专题四
介词
考向预测
介词是英语中比较活跃的词，它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活，意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with等。
2019年高考介词的考查仍然会以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
知识与技巧的梳理
介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。在高考考查中主要是对常用介词的辨析和对介词短语搭配的考查。
考点1 常见介词的活用
by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义，准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：
1. over可表位置，意为“在……上方；越过；遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在……期间；（多年）以来”等，它还有“在……（问题）上；对（某事）”等引申意义。如：
①You can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—It’ll look terrible．你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。
②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea．我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。
③We heard it over the radio．我们从广播中听到了它。
2.by的主要意思有“在……旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到……为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过……方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：
by and by 不久，迟早 by and large 大体上
by oneself 单独 by the way 顺便说说
by far 到目前为止，最…… by chance 碰巧
by accident 偶然地 by means of 借助
by no means 绝不，一点也不 by mistake 错误地
①The water in the river rose by two meters．河水上涨了两米。
②He is an Englishman by birth．他在血统上是英国人。
3.with可以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就……来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于“等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如：
①He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。
②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。
4．beyond表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于；(位置)在……那边，超出……之外；(范围)超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围”等意思。如：
①They arrived beyond nine o’clock．他们过了9：00才到。
②The book is beyond me．这本书我看不懂。
③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths．汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。
【典例】
Annie said she enjoyed the moment most that every morning she waked towards the classroom, she could see me standing outside the front door __________ a smile on my face.
【答案】with
【解析】考查介词用法。句子意思：安妮说她喜欢那一时刻，每天早上当她走进教室，她可以看到我站在前门，脸上带着微笑。with a smile on my face “脸上带着笑”，做状语。
考点2 介词的固定搭配
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。
1．名词词组：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one’s opinion根据某人的看法；on time准时；out of reach够不着
2．动词词组：remind sb of sth提醒某人某事；rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……；result from由……引起；call at访问(某地)
3．形容词词组：be curious about对……好奇；be proud of因……而自豪；be popular with受到……的欢迎
4．介词短语：apart from除……以外；in addition to除……之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为……提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of万一；thanks to由于；in the middle of在……中间；according to根据；in front of在……前面；in return for作为对……的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为……的结果；in exchange for与……交换等
【典例】
Next time you are to come for dinner, don’t forget to inform me _________ advance so that I can make preparations.
【答案】in
【解析】考查介词用法。句子意思：下次你来吃饭的时候，不要忘了提前告知我，以便我做好准备。in advance“提前”。
限时训练
（45分钟）
经典常规题
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国III】I was searching ______ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
【答案】for
【解题思路】考查介词，根据固定搭配search for，表示“寻找”，本句句意为：我在寻找我研究的三只西部低地大猩猩，故答案填for。
2.【2018·浙江】If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
【答案】for
【解题思路】考查介词的固定搭配。go to sp for dinner去某处吃饭，故答案为for。
3.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
【答案】as
【解题思路】考查介词。这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as表示“作为”，故填as。
4.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.
【答案】from
【解题思路】考查介词。与前面的介词to一起来表示上下班(to and from work)。
5.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
【答案】in
【解题思路】考查介词。get a degree in是固定搭配，意为“在……方面获得学位”。
二、短文改错
6.【2018·全国I】At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed.
【答案】 删除for
【解题思路】考查介词的用法。时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。
7.【2018·全国II】Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.
【答案】for改为with
【解题思路】考查介词。play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
【答案】on改为of
【解题思路】考查介词。分析语境可知作者表示“在路中间急刹车”。on the road表示“在路上”， the middle of the road表示“路的中央”，强调的是“the middle”。故将on改为of。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】They have also bought for some gardening tools.
【答案】去掉for
【解题思路】考查动词搭配。buy为及物动词，不能接介词for。
10.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.
【答案】删去第二个of
【解题思路】考查介词。realize是及物动词，后接宾语不需要介词，故删去介词of。
11.【2016·浙江】While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.
【答案】in改成on
【解题思路】考查介词。on the top of…为固定搭配，意为“在……顶部”。故in改成on。
高频易错题
一、语法填空
（2019届湖北省仙桃中学高三8月考试）A lot of films have tried to describe the afterlife and our memories of family members who have passed away. ___1____ few have done this as well as Coco, Disney-Pixar’s latest animated film.
__2___(inspire) by the Mexican holiday of Dia de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, the film tells the story of a young boy named Miguel who wants his family to understand his love of music. On that year’s Dia de los Muertos, he ___3____(accident) ends up in the Land of the Dead. While there, Miguel has ___4____ unforgettable and adventurous night.
Family is a__5___(center) concept in Mexican culture. On Dia de los Muertos, people in Mexico honor their ancestors by putting their photos up on a family shrine (神龛), ____6____ is shown in the film, and share food and drinks __7____(keep) the spirits of their family members alive.
“In an era when young people_____8_____(attract) by celebrities so easily, Coco reveals the__9______(empty) of such adulation (谄媚), teaching kids to preserve and respect the memory of their elders while reminding
them___10____ the fact that the source of true creativity is so often personal,” reporter Peter Debruge wrote for Variety.
【答案】
1. But 2. Inspired 3. accidentally 4. an 5. central
6. as 7. to keep 8. are attracted 9. emptiness 10. of
【解题思路】
文章介绍了迪士尼和皮克斯联手打造的动画巨作《寻梦环游记》，该片的灵感取自墨西哥亡灵节，制作团队创作了一个名叫米格尔的小男孩。他一直想让家人理解自己对音乐的热爱。那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。
1.考查连词。句意：不少电影都试着刻画过往人生世界以及我们对逝去亲人的追忆，但没有几部能比得上《寻梦环游记》这部迪士尼和皮克斯联手打造的动画巨作。前后表示转折，故填But。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意：该片的灵感取自墨西哥亡灵节，制作团队创作了一个名叫米格尔的小男孩。他一直想让家人理解自己对音乐的热爱。动词inspire的逻辑主语是film，电影和产生灵感是被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填Inspired。
3.考查副词。句意：那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。副词修饰动词。故填accidentally。
4.考查连词。句意：那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。冠词修饰可数名词表示一个，unforgettable是以元音开头的单词，前面用an，故填an。
5.考查形容词。句意：家庭是墨西哥文化中的核心概念。形容词修饰名词。故填central。
6.考查关系代词。句意：就像电影中所呈现的那样，在每年的亡灵节这天，墨西哥人都会在家族灵坛中摆放祖先的照片以纪念先人，供奉饮食，希望家人的亡灵永生。as引导定语从句，指代前面一件事，表示正如，作主语。故填as。
7.考查非谓语动词。句意：墨西哥人都会在家族灵坛中摆放祖先的照片以纪念先人，供奉饮食，希望家人的亡灵永生。表示目的，用动词不定式。故填to keep。
8.考查被动语态。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，主语年轻人们和吸引是被动关系，故填 are attractive。
9.考查名词。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，教给孩子们铭记并尊重与老人们的回忆，也让他们知道，真正的创造力往往来源于自身，冠词后用名词。故填emptiness。
10.考查介词。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，教给孩子们铭记并尊重与老人们的回忆，也让他们知道，真正的创造力往往来源于自身，提醒某人某事用remind somebody of something，故填of。
二、短文改错
（天成教育命题研究院2018年高考精准预测卷）One week before my wife’s birthday, I called some of her college friend and requested that they sent a video wishing her a “Happy Birthday”. I asked them to share with any pleasant memories they have from their college days.
Two days late I received seven videos from her friends she had not been in touch with for eight years! They described fun memories from college and talked how they missed those times.
When I showed the videos to my wife at her birthday, she could not stop smile. I saw tears of happy in her eyes. A simple gesture made her birthday specially by connecting her to her old friends.
【答案】
1. friend改为friends
2.sent改为send
3.删除with
4.have改为had
5.late改为later
6.talked后加about
7.at改为on
8.smile改为smiling
9.happy改为happiness
10.specially改为special
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文。作者给妻子过了一个有趣的生日，妻子深受感动，眼中含着幸福的泪水。
1.考查名词复数。在我妻子生日的前一周，我给她的一些大学朋友打了电话，并要求他们发送一段祝她“生日快乐”的视频。some of +名词复数，故把friend改成friends。
2.考查虚拟语气。根据主句中的requested可知其后的宾语从句需用（should）+动词原形表虚拟，should可省略，故把sent改为send。
3.考查固定搭配。我让他们分享在大学期间的美好回忆。share sth. with sb.与某人分享某物，故把with去掉。
4.考查时态。根据from their college days可知句子用一般过去时态，故把have改成had。
5.考查固定用法。Two days later两年后，故把late改成later。
6.考查固定搭配。他们描述了大学里的有趣回忆，并讲述了他们是如何错过那些时光的。talk about sth.谈论某事，故在talked后面加about。
7.考查介词。当我在她生日那天给我的妻子看这些视频时，她忍不住笑了。on one’s birthday在某人生日上，故把at改成on。
8.考查固定搭配。couldn’t help doing sth情不自禁做某事，故把smile改成smiling。
9.考查名词。我看到她眼中有幸福的泪水。此处应该用名词形式，故把happy改成happiness。
10.考查形容词。一个简单的手势使她的生日特别，把她和老朋友联系在一起。make+宾语+形容词，此处是形容词做宾语补足语，故把specially改成special。
精准预测题
一、语法填空
（2019届广东省中山市第一中学高三上学期第二次统测英语试题）
In recent years many TV shows have become extremely popular among Chinese audience. Those programs, ranging from talent or dating shows to reality shows 1 (receive) both commercial success and public attention.
Their popularity is 2 (main) based on simple facts. First, they care 3 social concerns. Second, without exception, they explore 4 perfect balance between the international forms and Chinese expressions.
Despite apparent highlights, much room 5 (leave) for improvement. Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many 6 (complaint) about the 7 (bearable) advertisements. In addition, some sharp remarks, 8 they are eye-catching, may have misleading effects on the youth.
In my opinion, such shows should shoulder more responsibility instead of merely 9 (entertain) the public. 10 is expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions. Meanwhile, the media should also safeguard the values of our society.
【答案】1.have received 2. mainly 3.about 4. a 5. is left
6. complaints 7. unbearable 8. though/although/while 9. entertaining 10. As
【解题思路】本文讲述了近年来，许多电视节目在中国非常受欢迎，但是有些节目中多得让人无法忍受的广告引起了人们的抱怨。
1.考查时态。根据第一句的时间状语in recent years和谓语形式，以及句意的理解，此处用现在完成时态。
2.考查形容词和副词。修饰谓语用副词形式。
3.考查介词。care about关心，在乎。
4. 考查不定冠词。 a perfect balance一个完美的平衡。
5. 考查时态和语态。该句意指这些节目还有很多有待于提高的空间，主语是room，用一般现在时态的被动语态。
6. 考查名词。前面有many且为可数名词，所以应填复数形式。
7.考查语意（构词法）。此处意为这些节目中多得让人无法忍受的广告引起了人们的抱怨，根据句意，bearable应用否定意义，加上表反义的前缀un-。
8. 考查连词。该句句意为尽管这些节目很吸引眼球，但是会对青少年造成误导。
9. 考查非谓语。entertain被instead of 连接，应用doing形式。
10. 考查定语从句，as is expected正如所期待的那样，as此处引导非限制性定语从句。
二、短文改错
（2019届湖北省黄冈市高三9月质量检测英语试题）
I still remembered I helped one of my classmates with his English one years ago. Li Hua, one of my classmates, who was not good at English while I did well. One day, she asked me to help him. So from now on, whenever he had problems, he would ask me, but I was patient to explain them to him. Slowly, his English improved under my help. At same time, I found my English improved too. As the saying goes, “roses giving, fragrance in hand.” Actual, helping others is helping ourselves.
【答案】
1.remembered改为remember
2.years改为year
3.去掉who
4.she改为he
5.now改为then
6.but改为and
7.under改为with
8.At后添加the
9.giving改为given
10.Actual改为Actually
【解题思路】本文讲述了我帮助同学学英语，而我自己的英语也得到了提高，诠释了“赠人玫瑰，手留余香”“助人如助己”的传统美德。
1.考查时态。根据句意，记住属于现在的动作，故用一般现在时。
2.考查名词。根据one可知用year的单数形式。
3.考查连词。分析句子结构可知，主语Li Hua，缺少谓语，故去掉who，谓语是was。
4.考查代词。根据前后主语的一致性。
5.考查副词。根据句意应为从那时起。
6.考查连词。根据句意前后句为并列句故用and。
7.考查介词。固定短语with one’s help。
8.考查冠词。固定短语at the same time。
9.考查非谓语动词。roses与give之间为被动关系，需将giving改为given。
10.考查副词。副词作状语。
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