亚尔派的《思维的艺术》。富兰克林的学习日渐深入。1723年富兰克林离开了波士顿,到费城的基末尔印刷所和英国伦敦的帕尔未和瓦茨印刷厂当工人。1726年秋,富兰克林回到费城,这时他已掌握了精湛的印刷技术,开始独立经营印刷所,印刷和发行《宾夕尼亚报》,并出版了《可怜的立查历书》,当时被译成十二种文字,销行于欧美各国。1727年秋,在费城他和几个青年创办了“共读社”,组织了小型图书馆,帮助工人、手工业者和小职员进行自学。每星期五晚上讨论有关哲学、政治和自然科学等问题。这时富兰克林还不到三十岁,通过刻苦自修,已经成为一个学识渊博的学者和启蒙思想家,在北美的声誉日益提高。在富兰克林的领导下,“共读社”几乎存在了四十年之久,后来发展为美国哲学会,成为美国科学思想的中心。1736年,富兰克林当选为宾夕尼亚州议会秘书。1737年,任费城副邮务长。虽然工作越来越繁重,可是他每天仍然坚持学习,为了进一步打开知识宝库的大门,他孜孜不倦地学习外国语,先后掌握了法文、意大利文、西班牙文及拉丁文。他广泛地接受了世界科学文化的先进成果。为自己的科学研究奠定了坚实的基础。捕捉雷电1746年,一位英国学者在波士顿利用玻璃管和莱顿瓶表演了电学实验。富兰克林怀着极大的兴趣观看了他的表演,并被电学这一刚兴起的科学强烈地吸引住了。随后富兰克林开始了电学的研究。富兰克林在家里做了大量实验,研究了两种电荷的性能,说明了电的来源和在物质中存在的现象。在十八世纪以前,人们还不能正确地认识雷电到底是什么。当时人们普遍相信雷电是上帝发怒的说法。一些不信上帝的有识之士曾试图解释雷电的起因,但都未获成功,学术界比较流行的是认为雷电是“气体爆炸”的观点。在一次实验中,富兰克林的妻子丽德不小心碰到了莱顿瓶,疑团电火闪过,丽德被击中倒地,面色惨白,足足在家躺了一个星期才恢复健康。这虽然是实验中的一起意外事件,但思维敏捷的富兰克林却由此而想到了空中的雷电。他经过反复思考,断定雷电也是一种放电现象,它和在实验室产生的电在本质上是一样的。于是,他写了一篇名叫《论天空闪电和我们的电气相同》的论文,并送给了英国皇家学会。但富兰克林的伟大设想竟遭到了许多人的嘲笑,有人甚至嗤笑他是“想把上帝和雷电分家的狂人”。富兰克林决心用事实来证明一切。1752年6月的一天,阴云密布,电闪雷鸣,一场暴风雨就要来临了。富兰克林和他的儿子威廉一道,带着上面装有一个金属杆的风筝来到一个空旷地带。富兰克林高举起风筝,他的儿子一道拉着风筝线,父子俩焦急的等待着,此时,刚好一道闪电从风筝上掠过,富兰克林用手靠近风筝上的铁丝,立即掠过一种恐怖的麻木感。他抑制不住内心的激动,大声呼喊:“威廉,我被电击了!”随后,他又将风筝线上的电引入莱顿瓶中。回到家里后,富兰克林用雷电进行了各种电学实验,证明了天上的雷电与人工摩擦产生的电具有完全相同的性质。富兰克林关于天上和人间的电是同一种东西的假说,在他自己的这次实验中得到了光辉的证实。风筝实验的成功使富兰克林在全世界科学界的名声大振。英国皇家学会给他送来了金质奖章,聘请他担任皇家学会的会员。他的科学著作也被译成了许多种语言。他的电学研究取得了初步的胜利。然而,在荣誉和胜利面前,富兰克林没有停止对电学的进一步研究。1753年,俄国著名电学家利赫曼为了验证富兰克林的实验,不幸被雷电击死,这是做电实验的第一个牺牲者。血的代价,使许多人对雷电实验产生了戒心和恐惧。但富兰克林在死亡的威胁面前没有退缩,经过多次实验,他制成了一根实用的避雷针。他把几米长的铁杆用绝缘材料固定在屋顶,杆上紧栓着一根粗导线,一直通到地里。当雷电袭击房子的时候,它就沿着金属杆通过导线直达大地,房屋建筑完好无损。1754年,避雷针开始应用,但有些人认为这是个不详的东西,违反天意会带来旱灾。救灾夜里偷偷地把避雷针拆了。然而,科学终于将战胜愚昧。一场挟有雷电的狂风过后,大教堂着火恶劣;而装有避雷针的高层房屋却平安无事。事实教育了人们,使人们相信了科学。避雷针相继传到英国、德国、法国,最后普及世界各地。富兰克林对科学的贡献不仅在静电学方面,他的研究范围及其广泛。在数学方面,他创造了八次和十六次幻方,这两种幻方性质特殊,变化复杂,至 今尚为学者称道;在热学中,他改良了取暖的炉子,可以节省四分之三燃料,被称为“富兰克林炉”;在光学方面,他发明了老年人用的双焦距眼镜,戴上这种眼镜既可以看清近处的东西,也可以看清远处的东西。他和剑桥大学的哈特莱共同利用醚的蒸发得到负二十五度(摄食)的低温,创造了蒸发致冷的理论。此外,他对气象、地质、声学及海洋航行等方面都有研究,并取得了不少成就。二、疑难详解1. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin cinducted a number of experiments in which he showed what electricity is.在18世纪,本杰明富兰克林进行了许多次关于电的实验。[问]...in which he showed what electrivity is. in + which 引导定语从句,修饰先行词experiments。 这里which不能由that替换。(2)...what electricity is 宾语从句,做show的宾语。(3)A number of...“许多,大量”,接可数名词复数,谓语要用复数形式;the number of...“……的数量”谓语动词应该用单数。例如:A number of peasants are working inthe fields with the sun burning in the shy. 许多农民顶着烈日在地里耕作。2. Having realized that I could use a kite to aftract lightning. I decided to do an experiment. 当我意思到能用风筝来接收闪电后,我决定做个实验。[问]Having realized that ... 在句子充当什么成分?[答]Having realized that ... 现在分词短语做时间状语。(=when I had realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, ...)3. Most kites are made of paper, but a kite made of silk will last longer in weather with rain and strong winds. 大多数风筝是由纸做的,但用丝绸制的风筝在雨和大风的天气中持续的时间会长一些。[问]made of silk 在句中作何成分?be made of 与be made from 有何区别?[答] made of silk 过去粉刺短语所定语,修饰a kite, he made of...由……构成(看得出原材料);be made from 由……构成(看不出原材料)。4. The pieces should be just long enough to reach the comers of the handkerchief.那木头片的长度应该达到手帕的四个角。[问]enough在句中如何用?reach是什么意思?[答](1)enough to ..." 足够……的”, enough修饰形容词时应放在形容词之后。例如:kind enough 足够善良的;careful enough足够仔细的。(2)reach v. & n. 达到;够得着。例如:out of reach够不着。5. Add a tail to the frame and tie a long string to the cross so you can control the kite.在架子上加一个把柄,在十字架上栓一根长细绳以便你能够控制那风筝。[问]add...to...是什么意思?[答]add...to...把……加到……。例如:Please add an article to the sentence, then it is correct now .请在这个句子中加上一个定冠词,然后它就对了。6. THis ribbon, which must not get wet, will protect you from the electricity.这根丝带一定不能变湿,它是用来保护你不被触电的。[问]which must not get wet 作何成分, protect...from...是什么意思?[答](1)...which must not get wet ,非限制性定语从句做定语,修饰This ribbon.(2)protect ... from... “保护……免受……”,相当于prevent ... from ...;stop ...from...;keep ...from。例如:We should prevent our environment from being polluted. 我们应该保护我们的环境免受污染。7. Around the world, animals are used to test produce such as shampoo, skin creams and new cancer drugs. 在全世界,动物们被用来测试如洗发水,皮肤霜以及新的治癌药等产品。[问]be used to do ..., be used to doing ... 和used to do 有何区别?[答]be used to do ... 被用来做什么......be used to doing ... 习惯于做……used to do ...过去常常做……8. They also believe that it is possible to use much fewer animals.他们还相信用更少的动物测试是可能的。[问]it is possible to do ...做……是可能的;It is + adj. +to do ... it 是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式短语to do...例如:It is difficult to learn two foreigh languages. 学会两门外语是困难的。It is impossible to walk on the moon. 在月球上行走是不可能的。二、本单元高考热点归纳与拓展本单元重点语法是定语从句;分词(现在分词和过去分词)的用法以及it做形式主语的用法。[经典解析]例:1. Do you know the boy_____under the big tree? (1989年全国高考题) A. lay B.lain C.laying D.lying解析:答案为D。现在分词短语 lying under the big tree“正躺在大树下”做定语,修饰 boy。用“躺”的现在分词表示“主动”和“进行”的概念。注意记准:放、下蛋:lay—laid—laid—laying;躺:lie—lay—lain—lying;说谎:lie—lied—lied—lying。例:2、 Is_____necessary to complete the design before National Day? (1989年全国高考题) A. this B. that C. it D. he简析:答案为C。这里要填的是形式主语。只有it才能做形式主语或形式宾语。真正的主语是不定式“to com-plete the design...”。例:3.Most of the artists_____to the party were from South Africa. (1990年全国高考题) A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D.had been invited简析:答案为A。主语与谓语之间“were”的部分是主语的定语。如果是从句做主语,应为“who had been invited”,还缺充当从句主语的关系词 who,故不选D。“邀请”和“艺术家”的关系应为被动的,排除B。“邀请”应先于谓语动词,所以用过去分词,选A。而C是现在分词的被动式,表示“正在”,而谓语动词“同时”或与说话时“同时”,明显是错误的。例:4、The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,_____ that he had enjoyed his stay here. (1994年全国高考题) A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added简析:答案为C。与谓语动词“”是两个同时发生的动作,可以用现在分词表示伴随的动作;因为A用了完成式,“补充说到”发生在“表达”之前,不合逻辑,排除A。D表示两个并列的谓语动词,但缺少并列连词,因此不能选D。而B不定式表示目的:“为了补充说……于是就表达了……”不符合逻辑。例:5. The number of people invited _____ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons. (1996年全国高考题) A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were简析:答案为C。The number of 与单数动词配用,排除A、D。a number of 与复数动词连用,排除A、B。例:6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ______ by an hour.. (1998年全国高考题) A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay简析:答案为C。“按小时付报酬”与主语是被动关系,应选过去分词paid。被动语态除了可由“be+过去分词”构成外,还可以由“get+过去分词”构成。例:7. Peper money was in ______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _____ thir-teenth century. (1999年全国高考题) A. the; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填简析:答案为C。本题主要考察冠词的用法。in use 是习惯用法,use 前不加冠词;在序数词(thirteen)前面要加定冠词。因此要选C。例:8. The result of the experiment was very good, _____ we hadn't expected. (2000年全国高考题) A. when B. that C. which D. what简析:答案为C。此处为非限定性定语从句,排除D( what 不能引导定语从句)和B( that 不能引导非限制性定语从句)。因为关系词在从句中要做动词( expected )的宾语,因此要用关系代词 which,排除关系副词when。例:10. John said he'd been working in the office for an hour, _____ was true. (2001年春季高考题) A. he B. this C. which D. Who简析:答案为C。这里是考查非限制性定语从句。需要用关系词,排除A和B。先行词代表前面整个句子所说的内容,因此关系词要用 which,而不能用表人的 who。三、本单元生词详解1. experiment [iks5perimEnt]n. 实验,试验//vi.进行实验(on,with)例:They made the school a place for scientific experiment. 他们把学校变成一个科学实验的场所。We made an experiment to explain air pressure. 我们做过一个实验来解释空气的压力。Scientific truths are proved by experiments. 科学真理是通过实验来证实的。[记忆技巧]联想记忆 experimental adj. 实验(性)的,试验(性)的[常用词组]experiments on frogs 用青蛙做实验/experiment with new teaching methods 新教学方法的试验(=try; conduct; carry out)an experiment in chemistry 做化学实验/make experiment in physics 要物理实验。2. gas [^As]n. 煤气;可燃气;气体;汽油例:Air is a mixture of gases. 空气是几种气体的混合物。Oxygen is one of the gases. 氧气是气体的一种。Most matter has three states; solid, liquid and gas. 大多数物质具有三种状态:固态、液态和气态。She cooks with gas.[ 常用词组]be driven by gas 由气体驱动/gas burner煤气灶/gas furnace煤气炉/gas light 煤气灯/gas man/煤气厂工人/poison gas 毒气/gas fire煤气取暖器/gas pipe 煤气管道/ turn on the gas 打开煤气/waste gas 废气/gas station 煤气站/gas holder 煤气库/gas mask 防毒面具/gas oil 汽油,瓦斯油/ gas stove 煤气灶3. flame[fleim]n. 火焰,火苗;热情;光辉//v. 发出火焰,燃烧例:The building burst into flames. 大楼起火了。The sun was a flame on the horizon. 太阳象一团火出现在地平线上。His face flamed wiht anger. 他气地脸都红了。The campfire flamed. 篝火烧起来了。Her anger flamed up at the sight. 她一看到这情况就勃然大怒。[记忆技巧]联想记忆flaming adj. 燃烧的;火焰般的4. wheel [wi:l]轮;车轮;机轮例:A car runs on four wheels. 汽车用四个轮子行驶。The wheel has come off. 轮子掉下来了Change the left wheel of Mr. Green's car. 把格林先生车子的左轮换掉。The wheels of history can not be turned back. 历史的车轮不能倒转。Mary wheeled her bivycle up he hill. 玛丽把自行车推上山去。[记忆技巧]联想记忆 wheelchair 轮椅[常用词组]at the wheel 掌舵,驾驶;主管;负责/big wheel 要人;大人物/the wheels of state 国家的组织机构/wheel of fortune 命运之轮/wheel in 将(车)推进5. engine [5endVin]n. 引擎,发动机;机车,火车头例:The engine pulled a long line of freight cars. 这台机车拉了一长列货车。The engine roared past. 机车呼啸而过。[记忆技巧]联想记忆engineer 工程师,技师 / a jet engine 喷汽发动机/a steam engine 蒸汽机/nuclear weapons 核武器7. economy [i(:)5kCnEmi]n. 经济,经济制度;节约,节省;理财例:We cannot develop our national economy without science and technology. 没有科学技术我们就不能发展国民经济。We must practise strict economy.我们要厉行节约。[记忆技巧]联想记忆economic 经济的;economics 经济学[常用词组]state -owned economy 国有经济/develop economy 发展经济/collective economy 集体经济/domestic economy 私有经济。8. unneccessary adj. 不需要的,没有必要的;不重要的例:A coat is unnecessary on a hot day. 大热天不需要外套。A bivycle is unnecessary if you live here. 住在这里不需要有自行车。[记忆技巧]词根un-表示否定,例如:fair公平的-unfair 不公平的9. comfort [5kQmfEt] n. 舒适;安逸;安慰;给予慰籍的人或事物//vt. 安慰;使舒服例:He had saved enough money so that he could live in comfort. 他攒了不少钱,足以舒舒服服地过日子。The medicine gave me some comfort. 药物减轻我的痛苦。We could give him no comfort (We could not comfort him). 我们无法安慰他。She was a great comfort to me. 她对于我来说是个安慰。Your letter was a great comfort to me. He did his best to comfort (to give comfort to )the unfortunate man. 他尽力安慰那个不幸的人。"Don't you want a candy, daddy?" he comforted. “爸,你吃不吃块糖?”他安慰说。[记忆技巧]comfortable 舒服的 舒适的;discomfort 使不舒服; uncomfortable 不舒服的[常用词组]creature (=material)comfort 物质享受/Dutch comfort不起作用的安慰/increase travel comfort 增加旅行的舒适 / ordinary comfort 普通的安慰/winter comforts 冬令用品/live in comfort 生活安逸/a source of comfort 享受的源泉/read with comfort 安逸地读书/comfort in adversity 逆境中的安慰/administer spiritual comfort 给予精神安慰/derive comfort from 从...得到安慰/enjoy eomforts of life过舒适生活/speak comfort to a person 对某人说些宽慰的话 /take comfort reading 从读书中求宽慰10. conduct vt. [5kCndQkt]处理,管理;指挥,引导;传导//n. 举止,行为;指导例: His conduct does not harmonize with his preaching. 他的行为与他的说教不一致。Many pupils in this class got prizes for good conduct. 这个班的许多学生因为行为好而得了奖。His conduct of the business was very successful. 他经营的商业非常成功。He was conducts electricity. 金属导电。Who is conducting this evening?今天晚上谁指挥?[记忆技巧]conduct n. (1)售票员,列车员,指导员;指挥(2)导体,导线;conduction n. [物]传导;输送[常用词组]had(good)conduct 品行不端(端正)base(=low)conduct 卑劣的行为/degrading conduct 堕落的行为/diorderly conduct 暴乱的行为/highhanded conduct 高压的行为/impertinent conduct 无礼的行为/improper conduct 失当的行为/his conduct toward his brothers 他对兄弟的行为/amend one's conduct 改变自己的行为/be shocked by (=at)sb.'s conduct为某人的行为吃惊。11. thunderstorm[5WQndEstC:m]n. 雷雨例:A thunderstorm broke out. 雷雨发作了。12. condenser [kEn5densE]n. 缩写者;冷凝器(或空气压缩器等)的操作者;电容器;冷凝器;空气压缩器;聚光器;聚光镜例:A condenser is a device that cools gases into liquids.冷凝器是一种将气体转为液体的装置。13. string [striN]n. 线;细绳;带子;一段绳子(或线);(乐器等的)的弦;串;(一)列;弦乐器;[美]条件;限制//vt. 装上弦;串起来;用绳子缚、挂;使紧张;使兴奋;连一串;联结;融合He was pulling it along at the end of a string. 他用一截绳子拉着它走。A string of cars parked on the square. 广场上放着一长串汽车。He had his guitar strung. 他(请人)将吉它装了弦。The child is stringing beads. 那小孩将珠子串起来。String this note on the front doorknob. 把这张字条挂在前门的把手上。[常用词组]a generous offer with no strings attached 一顶不带任何条件的慷慨给予/a piece (ball)of string一根(团)线(或绳)a string of horses 一列马匹/a string of pearls (beads, etc)一串珍珠(珠子)/the strings of a violin 小提琴的弦/tied up with string 用绳子扎起来的/string ideas together将各种想法贯通14. charge [tFB:dV]v. (1)控告(2)委以任务或责任;使负荷(3)要求;命令(4)收货;要(人)支付(多少钱)(5)攻击;突击;(6)充电//n. (1)指控;控告(2)收费;要价(3)冲锋;猛冲(4)交与某人的工作责任;托付某人照料的事务或人;责任委托(5)攻击例:The police charged the man with stealing the money. 警察指控这个人偷了钱。We are charged with a heavy task. 我们被委以一件繁重的任务。Speak, I charge you!我命令你说!He charged me $1.50for mending the watch. 他要我付了一元五角修表费。The angry elephants charged the men. 愤怒的象群向那些人冲过去。He forgot to charge the battery. 他忘记给电池充电了。These books are free of charge. 这些书是免费的。I put the children i nyour charge. 我将孩子委托你照顾。[常用词组]in charge of...负责....../in the charge of ...由......负责15. electric [I5lektrIk]a. 电的;电气的,电动的,导电的例:Some electric wells have been built. 已打了几眼机井。[记忆技巧]electricity n. 电[常用词组]an electric bell 电铃/an electric chair 电椅/an electric clock 电钟/an delectric current 电流/an electric fan 电扇/an electric generator 发电机/an electric heater 电热器/ an electric iron 电烫斗/an electric lamp 一盏电灯/electric light 电灯光,电灯/a toy electric motor 一台玩具电动机/an electric stove 电炉/an electric torch (手)电筒/electric waves 电波16. shock [FCk]n. 冲击;震荡;震惊;(电流通过身体引起的电震//v. 使震动;震惊;电击;使电震例:When the tree fell down, i could feel the shock in the house. 树倒下的时候,我能感到房子的震动。earthquake shocks 地震引起的震动。The news was a terrible shock. 这消息是巨大的震惊。If you touch an electric wire, you'll get a shock. 如果你去碰一根带电的电线,你就会受电击。his mother was shocked at the news. 他的母亲听到这消息感到震惊。[常用词组]an electric shock 电击17. deal[di:l]vt. 处理;应付;分配,配发(给若干人);发牌//vi. 发牌;做买卖,经营//n. 买卖,交易例:I'll deal your problems later. 我以后再处理你的问题。I tried to deal justice to all men.我力争对所有人都公正执法。 The teacher dealt out the books to the students. 老师把本子发给了学生。Who deals next? 该谁出牌了?This shop deals in electrical goods. 这家商店经营电气商品。The factory has made a new deal with a buyer in Canada.这家工厂与加拿大的一位买主新做了一笔买卖。[常用词组]a packet deal 一揽子交易 /a square deal 公平的待遇/a great deal of work 大量工作18. prove[pru:v]vt. (1)证明,证实(2)考验;试验(3)表现出//vi. 证明是;表现是例:It was proved from another fact. 它由另一事实证明。 I must prove his honesty.我必须考验他是否诚实。The new typist proved to be useless. 这位新打字员证明是不合格的。The treatment proved successful. 该疗法证明是成功的。She proved a very strivt teacher. 结果证明她是一位严格的老师。It proved to be of no practical help. 结果证明它没有什么实际作用。[常用词组]prove to be ... 证明是……/It is proved that... 据证明……19. tear n. (1)(布、纸等上的)洞;裂缝//(1)v. 撕裂;弄破(2)夺走;撕下(3)破;碎(4)跑;奔;猛鸣//n. 泪例:A nail tore a hole in his shirt. 钉子把他的衬衣撕破一个洞。He was badly beaten. His colthes were tom. 他给打得很厉害,衣服也撕破了。He was bare-footed, wearing a torn and dirty shirt. 他赤着脚,穿了一件又脏又破的衬衣。Tear a page out of your notebook. 从你的笔记本上撕下一页。The children tore out of the classroom when the bell rang. 下课一响孩子们就奔出教室。He tore down the road. 他沿着马路飞跑。She was in tears as she told the story of what had happened. 她一边流泪一边讲事情发生的经过。Why is Erica in tears? 埃瑞卡为什么哭?[常用词组]Wipe away your tears. 擦掉你的眼泪/answer in tears 含泪相答/ brush the tears away 挥泪/ drop tears 掉泪 /dry one's tears 擦干...的眼泪 /move sb. to tears 使某人感动得流泪/ruduce sb. to tears 使某人流泪/shed tears of happiness 流下幸福的热泪/a tear shell 催泪弹/be in tears 正哭着/brust into tears 突然哭起来20. handkerchief [5hANkEtFi:f]n. 手帕,手绢;头巾,围巾例:He blew his nose in his handkerchief. 他用手帕擦鼻子。Cowboys and Boy Scouts wear handkerchiefs. 牛仔和童子军围头巾。21. frame[freim]n. (1)骨架,构架(2)框子;框架(3)身材,体型(4)心境,思想状态(5)组织,体制//vt. (1)搭架子(2)制订,拟出,想象(3)陷害例:A modern tent has colth walls over a metal frame. 现代帐篷都是金属架上盖布做墙。He is a man of strong frame. 他这人体格健壮。She was in a cheerful frame of mind.她 心情愉快。The frame of our government is described in the constituition . 我们的政府机构 宪法里作了说明。Please frame of a shelter for bicycles. 请搭一个自行车蓬。They have framed a plan of action . 他们已制定出行动计划。That law was framed to protect freedom of speech. 制定法律保护言论自由。He was framed by his enemies. 他被仇人陷害。22. sharp adj. (1)锋利的;快的(2)尖的;锐利的(3)清楚的;明显的(4)刺耳的;尖锐的(5)敏锐的,精明的(6)易怒的;尖刻的//adv. (1)尖锐的;突然(2)正;准例:Be careful with that knife, it's very sharp. 当心那把刀子——它很锋利。The tower stands sharp against the clear sky. 塔巍然屹立映着晴朗的天空。I heard a sharp cry. 我听到一声尖叫。He is as sharp as a needle. 他非常机智。The road turns sharp to the right. 路突然向右转个弯。Come at two o'clock sharp. 两点正来。[常用词组]look sharp 留神;注意/at 10 o'clock sharp 十点正 /sharp ears and eyes 敏锐的耳目/sharp eyed 眼快的;目光敏锐。23. foot n. (1)脚,足(2)最下部;底部(3)脚步,步法(4)英尺(略作ft.)例:I wear sandals on my feet. 我脚上穿着凉鞋。My house is at the foot of the hill. 我家在山脚下。He has a swift foot. 他走得很快。One foot (1 ft.)is 12 inches. 一英尺等于12英寸。One metre is 3 1/4 feet. 一米等于三又四分之一英尺。[ 常用词组]have a light foot 脚步轻快24. fasten vt. (1)使牢固, 使固定,系住。捆在一起//vi. (1)变得牢固,锁住(2)抓紧,抓住例:We use buttons to fasten our clothes. 我们用纽扣把衣服扣好。Fasten these paper together. 把这些文件钉在一起。Have you fastened all the doors and windows? 你把所有的门窗关牢了没有?She fastened her eyes on me. 她用眼睛盯着我。The window ill not fasten. 这窗户闩不上了。He fastened on the idea at once. 他立刻坚持这种想法。[记忆技巧]根据构词记忆,-en——是后缀“使得……”, 例如:sharp 锋利的——sharpen 使变锋利。25. ribbon n. (1)丝带,缎带,绒带(2)(打字机、盖印器等的)色带(3)(勋章的)绶带,饰带(4)(帽檐上的)饰带(5)丝带状之物,细长片(6)裂成细条状之物。例:We all like to tie up our hair with ribbons. 我们都喜欢用丝带扎头发。[常用词组]tie up one's hair with a ribbon 用丝带扎头发/a ribbon -cutting ceremony 剪彩典礼/a ribbon of road (像丝带般蜿蜒的)一条道路/be torn to (hang in )ribbons 被撕裂成细长碎片(裂成细长碎片垂拄着)26. explain v. 解释,说明;辩解例:This bookd explains the meaning of words. 这本书是讲解词义的。Can you explain what thsi means?你能讲一下这是什么意思吗?She explained that she hadn't recognized me. 她解释说她没有认出我来。Yesterday, some students didn't attend school, so the teacher asked them to explain themselves. 昨天有几个学生没来上学,老师要他们说明原因。[记忆技巧]联想记忆explanation n. 解释,辩解[常用词组]explain to ... 向……解释/explain oneself 陈述理由,说明清楚/explain away 辩解,辩明,解释……以除去27. explain [iks5plein](1)选出,挑出;拣出(2)区别出;看出例:Can you pick out the right one?你能找出正确的那一个吗?I'm going to pick out a few books to send to some friends in Sounth China.我将挑选几本书寄给华南的几个朋友。At registration I had trouble picking out my courses. 注册时,我不知道选读哪门功课好。Pick out the participles or gerunds in the following wentences and give their functions. 区别下列句子中的分词和动名词,并说明它们的作用。There's such a big crowd that I can't pick Samuel out. 人太多了,我找不出塞谬尔来。28. monster[5mCnstE]n. (1)庞然大物,怪物(2)恶人,猛兽//adj. 极大的例:Dragons are monsters. 龙是怪物。This is a monster potato. 这是一个极大的土豆。He is a monster. 他是一个恶人。[常用词组]a cruel monster 残忍的怪物/ghosts and monsters 妖魔鬼怪/a real monster 地地道道的怪物/an ugly monster 丑陋的怪物/ a sea monster 海中大怪物/subdue monsters 征服巨兽/ tame monsters 驯服巨兽29. shampoo[FAm5pu:]n. (1)洗头(发)(2)洗发剂(粉,精)//vt. (1)用洗发精洗(头发等)(2)用洗发精给(某人)洗发。例:When you shampoo your hair, you wash it with shampoo. 当你洗头发时,你用洗发精。[常用词组]give oneself a shampoo( 自己)洗发/have a shampoo and set at the hairdresser's在美容院洗发和做头发30. drug [drQ^]n . (1)药物(2)麻醉药品;成瘾性毒品例:An effective drug is bitter. 良药苦口。The doctor gave me mother a new drug dor her headaches. 医生给我母亲开了一种治头疼的新药。Heroin is a dangerous drug. 海洛因是一种危险的毒品。31. test[test]vt. (1)检验;检查(2)试验(3)考试;测验//n. (1)考试;测验(2)用以考验之物;试金石例:The doctor tested my eyes. 医生检查了我的眼睛。The teacher tested us to see if we had done our homework. 教员考我们,看我们是否做了家庭作业。The examiner gave the children a test in arithmetic.考官为孩子们作了一次算术测验。The test of practice is another leap in knowledge.实践的检验是知识的又一次飞跃。Please help me give out these test papers. 请帮我分发这些试卷。Poverty is often a xevere test of a man 's character. 贫穷往往是对人格最严厉的考验。[常用词组]accurate test 精密的实验/a blood test 验血/a maths test 数学测验/a matriculation test 入学测验/a test of strength 体力的考验 /to be suubjected to severe tests 经受严峻的考验 /to give (take) a test in English 举行(参加)英语考试/to put ... to the test 把……试验一下;使……经受考验/to stand the test 经得起考验/test tube试管/test pilot(飞机)试飞员32. doubt [daut]n. 怀疑;疑惑;疑问//vt. 怀疑;不信;拿不准例:I have my doubts about it. 我对此有怀疑。If there is any doubt, you had better make certain. 如果你有什么不能肯定的,一定要弄清楚。Do you doubt that it is true?你怀疑它是真的吗?We don't doubt that he can do a good job of it. 我们不怀疑(相信)他能把这件事做得很好。I don't doubt very much whether he is coming or not. 我很怀疑他是否来。No doubt we shall succeed by ourselves. 无疑,我们是能够独立取得成功的。[常用词组]There is no doubt that ... 毫无疑问……/I doubt of ... 我怀疑是否……33. cruel [5kruEl]a. 残酷的,残忍的,痛苦的例:The cruel man was hitting the donkey.那个残酷的人正在抽打那头驴。How could he be so cruel?他怎么能这样残酷无情?They led the father and son to Gessler, the cruel governor.他们把泰勒父子领到残暴的总督盖勒面前。[常用词组]a cruel man (boy, person, etc.) 残忍的男人(男孩,人)/cruel treatment 残酷的待遇34. activist [5Aktivist]n. 行动(实践)主义者,行动队员,活动家;活跃的人例:The police suspect the attack was a carried out by animal right activists. 警察怀疑这场袭击是动物权力活动家所做的。[记忆技巧]根据构词法记忆-ist是后缀表示“……家,人,主义者”例如:Marxist 马克思主义者,communist共产主义者,socialist 社会主义者[常用词组]a student activist 搞活动的学生35. pro[prEu]n. 职业选手,专家,行家//adj. 职业选手的,专家的,行家的例:The girl always dreams that she can be a pro dancer. 这个女孩一直梦想她可以成为一位职业舞蹈家。[常用词组]a pro boxer 职业拳击家36. conclusion[kEn5klu:VEn]n. (1)结束(2)推断;结论(3)缔结;解决;安排例:The discussion was brought to a conclusion .讨论结合了。Finally they came to this conclusion. 最后,他们得出了这个结论。His conclusion certainly sounded reasonable.他的结论听起来确实有一定的道理。The rapprochement between France and Italy will lead to conclusion of peace. 法易两国的谅解是缔结和平的先导。[记忆技巧]根据构词法记忆-sion 构成名词 例如:comprehend v. -comprehension n. 理解[常用词组]make an conclusion 得出结论四、易混易错词语辨析1.辨析 go on with,go on to do 和 go on doing:三个词都有“继续”之意,go on to do 意为“继续做另一件事”,go on with 和 go on doing 意为“继续做同一件事”;但 go on with 有时强调做同一件事时中间有间隔和停顿。还有“发生,(时间)流逝”等意义。如:What is going on out there? 外面那里发生什么事?As time went on, things began to change. 随着时间的流逝,情况开始发生变化。2.辨析Dark 和 darkness:(1)两词均可表“黑暗”,“夜色”之意,但 dark 通常指较长时间的情况,且常与 the 连用,darkness 则指暂时的情况,不常与 the 连用。如:Cats can see in the dark. 猫能在黑暗中看见东西。The room was in complete darkness. 室内一片漆黑。(2)作“傍晚”讲时,应用 dark,且前面通常不加 the,此时,不可用 darkness 替换。如:before / after / at dark 在天黑以前/天黑以后/天黑时。3.辨析 discover 和 invent:前者表示“发现”,即发现本来存在但未知晓的事物(常指地方或科学事实);后者表示“发明”,即“产生原来没有的东西”,如:Gillbert discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb. 吉尔伯发现了电,而爱迪生发明了灯泡。