第15讲 构词法与其考查形式
备考指导 正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要可以分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对于词性转换的考查当中。
一、构词法的分类
(一)派生法
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。
1．英语常用前缀表
a－ 使，离，向 awake使醒来 apart使分离
ac－，ad－，af－，ag－，al－ 向，加强 accelerate加强，加快
affect影响
anti－ 反，防止 antitank反坦克的
auto－ 自，自动 automation自动化
be－ 在，使 beside在……旁 befall降临(于)
bi－ 双 bicycle自行车 bisexual两性的
co－ 共同，互相 coexist共存
com－，con－ 共同，加强 combine联合 confirm使加强
de－ 离，加强，降 detrain下火车 depicture描述
dif－ 分开，否定 differ差异 difficult困难
dis－ 否，离，安全 disallow不准 disroot根除 disarrange搞乱
e－ ，ex－ 出，否定，加强 educe引出 estop阻止 expand扩展
en－，em－ 在内，用于，使 encage关入笼 embed使插入
in－ ，im－，il－ 无，向内，加强 incorrect不正确 impulse冲动
inter－ 在……间 international国际的
kilo－ 千 kilometer千米
micro－ 微 microbe微生物
mini－ 微小 minibus小公共汽车
neg－ 不，非 neglect忽视 negate否定
non－ 不，非 nonparty非党派的
ob－，oc－，op－ 越过，包围，逆反 object目标 oppose反抗
out－ 在外，除去 outlaw逃亡者 outroot根除
over－ 超出，反转 overweight超重 overthrow推翻
per－ 贯通，遍及 perform完成 perfect完美的
post－ 在后 postwar战后的 postern后门
pre－ 在前 preface前言
pro－ 在前，拥护 prologue序言 pro－ American亲美的
re－ 重复，相反 recall回忆 react反应
se－ 分离 separate使分离 select选出
sub－，suc－，sug－ 在下，次于 subway地铁 succeed继承
sur－ 超，外加 surface表面 surtax附加税
tele－ 远 television电视
trans－ 超过，透过 translate翻译 transport运输
un－ 否定 unfair不公平的
up－ 向上 upset推翻 upstairs在楼上
uni－ 单一 united联合的 unit单位
2．英语常用后缀表
－ability，－ibility抽象名词 stability稳定 sensibility敏感性
－able，－ible 能……的 unable无能力的 terrible可怕的
－acy性质，状态 illiteracy文盲
－age动作，状态，总称(构成名词) postage邮费
－al动作，行为，……的 manual手册 central中心
－an人，籍贯，……的 African非洲的 publican酒店老板
－ance，－ency行为，性质，状态 distance距离 currency流通
－ant，ent人，……的 assistant助手 excellent优秀的
－ary地点，人，事物 library图书馆 military军事
－ate做，职位，…的 doctorate博士学位 adequate足够的
－ation，－ition动作，性质，状态 invitation邀请 addition附加物
－craft技巧，工艺 aircraft飞机 handicraft手艺
－cy形状，状态，职位 secrecy秘密 fancy幻想
－dom状态，领域 freedom自由 kingdom王国
－ed有……的 cultured有教养的 puzzled迷惑的
－ence，－ency行为，性质，状态 difference差异 frequency频率
－er，－eer，－or人 killer杀手 engineer工程师 doctor医生
－ern地点，方位 eastern东方的 cavern洞穴
－ese人，语言，国籍 Chinese中国人 Japanese日本人
－ess女性，雌性 actress女演员
－hood状态，身份(构成名词) childhood童年 livelihood生计
－ic学术，职业，……的 music音乐 atomic原子的
－ice人，抽象名词 service服务 novice新手
－ics学术(构成名词) physics物理学 optics光学
－ing总称，抽象名词 clothing衣服 building建筑 feeling感觉
－ion物品，抽象名词 cushion坐垫 expression表达
－ism主义，宗教 Marxism马克思主义
－ist……者(构成名词) communist共产主义者 dentist牙医
－ive人，物，……的 native本地人 attractive有吸引力的
－less无……的 homeless无家可归的 fearless无畏的
－logy学(构成名词) zoology动物学 biology生物学
－ly……的，……地 daily每日的 quickly迅速地
－ment状况，物，组织 development发展 department部门
－ness抽象名词 darkness黑暗 kindness和蔼
－ous有……的(构成形容词) famous著名的 dangerous危险的
－ship状况，事物(构成名词) friendship友谊 leadership领导能力
－sion，－tion动作，性质，状态 expansion扩展 description描述
－th状况，第…… youth青春 health健康 fifth第五
－ty状况，……十 specialty专业 safety安全 fifty五十
－ure状况，物(构成名词) pleasure快乐 picture图画
－y状况，学术，小……的 harmony和谐 botany植物学 baby婴儿
(二)合成法
把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法，以合成法构成的单词叫作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。
1．合成名词
babysitter 保姆
software 软件
freezing point 冰点
sunbathing 日光浴
breakthrough 突破
output 输出
she－wolf 母狼
son－in－law 女婿
2．合成形容词
warmhearted 热心的
absent－minded 心不在焉的
snow－covered 被雪覆盖的
newly－built 新建的
trouble－free 无忧无虑的
large－scale 大规模的
easy－going 随和的
five－year－old 五岁的
3．其他合成词
overcome 克服
afterwards 后来
outside 在……外边
(三)转化法
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
转化规则
名词→动词
动词→名词
例词
face(n.脸→v.面对)
look(v./n.)看
shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负)
water(n.水→v.浇水)
back(n.背→v.支持)
name(n.名字→v.命名)
try(v./n.)尝试
dream(v./n.)梦想
chat (v./n.)聊天
转化规则
形容词→动词
形容词→副词
例词
empty(adj.空的→v.倒空)
slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢)
dirty(adj.脏的→v.弄脏)
warm(adj.暖的→v.使变暖)
hard(adj.难的→adv.努力)
high(adj.高的→adv.高)
deep(adj.深的→adv.深)
wide(adj.宽的→adv.宽)
注意：high, deep, wide表示具体意义，而highly, deeply, widely表示抽象意义。
二、构词法在考题中的考查形式
多以派生词的形式考查。
典例展示1 They were the kind that I did not have in my ________(collect)so I placed them carefully in my bag.
答案 collection
解析 句意：因为它们是我收藏中没有的那种，因此我把它们小心地放在了我的包里。形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式，故答案为collection。
典例展示2 —Would you take this along to the office for me?
—With ________(please)．
答案 pleasure
解析 句意——你愿意为我把这个东西一起带到办公室吗？——乐意效劳。with pleasure乐意效劳。
典例展示3 Ron had a ________(success)career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life.
答案 successful
解析 句意：在退休过轻松日子之前，罗恩在福特公司工作，他的事业很成功。名词career前需用形容词作定语，故答案为successful。
典例展示4 He must be ________ (mental) disabled.
答案 mentally
解析 修饰分词形容词disabled，作状语，用副词形式，故填mentally。
典例展示5 His teacher took a deep drink, smiled ________ (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.
答案 warmly
解析 修饰谓语动词smiled，作状语，用副词形式，故填warmly。
典例展示6 But Jane knew from past experience that her ________ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.
答案 choice
解析 在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词，或者说，在形容词性物主代词后，一定是用名词形式，故填choice。
跟踪训练
考点突破
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It is ________ (nature) that young people are often ________ (comfort) when they are with their parents.
2．Today’s experience taught me some ________ (value) lessons in my life.
3．________ (obvious), the story is not true, but the festival is interesting.
4．I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time.________ (fortunate), I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.
5．Therefore, when they become older they are ________ (able) to do any other kind of work.
6．The ________ (mystery) letter sent from Taiwan made the professor lost in thought.
7．To make myself ________， I would do some ________ exercise after work. (relax)
8．Fresh fruits and vegetables can provide much of our daily ________ (require).
9．It is your ________ (free) to do what you want after class.
10．However, most ________ (science) agree that EQ has a lot to do with ________ (educate)．
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks friend to people greeting him.________
2．I must be getting fat — I can hard do my trousers up.________
3．They dived deep into the forest and felt deep frightened.________
4．Personal, I don’t like him at all, but it’s strange that he should be so popular among the kids.________
5．I wasn’t blaming anyone; I mere said errors like this could be avoided.________
6．We apologized for any convenience caused by the delay.________
7．People with disabilities are now doing many things to rich their lives.________
8．The five－years－old boy can sing the song very well.________
9．Australia is an English－spoken country.________
10．She looked anxious. It seems that she has been involved in proper business deals.________
能力提升
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A holiday is any day when people lay aside their ordinary duties and cares.The word came from Old English.At first，holidays honored some holy events or persons.People in Great Britain and other countries speak of holidays as Americans speak of vacations.
Every nation has its special holidays.China observes New Year’s Day (January 1)，May Day and National Day as legal(法定的) holidays，as it was on Oct.1，1949 that the People’s Republic of China was founded.The Chinese have long celebrated the Chinese lunar year.In the United States，congress has declared several days as legal holidays such as New Year’s Day (January 1)，Martin Luther King，Jr.’s Birthday，Washington’s birthday，Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day and so on. Some holidays celebrated special events in the development of a country，such as Greece’s Independence Day，Italy’s Liberation Day and India’s Independence Day.
In the United States，banks and schools usually close on a legal holiday.When such a holiday falls on Sunday，the following Monday is usually observed.Schools and
organizations often observe days known as traditional holidays，although schools and business do not close then.Those holidays include Valentine’s Day and Halloween.
1．In the sentence “China observes New Year’s Day (January 1)”，“observes” means “________”．
A．celebrates B．praises
C．spends D．cares
2．From the passage we can infer that ________．
A．Chinese will no longer observe the Spring Festival
B．students don’t have to go to school on any holiday
C．Chinese and Americans share at least one holiday
D．Americans can easily draw money from banks on legal days
3．Which of the following holidays has nothing to do with a country’s development?
A．China’s National Day.
B．Valentine’s Day.
C．Italy’s liberation Day.
D．Independence Day.
4．If a legal holiday falls on Sunday in the USA，people usually celebrate on ________．
A．Sunday
B．the following
C．the following Tuesday
D．the following Monday
Ⅱ.完形填空
When I was young I did several crazy things，especially when it came to meeting my favorite celebrities(名人)．Although I know now that what I did then was __1__，it did leave me some very fond memories and some good __2__ as I look back.
When I was living in New Jersey，a nearby park was having a very special __3__ in which Jan and Dean and the band The Kingsmen would give a performance.A good hour __4__ I noticed that the backstage door was __5__.I told my boyfriend about that
but he __6__ shot down my great idea of entering backstage.I was not __7__ by him，so I proceeded towards the door，dragging him.As we started down the darkened corridor(走廊)，we found someone was __8__ straight towards us! Panicked，I tried to __9__ which way to run.Looking about for a(n) __10__，I turned around and found myself __11__ the leader of The Kingsmen.
Afraid of being __12__ and in great shock，I had no idea what to do.To my __13__，he said “Hey! What are you doing？” I said something I cannot __14__ anymore but the conversation went on in a __15__ atmosphere.Before we knew it，it was time for the concert to begin and our amazing conversation had to __16__.I began to head back out of the backstage corridor.However，before I could get too far I was __17__ with，“Hey，wave to me like this when I get on stage and then __18__ me here after the concert.I will have my guys let you in.” Excited，I __19__ and did as I was told.That turned out to be a night I will never __20__.
1．A.wrong B．fine
C．inspiring D．brave
2．A.questions B．prizes
C．laughs D．studies
3．A.interview B．competition
C．concert D．game
4．A.around B．before C．after D．during
5．A.obvious B．heavy
C．large D．open
6．A.actually B．immediately
C．fortunately D．properly
7．A.frightened B．admired
C．forced D．persuaded
8．A.leaving B．struggling
C．jumping D．heading
9．A.give up B．bring about
C．figure out D．put away
10．A.excuse B．escape
C．seat D．tool
11．A.facing B．waiting
C．visiting D．attracting
12．A.blamed B．called
C．ruined D．discussed
13．A.mind B．confusion
C．appreciation D．surprise
14．A.understand B．bear
C．remember D．imagine
15．A.cold B．great C．strange D．formal
16．A.continue B．start
C．end D．develop
17．A.replaced B．encouraged
C．interrupted D．comforted
18．A.notice B．ask
C．lead D．meet
19．A.agreed B．checked
C．ignored D．argued
20．A.admit B．forget C．show D．miss
Ⅲ.语法填空
A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1.________(safety)．
They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2.________ (equip)to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3.________ (secure)guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.
One 4.________ (investigate)described the 5.________ (rob)as a “6.________ (profession)job”．The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday and left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the 7.________ (neighbour)building，digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a
wall of 80 cm thick to get into the bank，which was having building works at the time.
When they left，the robbers set the place on fire to 8.________ (move)any trace of evidence，switching on the anti－fire system and flooding the building.9.________ (fortune)，the guard escaped 10.________ (harm)．
It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the banks clients(储户)know the content of their private safes.
第15讲 构词法与其考查形式
考点突破
构词法与其考查形式
Ⅰ.1.natural；uncomfortable 2.valuable 3.Obviously
4．Unfortunately 5.unable 6.mysterious 7.relaxed；relaxing 8.requirement 9.freedom
10．scientists；education
Ⅱ.1.friend→friendly 2.hard→hardly 3.第二个deep→deeply 4.Personal→Personally 5.mere→merely 6.convenience→inconvenience 7.rich→enrich
8．five－years－old→five－year－old 9.English－spoken→English－speaking 10.proper→improper
能力提升
Ⅰ.1.A
2．C
3．B
4．D
Ⅱ.1.A
2．C
3．C
4．B
5．D
6．B
7．D
8．D
9．C
10．B
11．A
12．A
13．D
14．C
15．B
16．C
17．C
18．D
19．A
20．B
Ⅲ.1.safes 2.equipment 3.security 4.investigator
5．robbery 6.professional 7.neighbouring
8．remove 9.Fortunately 10.unharmed
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