高考英语阅读拓展训练2-程序与因果类阅读解析

程序与因果类阅读解析 程序解说型阅读 程序分为两种：一种是指令性程序，一种是知识性(信息性) 程序。前者教读者怎么做某事， 目的是让读者读完这篇文章后能按照指令，自己去完成一件事。后者向读者解释某个事物的 工作原理，其目的不是让读者读后去做这件事，而是让读者更好地了解这个过程，丰富这方 面的知识。在某些程序解释中，步骤的顺序是非常重要的，而在另一些程序解释中顺序并不 重要。 篇章展示 Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website Book Crossing. com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. Book Crossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of Book Crossing, says, "The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. Book Crossing combines both." Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the Bookcrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. Book Crossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the "real" and not the virtual. The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries. 29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce Book Crossing. C. To stress the importance of reading. D. To encourage readers to share their ideas. 30. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. The book B. An adventureC. A public place D. The identification number 31. What will a Book Crosser do with a book after reading it? A. Meet other readers to discuss it. B. Keep it safe in his bookcase. C. Pass it on to another reader. D. Mail it back to its owner. 32. What is the best title for the text? A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A New Trend C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Bad D. A Website Links People through Books 专有名词小贴士 Book Crossing 是一个图书漂流的网站，一些爱好阅读的人将自己拥有的书贴上标签或夹上纸条，投放到公 园、咖啡厅 等公众场所，供后来者进行阅读接力。它可以为文献和书籍“提供新的生命”。 因为图书会从一个读者传递到另一个读者，所以说 Book Crossing 给每本图书一个特殊的身 份，它可以跟踪和连接它的读者。目前有遍及 132 个国家 1017709 位“BookCrossers”的 9041948 本图书。 小题解析 【原文简析】 第一段以读者熟悉的 book groups(书友会)这一传统读书交流方式引出一个新概念一一 Book Crossing．即本文的主题“图书漂流”。 中间的第二、四、五段都是讲 Book Crossing 的运作原理。最后一段是对 Book Crossing 的现状描述, 与首段相呼应。文章中有两处引用 了 Book Crossing 的总经理 Bruce Pederson 的话, 说明该网站的宗旨。总体上，这是一篇解 释事物原理的说明文。 【答案解析】 29．本题考查说明类语篇的段落功能。说明文的第一段通常都是起到引出主题( subject)的作 用。作者在第一段中提出读书也是一种社交活动，那些参加读书小组的人经常在一起阅读讨 论所读内容，增强相互之间的理解。接着在最后一句提出 Book Crossing. com，说明作者提 到读书小组的目的正是为了介绍网站 BookCrossing.con。故 B 正确。 30．本题考査语篇的衔接方式之一——指代( reference)。代词 it 通常指代出现在它前面的最靠近它的特定名词（the ＋名词），根据 "...hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it" 可知，那些留下书的人希望自己的 书能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的 it 指代前半句提到的同一事物"the book"。故 A 正确。 31．本题考查文章细节内容的推断。读懂文章，即理解 Book Crossing 的运作原理之后就不 难选出正确答案。根据文章第五段最后一句"...the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home" 可知，让书蒙上尘土是一种很自私的行 为，网站 Book Crossing. com 的目的正是鼓励人们与别人分享图书，所以拿到书的人最可能 继续把书传递下去。故 C 项正确。 32．本题考查对全文主旨的把握和概括能力。根据文意第三段可知 Book Crossing.com 把改 变人生的两种事物：遇到的人和读过的书联系在一起。D 项内容能够涵盖文章的中心思想。 词汇精炼 ★ register /ˈredʒɪstə(r)/ ★ stick /stɪk/ v. 登记，注册；表达（意见或情感） eg: The ship was registered in Panama. 这艘船是在巴拿马注册的。 China has registered a protest over foreign intervention. 中国对外国干涉正式提出了抗议。 vt. 刺，伸出；粘贴 eg: He sticks a stamp on the envelope. 他把一张邮票贴到信封上。 I stick the photos into an album. 我把照片贴到相册上。 ★ identification /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ ★ combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ n. 鉴定，识别；认同 eg: Her emotional identification with the play's heroine increases a lot. 她与剧中女主人公在情感上的共鸣增加了很多。 vt. 使结合；使联合 eg: The hotel combines comfort with convenience. 这家旅馆既舒适又方便 ★ virtual /ˈvɜːtʃuəl/ ★ selfish /ˈselfɪʃ/ adj. 虚拟的 eg: New technology has enabled development of an online virtual library. 新技术已经使在线虚拟图书馆的发展成为可能。 adj. 自私的；利己主义的 eg: What a selfish thing to do! 这样做，多么自私！ ★ journal entry ★ the managing director n. 流水分录；日记账分录 n. 总经理eg: Write a journal entry. When's the last time you wrote in a journal? 你上一次写日记是什么时候了？ eg: He is the managing director of our company. 他是我们公司的总经理。 难句剖析 【难句 1】 Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. 【句子翻译】 然后这个人把它放在一个公共场所，希望这本书会有一次冒险，和每一个找到它的新读者一 起远行。 【句式分析】 本句句子主干是 Then the person leaves it in a public place. 后面含有现在分词短语 hoping that...作目的状语，同时现在分词短语中又含有 that 引导的宾语从句。句子后半部分同样层 层叠套，首先是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰先行词 adventure，此结构中又包含了 who 引 导的定语从句修饰先行词 reader。 因果分析型阅读 这类文章分析两个事物之间的因果关系。这类文章又可细分为两个小类：一类是探究导致某 个结果的多个原因；另一类讨论某个原因可能导致的数个结果。 篇章展示 Passenger pigeons (旅鸽) once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks so large that they darkened the sky for hours. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons--a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati. Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants. By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans' need for wood which scattered the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again. In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914. 24. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons _______ A. were the biggest bird in the world. B. lived mainly in the south of America. C. did great harm to the natural environment. D. were the largest bird population in the US. 25. The underlined word "undoing" probably refers to the pigeons_________ A. escape B. ruin C. liberation D. evolution 26. What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons? A. To seek pleasure. B. To save other birds. C. To make money. D. To protect crops. 27. What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan? A. It was ignored by the public. B. It was declared too late. C. It was unfair. D. It was strict. 小题解析 【原文简析】 本文属于解释因果关系的说明类语篇。第一段概述 18 至 19 世纪美国旅鸽数量之惊人。第二段以具体数据详述当时美国旅鸽数量之多。第三段讲述美国旅鸽数量减少的原因——商业 性捕杀。第四段讲述旅鸽数量减少的另外一个原因——它们赖以生存的森林遭砍伐。第五段 讲述密歇根州试图通过一项法律来保护旅鸽，但为时过晚。 【答案解析】 24.考查对特定细节信息的理解。在 18 世纪和 19 世纪初期，旅鸽的数量怎么样？根据 Passenger pigeons （ 旅 鸽 ） once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks so large that they darkened the sky for hours. 可知在美国，18 世纪和 19 世纪旅鸽的数量很大。故选 D。 25.考查通过语境推测生词词义的能力。undoing 所在的句子中含有情态动词 may，说明这 句话是作者的观点，而其后的句子(包括下一段)都是这个观点的支持句。因此，划线单词 undoing 可能指的是旅鸽发生了什么情况？根据 Where the birds were abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands.可知人们认为旅 鸽数量多，会永恒的供应。于是，成千的人杀害了旅鸽。故判断此处 undoing 的意思是死 亡，毁灭。正确答案为 B 项。 26.考查分析因果关系的能力。人们杀死旅鸽的主要原因是什么？根据 Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.可知商业猎人捕捉了大量的旅鸽，把他们卖到大城市的餐馆里，因此 推测人们杀死旅鸽的主要原因是为了赚钱。故选 C。选项 A 的意思是寻开心。文中没有提到 让人们高兴的内容，故不符合文章的意思。选项 B，为了挽救其他鸟类。在文中没有提到其 他鸟类，不符合原文，故排除 B 项。选项 D，为了保护庄稼。根据 the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans' need for wood, which scattered （驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north，可知美国人是为了需要木材而 驱赶旅鸽，而不是为了保护庄稼，故排除 D 项。 27.考查推理能力。关于密歇根州通过得法律我们可以推断出什么？根据 In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.可知到密歇根州通过禁止屠杀旅鸽的法律时，在 美国已经 10 年没有见过大的旅鸽群了，这可推断旅鸽数量已经很少了，因此这项法律通过 得太晚了。故选 B。 词汇精炼 ★ unbelievable /ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbl/ ★ calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/ adj. 难以置信的；不可信的 eg: It's unbelievable that they have permitted this vt. 计算；预测 eg: You'll need to calculate how much time the trial to go ahead. 令人震惊的是他们竟允许进行这项审讯。 assignment will take. 你需要算一算要花多少时间才能完成分配的 任务。 ★ abundant /əˈbʌndənt/ ★ ever-lasting /ˌevəˈlɑːstɪŋ/ adj. 丰富的；充裕的 eg: Fish are abundant in the lake. 湖里鱼很多。 adj. 永恒的；接连不断的 eg: I'm tired of your everlasting complaints. 我讨厌你没完没了的抱怨。 ★ flock /flɒk/ ★ nest /nest/ n. 群 eg: a flock of children/reporters 一大群儿童╱记者 vt. 筑巢；巢居 eg: Thousands of seabirds are nesting on the cliffs. 成千上万的海鸟在悬崖上筑巢。 ★ scatter /ˈskætə(r)/ ★ prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/ v. 撒播；散开；散布 eg: At the first gunshot, the crowd scattered. 枪声一响，人群便逃散了。 vt. 阻止，禁止 eg: He was prohibited from travelling abroad. 他被禁止出国旅游。 ★ sizable /'saɪzəbl/ ★ affectionately /əˈfekʃənətli/ adj. 相当大的；大小相当的 eg: But many banks could face sizable risks if bor rowers failed to repay loans. 但是倘若借贷者无力归还欠款的话，多家银 行都将面临相当大的风险。 adv. 亲切地；挚爱地 eg: We have what we affectionately call " the seven rooms of torture". 我们亲切地把训练的七间屋子称为“魔鬼训 练营”。 难句剖析 【难句 1】 Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. 【句子翻译】商业猎人把它们吸引到有谷物的小空地上，等鸽子停下来觅食，然后用大网罩住它们，一次 捕获数百只。 【句式分析】 本句是简单句，句式可分解为：主谓宾：Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings， 后面的 with grain 是伴随状语，过去分词 waited 部分也是伴随状语，并且包含一个 until 引导的时间状语从句。句子末尾，taking 的短语是现在分词短语作结果状语。短语 at a time 意为“一次”。 【难句 2】 By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans' need for wood which scattered the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. 【句子翻译】 到了 19 世纪的最后几十年，美国人对木材的需求导致旅鸽巢所在的硬木林遭到破坏，导致 旅鸽群分散，被迫向更北的地方迁徙，寒冷的气温和春季的暴风雨导致旅鸽数量下降。 【句式分析】 本句中含有三个定语从句，首先 where 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 the hardwood forests ， 同时定语从句中又有 which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 wood；最后一个定语从句是 where 引导的非限从修饰 north。 阅读小练 题型: 阅读理解 难度: 准确率: 33.23% 题 1 Importance of College Education During the high school career, students may begin to question the importance of a college education. They might find themselves asking, "Why is it important to go to college?" The answer is that, more than ever, attending college provides opportunities for graduates which are not as widespread to those who have not received a higher education. For many high school students, being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought. They may also be repelled by the rising cost of tuition, and while it is true that a higher education may be one of the largest expenses you will ever face, the importance of a college education has become quite evident in terms of earning potential within today's economy. Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more opportunity. As opposed to generations of the past, high school graduates today are unable to obtain the number of high-paying jobs that were once available. The U.S. has been transformed from a manufacturing-based economy to an economy based on knowledge, and the importance of a college education today can be compared to that of a high school education forty years ago. It serves as the gateway to better options and more opportunity. There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college. When students experience a post secondary education, they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields. This stimulation encourages students to think, ask questions, and explore new ideas, which allows for additional growth and development and provides college graduates with an edge in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education. The importance of a college education is also accentuated because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources during your tenure. The more connections which are collected during your college career, the more options you will have when you begin your job search. Once you have ended your job search and have started your career, however, the importance of a college education has not been exhausted. Having a college degree often provides for greater promotion opportunity. So, why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect. A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints, and while the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students, what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education. (1) Why do some high school graduates prefer working to college study? A. To obtain high-paying jobs. B. To earn money at an early ago C. To spend less money on tuition. D. To adapt to the knowledge-based society. (2) The author most likely agrees with the idea that . A. too much time is spent on lectures in college study. B. high school education is a gateway to more opportunity. C. college graduates gain more chances over others in job market. D. a college degree guarantees promotion in American companies. (3) What is most likely to be talked about in the paragraph after the last paragraph of the passage? A. Affording college education. B. Changing college education. C. Receiving college education. D. Refusing college education. (4) Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point（次要点）C: ConclusionA. B. C. D. 隐藏答案 1.答案 B 解析 细节题。根据第二段中的 "…being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought…" 可知高中毕业即就业可以更早挣钱。因此选 B 项。 2.答案 C 解析 细节题。根据第三段中的 "One important answer to his question is more opportunity…" 可 知上大学在就业上会有更多的选择机会。因此选 C 项。 3.答案 A 解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 "…what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education" 可知紧接着会谈论如何能够有足够的钱接受大学教育。因此选 A 项。 4.答案 D 解析 语篇结构题。本文采用总分总形式撰写，在引入主题后，先陈述为什么有人愿意高中毕业就 就业，此为观点 1（P1）；后陈述为什么应该接受大学教育，此为观点 2（P2），而观点 2 有 第三、第四、第五共三段展开，即有三个次要点。最后为总结。故而本篇结构为 D。