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专题限时集训(二十一) 阅读理解 词义猜测题(对应学生用书第157页)
加★的为词义猜测题
A
(2017·苏北四市高三一模)With Apple's iPhone 7 and Google's new Pixel phones putting such an emphasis on powerful camera technology，smartphone photography is more powerful than ever.And while phones typically have great builtin photography apps，many other options can be easier or expand your range.
ProCamera is an excellent option for iOS devices.Using this app feels like raising a singlelens reflex camera(单反相机)to your eye.With a few taps on the screen，you can display a grid to help compose a shot properly and a guide to warn if your composition is tilted(倾斜的)．You can also control the white balance and bring up a live histogram(直方图)that shows how strong the colors in the final photo will be.There are quick access buttons to shoot in video，photo，high dynamic range or other modes and there's even a bar code scanner option.Most impressive is ProCamera's antishake feature，which waits for you to stop moving before it activates the shutter.In the settings menu，you can control most of the app's features and select how much compression is applied to the final saved images.In other words，the app gives users professional level control of an image.
Because of its complexity，ProCamera takes a while to get used to，and the exact features depend on which iPhone you have.The app costs $5 and some features，like a lowlight mode to help shoot better pictures at night，are upgrades that cost a few dollars each.It's definitely worth it.
On Android，one app equivalent to ProCamera is Camera FV5.This app also feels like using a singlelens reflex camera，with similar manual control.Camera FV5 includes features like a live histogram，burst mode shooting, exposure bracketing and timelapse imagery.It also offers choices over the kind of files it saves to your device, and has a comprehensive settings page.Unlike some other Android camera apps，Camera FV5 has a professionallooking and easy to use interface.It costs $4.
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To edit a perfect portrait or landscape photo，Adobe's software is the choice of professional photographers.There is a version for mobile devices too—Adobe Photoshop Fix—which lets you heal an image's defect，adjust shadow intensity，fix the contrast or add effects.Mastering the features of Photoshop Fix will take time，but your final images don't look too artificial with the application of Photoshop Fix.Its interface is sometimes confusing，but the app has builtin help and，best of all，is free for both iOS and Android.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了三款可以用在智能手机上的图片处理应用软件。
1．What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A．To introduce some powerful smartphone photography apps.
B．To advertise some apps for your smartphone photography.
C．To show the features of some builtin apps of photography.
D．To promote advanced camera technology of smartphones.
A [考查作者意图。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了三款供智能手机使用的图片处理应用软件：ProCamera、Camera FV5以及Adobe Photoshop Fix。故选A。]
2．What can we learn about ProCamera?
A．It can be a singlelens reflex camera to your eye.
B．It can adjust the light effects of the final image.
C．It can be updated automatically upon the purchase.
D．It can inform users of images being too complex.
B [考查细节理解。根据第二段第四句话可知，用户使用这款软件处理图片的话，可以控制最终成像的颜色亮度，即可以调节最终图片的光效。故选B。]
★3.The underlined word “equivalent” in Paragraph 4 means ________．
A．comparable
B．familiar
C．relevant
D．suited
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A [考查词义猜测。根据第二段中讲述的ProCamera的软件属性及第四段中讲述的Camera FV5的软件特点可知，画线词所在句表示的是Camera FV5和ProCamera的软件功能相同，画线词意为“相同的”，故选A。]
4．If you want to make your photo truetolife，you turn to ________．
A．antishake technology
B．Adobe's software
C．a live histogram
D．builtin help
B [考查细节理解。根据最后一段倒数第二句话中的“...but your final images don't look too artificial with the application of Photoshop Fix.”可知，用Adobe的软件Photoshop Fix处理的图片显得更加真实，故选B。]
B
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(2017·盐城市高三三模)A conversation in which neither party is listening to the other was classified as a “duologue” by Abraham Kaplan，a philosopher who died in 1993.A duologue，he suggested，is more than a monologue but less than a dialogue.Multiply a duologue by a roomful of people，he jokingly added，and you have a conference.Two psychologists have now given his ideas some substance，by showing that people do indeed often fail to notice when the conversations they are engaged in have been temporarily reduced to nonsense.
Bruno Galantucci of Yeshiva University in New York and Gareth Roberts of Haskins Laboratories in New Haven，Connecticut，are interested in how and why languages evolve.The mainstream view of why people communicate is that they are trying to transmit information faithfully.The “information” may not be true，of course.But even lies，this view holds，are told in the hope that they will be understood.Sometimes faithful transmission is indeed the intention，as when a pilot communicates，according to strict rules，with a control tower.According to Dr Galantucci and Dr Roberts，however，transmitting information efficiently takes a lot of effort and is the exception rather than the rule.In normal conversation，they report in a paper in PLOS ONE，people are surprisingly deaf to incoherence．
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They demonstrated this by asking pairs of student volunteers to chat using an instant messaging program.These volunteers，who had never met，did so sitting in separate rooms.They were given the task of identifying the differences in colour between two versions of a cartoon(each could see only one version)．Unbeknown to them，though，another pair were performing the same task at the same time，with a different cartoon.While the two conversations were going on，the researchers switched between them so that a student would suddenly and without warning find himself chatting to someone from the other pair.There were four such crossings during the 15minute experimental period，each lasting 30 seconds.Afterwards the volunteers were asked to establish if they had noticed anything strange about their conversation.
Having repeated the experiment with variations to allow for the fact that students who volunteer for psychology experiments tend to be cautious about dirty tricks，Dr Galantucci and Dr Roberts reported that between 27% and 42% of participants did not notice that their conversations had been switched.Instead，those participants had simply talked in a confused way regardless.Of course，exchanging instant messages is not quite the same as talking，so the two researchers have not definitively proved that many dialogues are actually duologues.But this research certainly adds to the suspicion that even supposedly purposeful communication often isn't.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇科普说明文。主要介绍了关于“duologue”现象的研究。
5．According to Abraham Kaplan，a duologue________．
A．can ruin a conference
B．often occurs among a crowd of people
C．provides instant feedback
D．is an inattentive conversation between people
D [考查推理判断。根据第一段的第一句和第二句“A conversation in which neither party is listening to the other was classified as a ‘duologue’ by Abraham Kaplan，a philosopher who died in 1993.A duologue，he suggested，is more than a monologue but less than a dialogue.”可知，“duologue”是交谈双方注意力不集中的谈话。故选D项。]
6．It's generally believed that people communicate to ________．
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A．lead others to believe lies
B．explore the faithful information
C．convey information to each other
D．distinguish faithful information from lies
C [考查细节理解。根据第二段第二句“The mainstream view of why people communicate is that they are trying to transmit information faithfully.”可知，人们交流的目的是如实地传达信息。故选C项。]
★7.The underlined word “incoherence” in Paragraph 2 means something that ________．
A．speakers can't express precisely
B．goes off the subject of the conversation
C．is abstract and difficult to understand
D．speakers don't prepare listeners to understand
B [考查词义猜测。根据第二段的最后两句“According to Dr Galantucci and Dr Roberts，however，transmitting information efficiently takes a lot of effort and is the exception rather than the rule.In normal conversation ...people are surprisingly deaf to incoherence．”可知，人们在正常的交谈中丝毫不能察觉到没有逻辑的内容，即偏离交谈主题的内容，incoherence表示“偏离主题，没有连贯性，无逻辑性”。故选B项。]
8．What can we learn from the psychology experiments?
A．More than half of the subjects talked in a confused way.
B．It takes a lot of effort to convey information clearly.
C．People are able to realize the nonsense in their communication.
D．The experiments prove that purposeful communication doesn't exist.
B [考查推理判断。根据实验的内容和文章最后一句可知，这一研究确实加深了一种猜测，那就是即使是据称有目的的交流往往也并非如此。这进一步证明了第二段的一个观点：transmitting information efficiently takes a lot of effort and is the exception rather than the rule。故选B项。]
C
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(江苏省名校高三入学摸底卷(考点卷二))A survey suggests that，for most of us who have ever had a pet companion，there is no doubt that mammals(哺乳动物)and birds are emotional creatures，sharing emotions with multiple species and not just their own.
It was only in 2012 that scientists finally agreed that nonhuman animals are conscious beings.Meanwhile，in the laboratory，we have only just discovered that dogs display immensely complex，humanlike emotions like jealousy，and we are only just interpreting how cows express positive emotions through their eyes.But what about insects?
An experiment was carried out on our allimportant flower loving friends，honeybees.As once discussed，emotions influence our perceptions and behavior，which can even lead to empathy(移情)．So imagine that your house has just been broken into by burglars and you are feeling shocked，upset，and really angry.You're so mad，in fact，that despite your friends trying to do and say everything possible to cheer you up，you feel so pessimistic that you simply see the bad side in everything.In fact，you're so upset that even your favorite food seems totally unappetizing.Well，this_is_exactly_what_happened_with_the_bees．The poor guys were shoved into a vortex(a machine used to mix chemicals)for one minute to simulate an attack on their hive and cause them to feel angry.
The bees were then presented with different solutions containing different proportions of two smelly chemicals：one that the bees had been trained to associate with a yummy sugary treat，and the other that they had been trained to associate with a bitter horrible taste.
Bees that had been upset became pessimistic and were more likely to react to the horrible smell in the mixtures and withdraw rather than being attracted to the yummy smell.Those not upset，on the other hand，remained optimistic.
Yet the authors were reluctant to say that this angerlike state was a definitive emotion.It is interesting to note that if dogs did the same thing and turned down their food after their owner had just died，for example，many wouldn't doubt that the behavior was emotional.
To be honest，we still can't say to what degree insects experience emotions
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yet，although these early experiments are certainly setting the foundations for a future where we recognize that all animals have emotions of some sort.
Hopefully, we may be one step closer to comparing insects' experiences of feelings with our own.As we continually do research deeper into the genetic and neurological basis of emotions，the evolutionary origins of emotions will undoubtedly be gradually unearthed．Perhaps this will take us one step closer to letting go of our big ego(自负)and realizing that all animals experience emotions of some kind.
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。研究发现，像昆虫这样的非哺乳动物也具有情感。
9．What does the writer mainly mean by “this is exactly what happened with the bees” ?
A．Bees will lose appetite once they're attacked.
B．Bees' behavior is affected by their emotions.
C．Bees have many similarities to humans.
D．Bees can hardly keep positive when in danger.
B [考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“As once discussed，emotions influence our perceptions and behavior，which can even lead to empathy(移情)．”和下文列举的人类在某种特定的情况下的表现以及接下来讲述的通过实验得出蜜蜂在相似的情况下也有相同的表现的结论可知，画线句的言外之意是：蜜蜂的行为受其情绪的影响。]
10．What does the experiment with bees indicate?
A．Bees have a tendency to become angry.
B．It is difficult for optimistic bees to feel angry.
C．Angry bees tend to see the downside.
D．Bees react to the bad smell more often.
C [考查推理判断。根据第四、五段的内容可知，那些在实验中变得悲观的蜜蜂会对混合物中难闻的气味作出反应，而那些持有乐观情绪的蜜蜂则易被混合物中好闻的气味吸引，由此可推知，被激怒的蜜蜂会更容易看到消极的东西，故选C。]
★11.Which word can replace the underlined word in the last paragraph?
A．Relived. B．Valued.
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C．Ignored. D．Exposed.
D [考查词义猜测。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是首尾两句可知，作者对该研究发现是持支持的态度的。故画线词所在句表示“情感的进化起源无疑将会被慢慢揭露”，故unearth意为“发现，发掘”。]
12．What can be the best title of the passage?
A．Do insects have emotions and empathy?
B．How do insects express their emotions?
C．Why are bees more sensitive to anger?
D．What feelings govern insects' behavior?
A [考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，文章主要讲的是昆虫同人类一样，也会有感情且会移情，故A项作本文标题最佳。]
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