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真题演练(一) [2017·江苏]
A
语篇解读 本文是一篇应用文。文中作者向读者推荐了一本有关历史的书并介绍了其相关信息。
56．What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the text?
A．A biography. B．A travel guide.
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C．A history book. D．A science fiction.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories...this book also gives...”可知CHRONOLOGICA是一本书，再根据文章开头所说的这是一次穿越时间的迷人旅行(a fascinating journey through time)可判断这是一本历史书。故选C项。
57．How does the writer recommend CHRONOLOGICA to readers?
A．By giving details of its collection.
B．By introducing some of its contents.
C．By telling stories at the beginning.
D．By comparing it with other books.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。通读文章可知，作者提到了这本书的部分内容——罗马的建立，因特网的缔造，罗马皇帝及百年战争等。故选B项。
B
Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)．New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.
This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by
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mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.
It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies’ begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的) strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”
语篇解读 这是一篇科普类的说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现，鸟儿在孵化时会进行胎教，幼鸟会用胎教时学会的鸟叫声来引起鸟妈妈的关注。鸟儿在胎教方面比人类更出色。
58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “ ”．
A．be the worst B．be the best
C．be just as bad D．be just as good
答案 B
解析 词义猜测题。画线部分前面的语境说，婴儿在出生之前就能分辨很大的声响与人的嗓音(tell the difference between loud sounds and voices)；画线部分后面的语境说，有些鸟妈妈在鸟儿被孵化出来之前，就可能教它们啼叫(teach their young to sing)。通过对比画线部分的前后我们发现，这里说的是与人类相比，鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得最好(be the best)，因此选B。
59．What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?
A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.
B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.
C．The data collected from Queensland’s locals.
D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段的研究过程和第四段的研究结果可知，他的发现基于A项(鸟妈妈与幼鸟叫声的相似之处)。
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60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .
A．can receive quality signals
B．are in need of training
C．fit the environment better
D．make the loudest call
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。文章最后两段说，研究结果发现，叫声与鸟妈妈的声音很接近的幼鸟得到的食物最多(the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food)，这表明，有效的胎教能够把孩子神经系统的优点发信号给母亲(signal neurological strengths of children to parents)。从这些信息判断，胎教能帮助鸟妈妈识别出更能适应环境的幼鸟，因此选C项。
C
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable，fast-growing industry，urging antitrust(反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow.A century ago，the resource in question was oil.Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data，the oil of the digital age.The most valuable firms are Google，Amazon，Facebook and Microsoft.All look unstoppable.
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.But size alone is not a crime.The giants’ success has benefited consumers.Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery.Far from charging consumers high prices，many of these services are free (users pay，in effect，by handing over yet more data)．And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves，too.
But there is cause for concern.The Internet has made data abundant，all-present and far more valuable，changing the nature of data and competition.Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better.But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services：translation and visual recognition，to be sold to other companies.Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power.So they have a “God’s eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful.Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves：in time，one of them would
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become great again.A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent，two ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century.When considering a merger(兼并)，for example，they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in.They now need to take into account the extent of firms’ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat.When this takes place，especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of，the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply them.Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it.Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data，with users’ consent.
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy.But if governments don’t want a data economy controlled by a few giants，they must act soon.
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。随着网络的发展，有些大型数据公司控制着大量的数据。人们呼吁把这些巨头拆分。但问题的根源不在这里，反垄断部门应该出面打破这些公司的数据垄断局面，给小公司更多的生存机会。
61．Why is there a call to break up giants?
A．They have controlled the data market.
B．They collect enormous private data.
C．They no longer provide free services.
D．They dismissed some new-born giants.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。由第一段内容可知，信息犹如我们这个数据时代的石油，谷歌、亚马逊等这些巨头掌控着信息，成为最有价值的公司。这种情况导致人们要求把这些巨头拆分，由此可知选A项。
62．What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A．Data giants’ technology is very expensive.
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B．Google’s idea is popular among data firms.
C．Data can strengthen giants’ controlling position.
D．Data can be turned into new services or products.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。题干直指第三段。该段说网络丰富的资源改变了数据和竞争的本质，然后举例说谷歌使用这些数据来开展一些服务性的项目，比如翻译和声音识别，另外，网络公司对数据的控制给了他们巨大的权力(Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power.)。根据这些信息判断选C项(拥有数据能够巩固网络巨头的控制地位)。
63．By paying attention to firms’ data assets，antitrust regulators could .
A．kill a new threat B．avoid the size trap
C．favour bigger firms D．charge higher prices
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。题干的data assets告诉我们，本题的答案在第五段。该段的核心话题是反垄断部门也应该与时俱进(move from the industrial age into the 21st century)。传统的介入兼并的行为首先要考虑规模的大小(traditionally used size to determine when to step in)，但是现在应该考虑公司数据资产的情况(the extent of firms’ data assets)。当成熟的公司买入可能会对自己构成威胁的新公司时，反垄断部门就应该举示警红旗(should raise red flags)。由此推断，现在反垄断部门应该考虑被兼并公司的数据资产，而不是落入传统的公司规模大小这个陷阱，因此选B项。
64．What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ control of data?
A．Big companies could relieve data security pressure.
B．Governments could relieve their financial pressure.
C．Consumers could better protect their privacy.
D．Small companies could get more opportunities.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据题干的loosening the giants’ control of data，我们把解题信息定位在第六段。该段说第二个原则就是放松这些巨头对数据的控制：放松网络服务的供应商对网络数据的控制，对提供这些数据的人应该给予更多，而且得到用户的同意之后，应该分享某些数据。根据这些信息推断，加强对巨头的控制，小公司就能得到更多的发展机会，因此选D项。
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D
Old Problem，New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak.So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change.Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process.We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why，in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world，people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries.Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities.Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways.But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken.Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India，where he is known as the Ice Man.The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture.Without the glaciers，water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops.Norphel’s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter，when it was not needed.He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze，and was stored until the spring.His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water.Having created nine such ice reserves，Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of water.Climate change is a continuing process，so Norphel’s ice reserves will not last forever.Warming will overtake them.But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will，perhaps，be able to find other means of adapting.
Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet.In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally，and actually
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cooled the region.While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly，temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased.This example should act as an inspiration for all cities.By painting buildings white，cities may slow down the warming process.
In Peru，local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice.The outcome is still far from clear.But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”．
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere.A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria.Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops.Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce，or by growing the same things differently.This is common sense.But some suggestions for adapting are not.When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt，it’s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways.But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.After all，if we adapt in that way，we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。尽管清洁能源在我们日常生活中的使用量已经增加，但在二氧化碳的排放峰值之后，全球变暖仍将持续几十年。为了应对这一气候变化，各个国家不同地区的人们纷纷出谋划策并萌生了很多颇有创意的想法。但作者认为减少碳的排放是重中之重。
65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .
A．adaptation is an ever-changing process
B．the cost of adaptation varies with time
C．global warming affects adaptation forms
D．adaptation to climate change is challenging
答案 A
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解析 句意猜测题。由第二段首句中的“climate change is a process”可知，气候变化是一个过程，所以适应也不是一成不变的，故对画线部分“没有一码通吃的适应之道”的正确理解应该是A项“适应是个不断变化的过程”。
66．What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?
A．The project receives government support.
B．Different organizations work with each other.
C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D．The project connects flooded roads and highways.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。由第三段第三句“Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.”可知Rezwan的组织在别人认为是灾难的地方看到了机会，故选C项“他的组织充分利用坏形势”。
67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?
A．Storing ice for future use.
B．Protecting the glaciers from melting.
C．Changing the irrigation time.
D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。由第四段可知Ice Man的做法是把废水引入浅的洼地并冻住，储存到春天用来灌溉田地，由此可知A项“储存冰为将来之用”正确。
68．What do we learn from the Peru example?
A．White paint is usually safe for buildings.
B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped.
C．This country is heating up too quickly.
D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。由倒数第三段首句可知，秘鲁当地的农民开始把整个山顶刷成白色，希望增加的反射能修复冰，由此可知，阳光反射可以减缓全球变暖，故选D项。
69．According to the author，polluting industries should .
A．adapt to carbon pollution
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B．plant highly profitable crops
C．leave carbon emission alone
D．fight against carbon pollution
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。由倒数第二段可知污染企业争辩说在控制碳污染的战争中我们已经失败，别无选择只能适应，但作者认为这是一派胡言，是像往常一样为商业自身编造的理由。由此可推断，作者认为污染企业应该与碳污染作斗争，故D项正确。
70．What’s the author’s preferred solution to global warming?
A．Setting up a new standard.
B．Reducing carbon emission.
C．Adapting to climate change.
D．Monitoring polluting industries.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。由最后一段第二句“But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.”可知作者认为最明智的适应方式是减少碳的排放，故选B项。
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