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题型突破(四) 推理判断之细节推断题
A
(2017·仪征中学期初考试)
A world-famous Canadian author，Margaret Atwood，has created the world’s first long-distance signing device(装置)，the LongPen.
After many tiring book-signing tours from city to city，Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them.She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004.Together they designed the LongPen.Here’s how it works：The author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a special pen.On the receiving end，in another city，a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book.The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(网络摄像机) and computer screens.
Work on the LongPen began in Atwood’s basement.At first，they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be.The device went through several versions，including one that actually had smoke coming out of it.The investing finally completed，test runs were made in Ottawa，and the LongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair.From here，Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans in Toronto and New York City.
The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time.It has several other potential applications.It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province.The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used.
“It’s really fun，” said the owner of a bookstore，who was present for one of the test runs.“Obviously you can’t shake hands with the author，but there are chances for a connection that you don’t get from a regular book signing.”
The response to the invention has not been all favorable.Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she’s trying to end book tours.But she said，“It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldn’t afford it.”
语篇解读 本文介绍了一种特殊的、可以让作者在很远的城市为读者远程签字的签字笔the LongPen，并介绍了这种发明的起因以及发明过程。
1．What do we know about the invention of the LongPen?
A．It has been completed but not put into use.
B．The basement caught fire by accident.
C．Some versions failed before its test run.
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D．The designers were well-prepared for the difficulty.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“The device went through several versions，including one that actually had smoke coming out of it.”可知，这个装置经历了很多次失败，最后才发明成功。故选C。
2．What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?
A．Bookstore owners don’t support the LongPen.
B．Critics think the LongPen is of little use.
C．Atwood doesn’t mean to end book tours.
D．Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句“But she said，‘It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldn’t afford it.’”可知，她发明这种签字笔可以给以前从来没有去过的地方的读者签字，而不是想结束book tours。故选C。
B
(2017·无锡期中调研)
One of my favorite professors in college was a self-confessed(公开承认的) liar.
I guess that statement needs a bit of explanation.
The topic of Corporate Finance/Capital Markets is a very dry and boring subject matter.Dr K was memorable because of something he introduced at the beginning of his first class，“Between today and the class right before finals，I will put a lie into each of my lectures.Your job，as students，among other things，is to try and catch the Lie of the Day.”
And then began our 10-week course.
This was a brilliant way to focus our attention—by asking students to challenge his statements.Early in the quarter，the Lie of the Day was usually obvious—immediately causing raised hands to challenge it.
As the quarter went on，the Lie of the Day became more subtle(不易察觉的)，and many ended up slipping past most students unnoticed until a very alert person stopped the lecture to flag it.
Every once in a while，a lecture would end with nobody catching the lie.On those days，Dr K，looking quite pleased with himself，would say，“Ah ha！Each of you has one falsehood in your lecture notes.Discuss among yourselves what it might be，and I will tell you next Monday.”
Those lectures forced us to work in study groups so we could approach him with our theories the following week.
Brilliant...but what made Dr K’s technique genius was，during the most technically difficult lecture of the entire quarter，there was no lie.At the end of the lecture in which no lie was found，he
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offered the same challenge to work through the notes.On the following Monday，he heard our theories for what the falsehood might be for almost ten minutes before he finally said，“Do you remember the first lecture—how I said that every lecture has a lie？”
Tired from having our best theories shot down，we nodded.
“Well，THAT was a lie.My previous lecture was completely on the level.But I am glad you reviewed your notes carefully this weekend.Moving on...”
While my knowledge of the Economics of Capital Markets has faded in time，the lessons have stayed with me：“Experts” can be wrong and say things that sound right，so always evaluate new information and check it against things you already accept as fact.
语篇解读 作者上大学时最喜欢的一位教授通过所谓的“当日假话”来使学生在枯燥乏味的学科上集中注意力，激发他们的学习兴趣。虽然作者当时所学的知识已经所剩无几，但这位教授留下的宝贵财富仍让作者受用无穷。
3．The Lie of the Day is introduced to Dr K’s class because .
A．he is good at telling a lie
B．he wants his students to challenge his authority
C．he wants to find out who is absent-minded
D．he tries to arouse his students’ interest in his boring lecture
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段内容和第五段第一句可知，K博士将“当日假话”引入课堂的原因是为了让学生们在课堂上集中注意力，并且激发他们对枯燥乏味的课程的学习兴趣。故选D。
4．What do we know about the most technically difficult lecture of the entire quarter?
A．It made all the students feel bored but excited.
B．It turned out that Dr K told no lie in the lecture.
C．The lie in it slipped past with nobody finding it.
D．Students reasoned with Dr K about his theories after class.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第九段第一句可知，结果证明，K博士在整个学季最难的那堂课上没有说假话。故选B。
5．From the last paragraph we can learn that .
A．we should be critical to the information provided for us
B．it is a must that we avoid lies in our daily life
C．students can drop some courses because they are boring
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D．we can use creative techniques to make courses lively and interesting
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，“专家”说的未必正确，所以我们要养成审视新信息的习惯，并且批判地对待提供给我们的信息。故选A。
C
(2017·姜堰、如东、沭阳、前黄中学二模)
A chance meeting between two men who realized they had both been abused in the same Surrey children’s care home has led to a campaign that has seen hundreds of former residents claiming they were also victims of physical，emotional and sexual abuse.
Music producer Raymond Stevenson，physically abused during his time at the Shirley Oaks home in the 70s，met a childhood friend last year who revealed he’d been abused in the institution.Within a few months，the Shirley Oaks Survivors Association(SOSA) was hundreds strong.
The south London production office，from where Stevenson promoted music stars like Jessie J，now looks more like a police incident room.A map on the wall includes details of statements from hundreds of former residents，suggesting physical and emotional abuse was routine at many of the houses on the 72-acre Shirley Oaks site.
“We have been in contact with over 300 people and the stories we are getting are just terrible，” Stevenson says.“Every time we interview someone and hear about what happened to them，it brings tears to our eyes.Reliving some of the horrors they went through hasn’t been easy.”
There have been two major police investigations into abuse at children’s homes in South London and three people including a swimming instructor，William Hook，have been condemned for offences relating to Shirley Oaks.
Another operation is currently on-going，but SOSA have lost faith in the authorities who they claim have covered up the whole picture of abuse in Shirley Oaks.“We don’t trust them and that’s why we have decided to do this campaign ourselves，” Stevenson explains.
The Shirley Oaks campaigners are part of a wider phenomenon—“survivor” activism that is changing the balance of power in relation to child abuse.Where once victims were ignored or silenced，now they are coming together，often through the social media，forming support groups and building an increase of noise that the authorities are forced to acknowledge.
A couple of weeks ago，dozens of former Shirley Oaks residents crowded into a Lambeth council meeting—the authority which ran the home until its closure in the mid-1980s.Councillor after councillor spoke of their shame at what had been allowed to happen to children in their care.
Among the crowd was the award-winning author Alex Wheatle who has written about the
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abuse he suffered as a child at Shirley Oaks.“We have not come here，to go to war with the council；we have come here to gain your support，” Wheatle told the meeting.
The Shirley Oaks association is doing more than compiling evidence.It is using music to press its case.A song entitled “Don’t Touch It—It’s Mine” includes personal testimony(证词) from victims.“I was abused mentally，physically，emotionally and violently，” the track begins.“Of the original 16 of us,12 have killed themselves...”
“We’re not going to be told lies anymore，” Stevenson explains.“We are not going to leave it in the hands of lawyers，politicians or council officials to tell us what happened to us.We want to discover it ourselves and we know music and dance and poetry are ways that can tell a greater story.”
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了由受害人成立的“SOSA协会”揭露了在过去的几十年里，英国福利院Shirley Oaks中曾有上百名儿童遭到虐待这一骇人听闻的事件。
6．Why was SOSA set up?
A．To show sympathy for the abused children in society.
B．To reveal the abuse at a children’s care home.
C．To find the living victims from a care home.
D．To aid those people abused at a young age.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。通读全文可知，上百名曾经在福利院里待过的人都声称他们是受害者，并成立了Shirley Oaks幸存者协会(SOSA)。该协会成员通过采访受害者，以创作音乐的形式来揭示真相。由此推断，SOSA的成立是为了揭露福利院虐待儿童的事。故选B项。
7．The crime against children was not known to the public in time，because .
A．the police refused to look into it
B．the case was ignored for absence of evidence
C．the situation of abuse was not serious
D．the victims were forced to keep it secret
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第七段第二句中的“Where once victims were ignored or silenced”可知，这一罪行未被公布于众的原因是受害者被忽视或受到压制。故选D项。
8．From the passage，we can tell .
A．the former local authorities must have neglected their duty
B．twelve of the sixteen children were killed in Shirley Oaks
C．all the people committing offences in Shirley Oaks have been arrested
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D．the former victims depend much on the police for investigation
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第四段第二句“Councillor after councillor spoke of their shame at what had been allowed to happen to children in their care.”可以推断，当年的管理机构并没有很好地履行他们的职责。故选A项。
9．Campaigners of SOSA have taken the action of .
A．collecting evidence for the police
B．creating music for the campaign
C．going to war with the government
D．turning to lawyers for assistance
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二、三句“It is using music to press its case.A song entitled ‘Don’t Touch It—It’s Mine’ includes personal testimony(证词) from victims.”和最后一段最后一句“We want to discover it ourselves and we know music and dance and poetry are ways that can tell a greater story.”可知，SOSA的成员采取创作音乐的形式来揭示真相、表达自己。故选B项。
D
(2017·苏锡常镇四市一模)
Are you a different person when you speak a foreign language？That’s just one of the questions the New Yorker’s writer and native North Carolinian Lauren Collins explores in her autobiography，about her tough efforts to master French after marrying a Frenchman whose name—Olivier—she couldn’t even pronounce properly.When in French ranges from the humorously personal story to a deeper look at various theories of language acquisition and linguistics(语言学)．
The couple met in London “on more or less neutral ground：his continent，my language”．But the balance shifted when they moved to Geneva for Olivier’s work.The normally voluble Collins found herself at a loss—“nearly speechless”．The language barrier，and her dependence on her husband for simple things like buying the right cut of meat worsened her mixed feelings about “unlovely，but not ridiculous” Geneva.She comments，“Language，as much as land，is a place.To be cut off from it is to be，in a sense，homeless.”
Her sense of alienation(疏离感) leads to an examination of America’s miserable record when it comes to foreign languages.“Linguists call America ‘the graveyard of languages’ because of its singular ability to take in millions of immigrants and make their native languages die out in a few generations，” Collins writes.Educated in Wilmington，N.C.，and at Princeton，she could—like the vast majority of Americans—only speak their mother tongue.
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Eight months after she moved to Switzerland，Collins gives up on the natural acquisition of language and finally attends a French course.As she struggles with grammar and vocabulary，Collins notes smartly that vert (green)，verre (glass)，ver (worm)，vers (toward)，and vair (squirrel) compose a quintuple homonym(同形异义)．“Although it’s difficult，French can be tried，” she says.
French is actually considered among the easiest languages for an English speaker to learn，especially compared to Arabic or Mandarin Chinese.Collins，whose notably rich English vocabulary includes glossolalia (nonsense speech) and shibboleth(catchword or slogan)，finds plenty of terrific French words to love.She writes，“English is a trust fund，an unearned inheritance(遗产)，but I’ve worked for every bit of French I’ve banked.”
Unlike Jhumpa Lahiri，who became so hooked on Italian and used it to write In Other Words，Collins’s goals for learning French were more modest，“I wanted to speak French and to sound like North Carolina.” She also wanted to be able to deal with chimney sweeps and butchers，communicate with her in-laws，and “to touch Olivier in his own language”．She admits that she feels different speaking French，“Its austerity(朴素) made me feel more confused.”
Readers looking for the romantic spark of classic cross-cultural love stories featuring an outgoing American and a shy Frenchman will find flashes of it here.Among the many cultural differences the couple argue over are her enthusiastic American habit of applying the verb “love” to express enthusiasm for shoes，strawberries，and husbands alike.But there’s far more to Collins’s book than fantastic comedy，and those who have weathered linguistic crossings themselves tend to find particular resonance(共鸣) in its inquiry into language，identity，and transcultural translation.
Arranged by chapters named for verb tenses，When in French works its way from The Past Perfect(Le plus-que-parfait) to The Present(Le Présent) and The Conditional(Le Conditionnel)．Collins ends on a delightful note with Le Futur—fitting for a new mother about to move with her hard-won French husband，French language，and Swiss-born daughter to the French-speaking city of her dreams，Paris.
语篇解读 本文是说明文，主要介绍了Lauren Collins的自传When in French的相关内容。
10．Which of the following statements is TRUE about When in French?
A．It describes how most American people learn French.
B．It introduces a variety of theories about French learning.
C．The author tells her experiences in a serious way.
D．The book offers a traditional way of learning a foreign language.
答案 B
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解析 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话中的“...a deeper look at various theories of language acquisition and linguistics(语言学)．”可知，When in French探讨了语言习得的不同理论和语言学。
11．Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word “voluble” in Paragraph 2?
A．Graceful. B．Dependent.
C．Talkative. D．Energetic.
答案 C
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“normally”和“nearly speechless”可知，通常情况下，Lauren Collins是很健谈的，但是在新的环境中她因为语言不通而感到不知所措，几乎说不出话。由此可知，voluble表示的应是与speechless相反的意思。
12．Why do linguists call America “the graveyard of languages”？
A．Because other languages are prohibited in America.
B．Because only English-speaking people can immigrate into America.
C．Because immigrants’ native languages contradict English in America.
D．Because American culture swallows up immigrants’ native languages gradually.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“its singular ability to take in millions of immigrants and make their native languages die out in a few generations”可知，语言学家之所以将美国称作“语言的墓地”是因为美国文化会逐渐地吞噬移民的母语。
13．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5?
A．Collins’s English vocabulary knowledge contributes little to her French learning.
B．Collins has found out some effective ways of mastering French words.
C．Arabic or Mandarin Chinese are easier to learn than French for English speakers.
D．It’s terrifying for Collins to have French words in store for practical use.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Collins notes smartly that...‘Although it’s difficult，French can be tried，’ she says”和第五段中的“finds plenty of terrific French words to love”，“but I’ve worked for every bit of French I’ve banked”可知，Lauren Collins在学习法语方面找到了窍门，并且逐渐取得进步。
14．The example of Jhumpa Lahiri in the passage is given to show that .
A．Collins aims at using French for her daily life
B．Collins wants to apply French to serve her writing
C．it’s inappropriate for Jhumpa Lahiri to write in another language
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D．foreign language always makes learners feel complicated about life
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“I wanted to speak French...She also wanted to be able to deal with chimney sweeps and butchers，communicate with her in-laws，and ‘to touch Olivier in his own language’．”可知，Lauren Collins学习法语是为了给她的日常生活提供便利。
15．Which of the following items are mentioned by the author of this book review?
①the theme ②the structure ③the publisher
④the popularity ⑤the writing style
A．①②④ B．②③⑤
C．①②⑤ D．①③⑤
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。第一段最后一句“When in French ranges from the humorously personal story to a deeper look at various theories of language acquisition and linguistics(语言学)．”介绍了这本书的主题；最后一段中的“Arranged by chapters named for verb tenses...”介绍了这本书的结构；第一段中的“humorously personal story”和倒数第二段中的“there’s far more to Collins’s book than fantastic comedy”表明这本书的写作风格是风趣幽默的。
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