第9讲 3种思路及2种方法搞清亦真亦假的虚拟语气
备考指导 虚拟语气是历年高考中考查的较多的一个考点，通常是以单项填空、语法填空、短文改错和书面表达的形式进行考查。解决虚拟语气类题目通常使用的方法有：看是否是考查固定句型中的虚拟语气用法，是否可以运用句子中的某些特定的词来判断，是否可以通过上下语境和时态呼应来找突破口。
一、背诵歌诀记忆相关知识
虚拟语气意虚幻，愿望事实总相反。所列条件是假设，亦表建议和委婉。假设条件在现在，具体实施没实现。从句使用过去时，主句动前would添。过去事实已存在，后来假设没实现。would加上完成时，过去完成凑条件。表示将来可能性，小而又小很可怜。would后面动词立，从句should加动原。wish后接宾从句，主语构思难实现。从句虚拟分三种，现在将来谓语换。as if (though)引从句，情同wish宾从连。一个坚持俩命令，三个建议四请愿。所有从句都在数，虚拟should放动前。虚拟语气经常用，莫与直陈混一谈。
二、虚拟语气的3种命题类型与解题思路
要成为解题高手，就要知道试题是怎样命制的，也就是说，要了解命题人在考查某一项知识时采用什么样的方式来设计题目，有哪些题型，以便有针对性地找出解题思路，快速破解题目。研究近几年高考中出现的虚拟语气试题，我们会发现如下命题规律(三大类型题)：
1．直接型
直接考查虚拟语气的相关知识，题目设置较为简单。比如对“虚拟语气在if条件句中的用法”的考查：(1)主句信息已知，让考生判断从句的动词形式；(2)从句信息已知，让考生判断主句的动词形式。
解题思路 分别根据主、从句动词的形式，来确定所对应的动词形式。
典例展示 Although they just met for the first time, they talked as if they ________ (be) friends for many years.
答案 had been
解析 句意：尽管他们是第一次见面，但是他们谈起话来就好像他们已经是多年的好朋友一样。as if后面的从句如果表示的是虚假的事情，要使用虚拟语气；本句表示对过去的虚拟，故填had been。
警示 有的句子中条件从句的谓语动词表示的动作和主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间不一致，这类句子称为错综时间条件句，这时主从句动词的形式应根据各自所表示的时间进行调整。
2．含蓄型
有时虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示的，而是用其他方式来表示的：
(1)用介词短语but for(意思是“要不是”)，without(如果没有)等来代替条件从句。
解题思路 变换成条件句，便于得出答案。
典例展示1 —But for your timely warning, we ________ (get) into great trouble.
—Well, you know we’re friends.
答案 would have got
解析 句意：——要不是你及时提醒，我已经陷入大麻烦了。——嗯！你知道我们是好朋友的。本题是一个含蓄条件的虚拟语气，它表示的条件不是通过if条件句表示出来，而是通过介词短语but for要不是，如果没有……；根据句意可知这件事情发生在过去，故主句使用would have done表示对过去情况的虚拟。
典例展示2 I was ill that day, otherwise I ________ (take) part in the sports meet.
答案 would have taken
解析 对过去已经发生事情的虚拟，主句用would have done形式。句意：那天我生病了，不然我会参加运动会的。
(2)用otherwise表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气
解题思路 可以利用“倒推法”，根据后文已知信息推知前文未知信息。
典例展示 He ________ his work，otherwise he would not be enjoying himself by the seaside.
A．should have completed B．has completed
C．would have completed D．can’t have completed
答案 B
解析 otherwise相当于一个虚拟条件，是对真实情况相反的假设，由此我们可以推出：otherwise前应是真实情况，故空白处应该是陈述语气，故答案为B。
(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来。命题模式为：“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。
解题思路 针对“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”这种命题模式，我们可以双向推理：可以利用真实推出虚拟，也可以利用虚拟推出真实。
典例展示 Bob would have helped us yesterday，but he________.
A．was busy B．is busy
C．had been busy D．will be busy
答案 A
解析 句意为：鲍勃昨天本来想帮助我们的，但是他太忙了。“他太忙了”是一个过去的事实，故用一般过去时。
3．混合型
同时对虚拟语气和陈述语气进行考查。“混合型”常常利用“一词多义”来设计题目。
解题思路 分析单词在句中到底表示什么语气。
典例展示 The graduate insisted that he ________(send) to the West to teach the children there and that what he chose ________(be) right even though his parents didn’t want him to go.
答案 (should) be sent; was
解析 句意：这位毕业生坚持要求被派到西部教那里的孩子，即使他的父母亲不想他那样做，他也坚持认为他的选择是正确的。当insist表示“坚持要求做某事”的时候，后面的宾语从句要使用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略；当insist表示“坚持认为”，后面的宾语从句要使用陈述语气。
分析研究典型试题，考生得到的将是解决一类题的方法。
三、常用的2个解题方法
方法1 句型提示法
虚拟语气可以用在状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句中，在不同的从句中，虚拟语气用不同的动词形式来体现，如if非真实条件句(分三种情形)，wish后的宾语从句，It is time that...的定语从句等。所以，掌握了各类从句中虚拟语气的动词形式，就基本上掌握了虚拟语气的用法。
典例展示 —Do you know his address?
—No, I also wish I ________ (know) where he lives.
答案 knew
解析 wish引导的宾语从句中的谓语要用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时态。句意：——你知道他的地址么？——不知道，我也希望自己知道他住哪里。
方法2 特定词汇暗示法
英语中某些短语如If it were not for/had not been for，but for...，if
only...，without等，往往要采用虚拟语气，它们对于解答试题有很大的帮助，掌握了这些要点知识，做起题来也就很容易了。
典例展示 Without electricity, human life ________ (be) quite different today.
答案 would be
解析 句意：如果没有电，今天人类的生活将相当的不同。此句可换为：If there were no electricity, human life would be quite different today.本句表达与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
跟踪训练
考点突破
Ⅰ.根据句子表达的情景，用括号内动词的适当形式填空
1．Maybe if I ________________(study) science，and not literature then，I would be able to give you more help.
2．—Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they ________(be not) always late.
3．I ________________(come) sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.
4．We ________________(arrive) there on time yesterday but for the traffic jam.
5．I ________________________(not go) through that bitter period without your generous help.
6．If I ________________(have) time next week，I would go to the party.
7．If I ________(be) you，I should go and see the dentist at once.
8．If you had arrived at the station ten minutes earlier，you ________________________(catch) the train.
9．If he were you, he ________________________(miss) the concert last night.
10．It is requested that Class Two ________(give) a performance at the English evening.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．How I wish there are 28 hours a day so that I had more time for fun.________
2．Had he worked hard years ago, he would become very rich today.________
3．If I were a boy again, I will remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once.________
4．But the fact that China are also affected by the global economic crisis, we would
have fewer workers now.________
5．It might have been done better if you have been more careful.________
6．I actually believe that we would be in Xi’an now if you hadn’t caught drunk driving last month.________
7．It is high time that we establish an honest and fair system of education.________
8．Mr. Li, my English teacher, speaks English as if he is an Englishman.________
9．Tibet is so mysteriously described by some people that I think if only I can go there.________
10．I’d rather he goes to the theatre tomorrow.________
能力提升
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading.It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics，from sport to business to fashion to science，and the range of comment and special features(特写) as well，from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books，art，theatre and music.
A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it: never completely，never straight through，but always by jumping from here to there，in and out glancing at one piece，reading another article all the way through，reading just a few paragraphs of the text.A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers，but far from one reader is interested in what brings this variety together in.One place is its topicality(时事性)，its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now.But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient(短暂的) value.For all these reasons，no two people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together out of the pages of that day’s paper，his own selection and sequence，his own newspaper.For all these reasons，reading newspapers efficiently，which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time，demands skill and selfawareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
1．A modern newspaper is remarkable for all the following EXCEPT its ________．
A．wide coverage B．uniform style
C．speed in reporting news D．popularity
2．According to the passage，the reason why no two people really read the same newspaper is that ________．
A．people scan for the news they are interested in
B．different people prefer different newspapers
C．people are not interested in the same kind of news
D．people have different views about what a good newspaper is
3．It can be concluded from the passage that newspaper readers ________．
A．apply reading techniques skillfully
B．jump from one newspaper to another
C．appreciate the variety of a newspaper
D．usually read a newspaper selectively
4．A good newspaper offers “a variety” to readers because ________．
A．it tries to serve different readers
B．it has to cover things that happen in a certain locality
C．readers are difficult to please
D．readers like reading different newspapers
Ⅱ.完形填空
Once a boy really had everything he wanted，so he was__1__interested in the rarest(最稀有的)objects.One day he__2__a mysterious mirror and took it home.When he looked into the mirror，he found that his__3__looked very sad.He tried__4__，but it remained the same.
Surprised，the boy went off to buy some sweets.He went home and looked into the mirror as happily as possible，__5__he still looked sad.He bought all kinds of toys，but he looked forever__6__in that mirror.So the boy put the mirror away in a__7__.
“What a(n) __8__ mirror！I’ve never seen a mirror that didn’t __9__ properly！”
That same afternoon he went out to play，but on his __10__ to the park he saw a little girl crying loudly.So he went over to see what was happening.The little girl told
him that she had__11__her parents.
Together，they__12__in search of them.As the little girl continued crying，the boy__13__his money in buying sweets to cheer her up.__14__，after walking for a long time，they found her parents，who looked very worried.
The boy said goodbye，and walked off towards the park.However，__15__the time，he decided to turn around and head__16__home，as he had no time to__17__.At home，he went to his room and noticed a shining__18__in the corner where he had left the mirror.Seeing this，he went over to the mirror and__19__that the light was coming from his own body，because he was so happy about having helped that little girl.
So he understood the mystery of that mirror，the only mirror reflecting faithfully the__20__joy of its owner.
1．A.never B．sometimes
C．only D．seldom
2．A.found B．wanted
C．guessed D．expected
3．A.head B．nose
C．face D．mouth
4．A.smiling B．shouting
C．crying D．smelling
5．A.and B．so
C．when D．but
6．A.sad B．angry
C．happy D．worried
7．A.corner B．box
C．room D．bag
8．A.interesting B．terrible
C．wonderful D．difficult
9．A.move B．look
C．keep D．work
10．A.way B．course
C．road D．line
11．A.escaped B．hated
C．excited D．lost
12．A.set off B．set aside
C．set down D．set up
13．A.took B．cost
C．spent D．held
14．A.Finally B．Actually
C．Naturally D．Generally
15．A.telling B．seeing
C．feeling D．pointing
16．A.in B．for
C．off D．at
17．A.talk B．eat
C．play D．walk
18．A.light B．mirror
C．colour D．star
19．A.touched B．invented
C．improved D．realised
20．A.possible B．true
C．strange D．common
Ⅲ.语法填空
When the lady Nadine Kentucky was 85 years old, she was asked what she would do if she 1.________ (have) her life to live over again.
“I 2.________ (make) more mistakes next time without 3.________ (worry) too much，” she said, “I’d relax. I would limber up. I would take fewer things seriously. I 4.________ (take) more rivers. I would eat more ice cream and fewer beans. I would perhaps have more actual troubles, but I’d have fewer imaginary ones.”
“You see, I’m one of those people who live sensibly and sanely hour after hour, day after day. Oh, 5.________ I had to do it over again, I 6.________ (have) more
of them. In fact, I’d try to have nothing else.7.________ I had to do it over again, I would travel happier than I have.”
“If I 8.________ (have) my life to live over, I 9.________ (start) barefoot earlier in the spring and stay that way later in the fall. I would go to more dances. I 10.________ (ride) more horses and I would pick more daisies(雏菊)．”
第9讲 3种思路及2种方法搞清亦真亦假的虚拟语气
考点突破
Ⅰ.1.had studied 2.weren’t 3.would have come
4．would have arrived 5.could/would/might/should not have gone 6.had/should have/were to have
7．were 8.could/should/would/might have caught
9．wouldn’t have missed 10.(should) give
Ⅱ.1.are→were 2.在become前加 have 3.will→would 4.在But后加for 5.第二个have→had
6．在caught前加been 7.establish→established
8．is→were 9.can→could 10.goes→went
能力提升
Ⅰ.1.B
2．A
3．D
4．A
Ⅱ.1.C
2．A
3．C
4．A
5．D
6．A
7．A
8．B
9．D
10．A
11．D
12．A
13．C
14．A
15．B
16．B
17．C
18．A
19．D
20．B
Ⅲ.1.had 2.would make 3.worrying 4.would take
5．if 6.would have 7.If 8.had 9.would start
10．would ride
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