第7讲 错综复杂的时态与语态的高频考点与解题方法
备考指导 动词的时态与语态是历年高考中考查的最多的一个考点，通常是以单项填空和书面表达的形式进行考查。解决时态类题目通常使用的方法有：看是否是考查固定句型的固定时态，是否可以运用句子中的时间状语来判断，是否可以通过上下语境和时态呼应来找突破口。解决语态类题目一般从固定搭配或习惯表达来解决，但是高考中一般是把时态和语态结合在一起进行综合考查的。要掌握相关知识通常是先利用思维导图形成总体构架，然后通过创建语境来加深记忆。
一、高频考点知识
1．运用常见的固定句型解决时态问题
在一些固定句型中，对谓语动词的时态有特别的规定，我们可以把这作为判断时态的一个依据。如下面的常见句型：
(1)This/It/That is the first/second/last...time (that)．..如主句中动词用is，则that从句中动词用现在完成时；如主句中动词用was，则that从句中动词用过去完成时。
This is the first time I have visited China.
这是我第一次参观中国。
It was the first time I’d had visitors since I’d moved to London.
那是我搬到伦敦以后第一次有人来看我。
(2)主句＋since＋从句。在该句型中，主句常用现在完成时，(若主句主语是it或表示时间的词时，还可用一般现在时)，since从句常用一般过去时(偶尔会出现用现在完成时的情况)。
Cathy hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.
Cathy自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。
It is three years since I joined the army.
我参军3年了。
(3)It is (high) time that...在that从句中常用一般过去时或should do。
It’s time that we went to school.
到我们上学的时间了。
(4)It＋ be...before...这种结构意为“要……时间才……”或“在……时间以后才……”。若be动词用一般过去时，则before从句中常用一般过去时；若be动词用将来时，则before从句中常用一般现在时。
It will be a long time before we meet again.
要过很久我们才能重逢。
It was half a year before I heard from him.
半年之后我才收到他的信。
(5)hardly/scarcely...when...；no sooner...than...在这两个句型中，when从句和than从句中常用一般过去时，主句常用过去完成时。意为“一……就……”。
No sooner had I left than he came.
他一来我就离开了。
(6)was/were about to do...when...在when从句中常用一般过去时。
I was about to leave when he came.
我正要离开这时他来了。
2．借助微语境中的信息词判断时态与语态
(1)找到信息词if，unless，however后然后通过语境判断它们引导的时间(条件、让步)状语从句，需用一般现在时表将来。
However much advice you give(give)him，he will do exactly what he wants.
I won’t go either，if he doesn’t__go(not go)．
(2)安排或计划要做的动作(有时间状语)限于begin，come，leave，go，arrive等一类动词，通常用一般现在时。
I arrive(arrive)in Beijing at 3：00 p．m.tomorrow.
(3)信息词every day，often，sometimes等时间状语说明应该用一般时，然后再根据语境判断是用一般现在时还是一般过去时。
I used(use)to play football when I was young.
(4)如果语境表示的是事物的固有属性或必然趋势或者表示临时决定做某事，那么就用will do，而不用 be going to 。
—The lights in the classroom are still on.
—Sorry，I will__go(go)and turn them off.
(5)如果语境表示的是即将发生的或最近打算进行的事或者是强调根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推测，那么这种情况下就用be going to来表示将来。
Look at the clouds.It is__going__to__rain(rain)．
I am__going__to__see(see) him tomorrow，which is my long wish.
(6)如果语境表示的是即将发生的动作，意为“正要；很快，马上”，这种情况通常用be about
to do。这种情况后面一般不跟具体的时间状语，但是可以由when连接一个并列句。
We were__about__to__leave(leave) when an unexpected visitor came to see us.
(7)如果语境表示的是可能性、必要、责任、义务、禁止或表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情，这种情况下用be to do表示将来。
It is said that she is to get married next month.
(8)用现在进行时表示将来。如果谓语动词是表示位置转移的动词(go，come，leave，start，arrive等)，这时通常用现在进行时表示将来。此时，谓语动词就是关键的信息词。
I have been told that he is__leaving(leave) for London next week.
(9)如果语境表示的是说话人对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等感情色彩，且有信息词always，constantly，continually等时，就可以判断该句应该用现在进行时。
She is always asking(ask)the same question.
(10)如果语境表示的是从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，或者还要延续下去，同时伴有信息词since，for，yet，already，ever，never，before等，这时句子就用现在完成时。
Great changes have__taken(take)place in China since 1980.
Have you ever visited(visit) that famous place of interest before?
如果强调的是动作一直在持续下去，或者是一直在断断续续地进行着，或者是表达强烈的感情色彩，这时句子用现在完成进行时。
Over the past decades，sea ice in the Arctic has__been__decreasing(decrease) as a result of global warming.
Tom has__been__working(work) in the library every night these days.
Too much has__been__happening(happy) today.
(11)如果语境表示的是在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态以及过去某个阶段正在做的事情，那么该句谓语就用过去进行时。
He was__reading(read)an interesting book this time yesterday.
(12)如果语境表示的是在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，这时谓语通常用过去完成时。
My teacher had__taught(teach)in that school for ten years before she came here.
(13)如果语境中的谓语动词是hope，want，expect，think，suppose，plan，mean，intend等而且强调的是未曾实现的愿望或打算，即“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做)”，这种情况下，谓语动词用过去完成时或者谓语动词用一般过去时而后面跟不定式的完成时。
I had__planned(plan)to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so.
I planned(plan) to have sent him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so.
(14)含有双宾语的句子如何变被动语态
主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词to或for。
The pianist gave the pupils(间接宾语) some advice (直接宾语)．
→①The pupils were__given__some__advice__by__the__pianist．
→②Some advice was__given__to__the__pupils__by__the__pianist．
(15)什么情况下用主动表被动
①动词sell，write，read等与well，smoothly，easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”、“特点”，用主动表示被动。
②表示状态特征的连系动词如smell，taste，feel，sound，look，prove等无被动语态，用主动形式表示被动意义。
③不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：come up，run out，give out等。
④以被动的形式表主动意义：有些动词devote，surprise，seat，hide，station，dress等，由于能接反身代词，因此，可用被动形式表主动意义。
二、解决时态、语态的3种方法
方法1 利用试题中提供的时间状语确定时态
时态往往和一些特定的时间状语连用。如：every...，sometimes，at...，on Sunday等常和一般现在时连用；...ago，the other day，in 2006，last week，just now等常和一般过去时连用；now，at present，at this time等常和现在进行时连用；tomorrow，next week，in＋时间段等常和一般将来时连用；by the end of last week，before I went there等常标志着用过去完成时。同时要注意，像副词always，forever，constantly等常与进行时连用，表示说话者的赞扬、批评、生气等语气。
典例展示1 The sun was setting when my car ________ (break) down near a remote village.
答案 broke
解析 该空是when 引导的时间状语从句主语my car的谓语。从句中没有时间状语或时间状语从句， 但主句的谓语动词was setting用了过去进行时，
同时此句也是一个特殊的句型：...was/were doing... when... did...此句型中的when 意为at that time, 因此可判断此谓语应用一般过去时。此外， 主语my car 与谓语之间的关系是主动关系， 同时主语也是单数。综合考虑可得此题答案为broke。
典例展示2 In the last few years thousands of films ________ (produce) all over the world.
答案 have been produced
解析 时间状语in the last few years通常要与现在完成时连用。
方法2 利用上下文语境推测时态
很多试题中没有时间状语，但是我们可以从试题所提供的语言环境或上下文来推测出动作发生的时间或从双方的交谈中“捕捉”到时间点，这就要求学生要有宏观把握句子和分析句子的能力。
典例展示1 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not－for－profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I ________ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600－acre centre.
答案 was allowed
解析 分析句子结构可知，该空所在的句中没有谓语动词，故空处应填谓语动词。前句的谓语动词是was，根据时态一致的原则，后句的时态也应用一般过去时，I与allow之间为动宾关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故答案为was allowed。
典例展示2 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside.________
答案 had→have
解析 由前面的句子可知，这里吃饭时总是涌满了顾客，用的是一般现在时，根据时态的一致性，后面的句子也应用现在时。故had改为have。
方法3 利用时态的呼应来把握时态
若主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态常用与过去相关的时态(表客观事实、科学真理的从句总用一般现在时)；若主句是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态不受主句的限制，可根据需要选用时态。在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，若主句为一般将来时，从句往往用一般现在时表将来，或主句为过去时，则从句也用相对应的过去时。
He said that he had helped Tom.
他说他已经帮过汤姆了。
I think he is ill today.
我认为他今天病了。
You will fail the test if you don’t work hard.
如果你学习不努力，你考试会不及格。
典例展示1 I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I ________ (do)．
答案 am doing
解析 句意：我一完成我做的工作就去图书馆。由于“去图书馆”用的是一般将来时，说明要完成的工作是“现在”正在做的事情， 故用现在进行时。
典例展示2 Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ________ (wear) evening dress.
答案 wears
解析 根据句意， 此处谈的是一般情况， 要用一般现在时； 由于one of the women前有only修饰， 说明其后的定语从句是修饰one的， 而不是修饰women的， 所以定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数； 故填wears。
跟踪训练
考点突破
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．It is the most instructive lecture that I ____________(attend) since I came to this school.
2．This is the first time we ________________(see) a film in the cinema together as a family.
3．What ________ you ____________(do) all the time?
4．—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we ________________(finish) our plan.
5．I want to buy that jacket because I ________________(tell) the cloth ________(wash) well.
6．They ________________(expect) to see the film but couldn’t get tickets.
7．The meeting ________(begin) at 2：00 in the afternoon and ________(end) at 5：00.
8．“The moment ________(come) soon，” he thought to himself，waiting
nervously.
9．In a room above the store，where a party ________________(hold)，some workers were busily setting the table.
10．The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ________(start)．
11．Shortly after we ________________(seat)，a waiter came over to our table with a smile.
12．By the time you have finished this book，your meal ________(get) cold.
13．I ________________(sleep) when the telephone rang again.
14．It was the third time that I ________________(interrupt) that night.
15．—Have you seen the movie 2012? It’s quite thrilling.
—No，I ________________(intend) to buy a ticket，but it ________(rain) cats and dogs.
16．Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they ____________________(promise) before leaving their hometowns.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1．I never visited the Great Hall of People.________
2．He has joined the league for two years.________
3．The train left before I arrived.________
4．They asked him to be captain, but he refuses.________
5．I shall speak to him as soon as he came.________
6．His father has dead for forty years.________
7．He had invited to visit the United States before he finished his great novel.________
8．We have to take measures to prevent the disease from being spread.________
9．Be quick, we must get there before the sun is set.________
10．No letters have received from their son since last month.________
能力提升
Ⅰ.阅读理解
What are buskers？They are street performers.They perform circus acts like
acrobatics or juggling，or singing and dancing，and they are always very clever and very funny.They get paid at the end of their show when the audience throws money in the hat.If the audience doesn’t like the show，the performer gets very little money.
Buskers like a big crowd to watch their show，so they call out to people passing by.The more people who watch，the more money the buskers get.Buskers love involving the audience.They talk to the audience all the time and make jokes.Then they choose someone from the audience to help them.That person has to do something silly or embarrassing；everyone laughs and feels glad that the busker didn’t choose them.
Christchurch has a 10day Buskers’ Festival every year at the end of January.This year there are about 50 individual performers or groups and about half of those are from New Zealand.Buskers from around the world enjoy performing in this festival so much that many of them come back the following year.Christchurch people and tourists enjoy the performances so much that they also come every year.
This festival started on Thursday night last week and continues until next Sunday 29th January.Each day performances start at about 11 a．m.with six different shows during the day in six different locations，then evening shows begin.Early evening shows are outdoors in the Arts Center and later evening shows are indoors at other places.
Children’s shows are in the Botanic Gardens during the day only.Evening shows are adults’ only.
1．In order to be successful，a busker needs to ________．
A．be friendly and polite
B．be strangely dressed
C．make clever jokes
D．know more about the audience
2．Whether buskers can make money depends on ________．
A．the number of performances they give
B．the person they choose from the audience
C．the audience’s involvement in the performances
D．the audience’s attitude towards their performances
3．A person chosen from the audience by a busker will ________．
A．help entertain other people
B．help the busker collect money
C．persuade others to drop money
D．make others feel silly
4．What can we infer from the third paragraph?
A．Buskers’ Festival can help promote tourism.
B．Christchurch hosts the longest Buskers’ Festival in the world.
C．Buskers’ Festival in Christchurch is mainly enjoyed by local people.
D．Tourists come to Christchurch mainly to learn some skills on Buskers’ Festival.
Ⅱ.完形填空
I sat in the chair reflecting on the past year.At that time，my __1__ Charley came into the room.Charley took one look at my face and she could __2__ I was off in another world.Charley said，“You have that __3__ on your face！Tell me what you were __4__”．“Well，Charley，” I replied，“I was listening to a song on the radio that asked __5__ you have done over the last year.When I __6__ on the year，I’ve realized I have had such good fortune，with a few bumps(碰撞) along the way.”
Charley immediately asked，“Tell me about the three things that __7__ you the most during this year.”
I sat thinking if I had to __8__ only three things that influenced me，what would they be？After a few minutes，I said，“OK，here are the three things that influenced me the most: My family.Throughout the year I had many __9__，but my family were always there __10__ support and encouragement.My friends.Over the years I have __11__ my dreams and my goals with my friends.Some goals I have __12__ and other goals I have not.__13__ friends like you always supported and __14__ me.My colleagues.I have worked with some __15__ people over the last year.I have been very __16__ to have the opportunity to work with these excellent people over the last year.”
Charley smiled and said，“Do you realize that everything you have said has one thing in __17__？”
“What are you saying，Charley？” I asked.
She replied，“One common thing is __18__．Neither the material things in your life，nor your job has had the most meaning in your life.It is the people in your life that have made the biggest __19__ in your life！”
I smiled.Material things are not __20__，and while our jobs provide the means of existence for us，the important things in life are the people who touched our lives.
1．A.sister B．classmate
C．mother D．friend
2．A.argue B．suggest
C．tell D．wonder
3．A.look B．appearance
C．mark D．mask
4．A.doing B．thinking
C．listening D．annoying
5．A.where B．that
C．what D．why
6．A.call B．talk
C．insist D．reflect
7．A.influenced B．demanded
C．entertained D．motivated
8．A.write B．pick
C．get D．own
9．A.plans B．experiences
C．challenges D．achievements
10．A.receiving B．expecting
C．winning D．offering
11．A.shared B．provided
C．connected D．compared
12．A.set B．realized
C．failed D．scored
13．A.But B．Meanwhile
C．Otherwise D．Unless
14．A.accepted B．satisfied
C．replaced D．encouraged
15．A.stupid B．brave
C．amazing D．ordinary
16．A.fortunate B．miserable
C．unhappy D．surprised
17．A.character B．store
C．common D．nature
18．A.effort B．spirit
C．motivation D．people
19．A.choice B．difference
C．problem D．progress
20．A.useful B．important
C．practical D．unnecessary
Ⅲ.语法填空
How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It 1.________ (take) me almost 20 years to have the courage to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first quit drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a situation that, in the past, 2.________ (start) him drinking again. For a few years we were afraid to bring it up for fear the drinking 3.________ (begin) again.
“I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day，” was Dad’s reply to my 18－year－old unasked question. And then he 4.________(share) the poem with me.
About a month after this talk with my father, when I 5.________ (have) a rest, I
received a gift in the mail from a friend of mine. It was a book of daily affirmations with one affirmation listed for each day of the year.
It 6.________ (be) my experience that when you 7.________ (get) something with days of the year on it, you 8.________ (turn) to the page that lists your own birthday.
I hurriedly opened the book to November 10 to see what words of wisdom this book had in store for me. There, on my birthday, was the exact same poem that 9.________ (help) my father for all these years! It 10.________ (call) the Serenity Prayer.
第7讲 错综复杂的时态与语态的高频考点与解题方法
考点突破
Ⅰ.1.have attended 2.have seen 3.have；been doing
4．have finished 5.was told；washed 6.had expected 7.begins；ends 8.is coming 9.was to be held
10．started 11.were seated 12.will get 13.was sleeping 14.had been interrupted 15.had intended；rained 16.have been promised
Ⅱ.1.never 前加have 2.joined→been 3.left前加had
4．refuses→refused 5.came→come 6.has后加been 7.had后加been 8.去掉being 9.去掉is 10.have后加been
能力提升
Ⅰ.1.C
2．D
3．A
4．A
Ⅱ.1.D
2．C
3．A
4．B
5．C
6．D
7．A
8．B
9．C
10．D
11．A
12．B
13．A
14．D
15．C
16．A
17．C
18．D
19．B
20．B
Ⅲ.1.took 2.would have started 3.would begin
4．shared 5.was having 6.has been 7.get
8．will turn 9.had helped 10.is called
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