【一模汇编】2020 届高三英语一模 16 区（15 份）概要写作（Summary）汇编
01. 黄浦区
Online “friends” ―a threat to development
The impact of technology on the nature of our friendships has been a much-debated topic since the dramatic rise of
social networks. Advances in mobile technology and social networking websites mean we spend more time online than
ever before. It is therefore not surprising that so many psychologists, sociologists, and others are eager to give their
thoughts on how this is impacting negatively on our society.
There is one element of social networking that is deeply worrying. We find ourselves in a hyper-connected world
where people access social media day and night, excited to make announcements about the tiniest details of their lives.
Research is starting to show that this culture is negatively affecting not our friendships but our character. Professor Larry
D. Rosen says that young people who overuse social networking sites can become ineffective, aggressive, and display
anti-social behavior in their offline lives. But perhaps an even more disturbing effect is that one of our most basic
emotions seems to be disappearing—empathy. This is the emotion that allows us to see the world from our friends’
points of view. Without it, we are far less able to connect and form meaningful adult relationships.
Professor Sherry Turkle suggests that people are no longer comfortable being alone. This is something confirmed
by a study where 200 university students were asked to go without social media for 24 hours. Many admitted an
addiction to their online social network; most complained that they felt cut off from family and friends. And yet being
alone is a time when we self-reflect and get in touch with who we really are. It is only when we do this that we can make
meaningful friendships with others.
These potential changes in our characters are rather alarming, so it is clear that we can’t neglect those negative
impacts of social networks.
答案：71.There is an increasing concern about social networks’ negative impact on our society. As young people are
crazy about sharing life moments online, they may develop bad characters and lose empathy. Besides, people can’t bear
being alone, the lack of which makes them unable to self-reflect. So we should pay attention to those impacts. (54 words)02. 宝山区
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more
than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
People choose to become entrepreneurs (创业者) for a wide variety of reasons. One important reason is, of course,
financial reward. If you own your own business and it becomes successful, you can reap huge financial rewards. And as
an entrepreneur, dependent on how much your boss decides to give you; it’s limited only by the success of your
business. And speaking of bosses, not having a supervisor is another major advantage of becoming an entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurs are often independent thinkers who want to be in charge of projects, rather than having others tell them
what to do. They often have big dreams that they want to pursue rather than making someone else’s dream come true.
For many entrepreneurs, starting a business is a way of solving a problem or helping people receive something they
need. It’s a way to change the world for the better.
Being an entrepreneur isn’t easy, however, nor is it always fun. Entrepreneurs often have to work long hours,
especially early on when they’re trying to get their businesses off the ground. That’s the reason entrepreneurs need to
have a strong work ethic (伦理). Employees can work 40 hours a week and then stop, but for an entrepreneur, there’s no
end in sight.
That’s why another feature of successful entrepreneurs is passion; they have to be excited about what they’re doing
to be willing to work hard for it. Entrepreneurs also need good communication skills to pass on that passion to others.
That’s important for finding investors, getting people to buy products and attracting employees.
Entrepreneurs also need to be creative people who are able to find solutions to problems they encounter. This is
important from the very beginning, when the entrepreneur comes up with an initial concept of a business. But even after
that initial step, creative thinking is continually necessary to adapt to changing situations and to solve problems that
come up.
答案：This passage is about the advantages and challenges of starting a business. On one hand, a boss can get financial
rewards and independence avoiding control from others. On the other hand, a boss must have passion for his own
business, good communication skills and creative thinking, which can help him solve problems. （52w）03. 崇明区
Giving Thanks
This is the season for taking the time to reflect on what we’re thankful for in life. Spending that time with friends
and family to give thanks is what makes the holidays so special. But why should we limit it to just a few weeks in the
years? Gratitude is a muscle we should strengthen year-round to make us healthier, happier humans and leaders.
Emmons, through his research, found that grateful people reported feeling healthier, both mentally and physically.
Specifically, those who were grateful were 25 percent happier than those who weren’t. In the workplace, well-being is a
crucial topic when it comes to preventing employee burn-out and promoting engagement. Beyond the research that
shows that employees who are shown that they are appreciated are more productive by 50 percent, caring for your
employees’ well-being is simply the right thing to do. Providing programs that support managing life’s everyday
challenges, offering fitness classes or implementing flexible work schedules are just a few things that, when paired with
gratitude, can lead to more productive, engaged and happier working professionals.
Working in an ever-evolving, fast-paced industry, I am surrounded by ambitious people who are always striving for
more and better. Gratitude challenges you to reflect in the moment instead of always thinking about the future. It starts
by paying attention to what’s going on in your life, and that true self-awareness is a key ingredient to being successful in
your career.
Gratitude is a powerful tool for strengthening relationships, both at work and in your personal life. People who
express their gratitude tend to be more willing to forgive others and therefore able to create long-lasting connections.
The old saying goes “It’s never too late to say you’re sorry,” but the same is true of gratitude. That’s a gift worth
celebrating 365 days a year.
答案：
We should show gratitude year-round as it is beneficial to both our personal and professional life. First, it helps our
physical and mental health and makes us happier, thus promoting production at work. Second, it makes us more
self-aware, which can contribute to career success. Lastly, it makes us more likely to forgive others and helps build
strong relationships. (59 words)04. 松江区
It goes without saying that the language spoken by the majority of British people has the same name as the language
spoken by most citizens of the U.S.A. Nonetheless, quite apart from well-documented lexical (词汇的) differences –
pavement/sidewalk, lift/elevator, etc. – there are still some words and phrases which can cause confusion and
misunderstanding between speakers of the two different forms. That’s why some people say that Great Britain and the
United States are nations separated by a common language. There are practical reasons for this.
When the first English settlers arrived in what we now call America, the language they spoke was naturally the
same as that spoken by their compatriots (同胞) on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. However, they immediately saw
things which didn’t exist in Europe, often items used and made by Native Americans, such as canoes and moccasins and
creatures such as buffalo. They also picked up words which they heard being used by other European immigrants. The
word “boss”, for example, was used by settlers from Holland in New York in the mid-17th century. It comes from the
Dutch word “baas”, which means master. The word “cookie” also comes from the Dutch “koekje”.
There are many words, phrases and even grammatical structures which are mistaken for Americanisms (美式英语
用语) in Britain when they are nothing of the sort. Very often, they represent not an American import, but an original
form of British English which has disappeared in Britain. The verbs “guess” meaning think and “loan” meaning lend and
the adjective “mad” meaning angry are frequently criticized as Americanisms, yet they all appeared in British English
hundreds of years ago. In the case of “loan”, it was used as long ago as 1,200 years! In fact, English spoken in the UK
has changed so thoroughly in the last 500 years that American English now represents the last place where some original
British English forms can be found.
答案：Although American English and British English are the same language, there are great differences. Two reasons
account for the phenomenon. New words were created after the first English settlers in America saw new things and
learned words from other Europeans. Additionally, some original expressions have been changed by British people while
they are still being used by Americans.05. 虹口区
The Zeigarnik Effect
Have you ever found yourself thinking about a partially finished project for school or work when you were trying to
focus on other things? Or perhaps you wondered what would happen next in your favorite TV show or film series. If you
have, you’ve experienced the Zeigarnik effect. You tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished tasks.
Knowledge of the Zeigarnik effect can be put into use in everyday life.
The effect is especially well suited for helping overcome procrastination or delaying an action to a later time. We
often put off big tasks that seem overwhelming. However, the Zeigarnik effect suggests that the key to overcoming
procrastination is to just get started. The first step could be something small and seemingly insignificant. In fact, it’s
probably best if it’s something fairly easy.
The Zeigarnik effect can be useful for students who are studying for an exam. The effect tells us that breaking up
study periods can actually improve recall. So instead of cramming for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be
scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will cause intrusive(侵入的) thoughts, enabling students
to rehearse and consolidate the information that must be remembered, leading to better recall when they take the exam.
The Zeigarnik effect also points to reasons why people may experience mental health problems. If an individual
leaves important tasks incomplete, the intrusive thoughts that result can lead to stress, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and
emotional distress. Conversely, completing a task can give an individual a sense of accomplishment and lead to a feeling
of closure that can improve psychological well-being.
The Zeigarnik effect can actually be used to positively impact your work productivity.
答案：The Zeigarnik effect, the tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones, is useful in daily life.
Firstly, it can keep people from putting off things when they start with a small step. Besides, it encourages breaks in
students’ study, thus improving recall in exams. Thirdly, it promotes mental health by providing the motivation needed
to finish tasks. (59 words)06. 徐汇区
The Decline of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the range of living things in an area. During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in
biodiversity. Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140,000
species of plants are lost each year.
Most of the extinctions in the last thousand years are due to humans. The main cause is the chopping down of
tropical rain forests. Most of this destruction is done to create pasture (牧场) for beef cattle. Many rainforests in Central
and South America have been burnt down to make way for cattle farming, which supplies beef to the rest of the world. It
is estimated that for each pound of beef produced, 200 square feet of rainforest are destroyed. The forests are also cut
down to make wheat for bread as well as fruit for human consumption.
The introduction of exotic ( 外 来 的 ) species is another threat. The latest research from the University of
Southampton has revealed the impact of exotic species upon native wildlife, which could potentially lead to the
extinctions of local species. When exotic species are introduced to a place, they try to establish a self-sustaining
population. While the local species, which haven’t had a chance to evolve, often lack defenses and thus cannot compete
against the exotic species.
The disappearance of certain food animals can be disastrous not only to larger animals but also to the entire
ecosystem. It is these small creatures which convert much of the energy in an ecosystem from unusable (i.e. microscopic
plants, decaying matter, etc.) into usable forms, namely their bodies. Their absence makes most energy and nutrients
trapped in forms unusable to other species. This makes the environment less suitable for healthy living, and less capable
of producing resources that humans need.
答案：Biodiversity is declining fast. One major reason is that people cut down tropical rain forests to raise cattle for beef
or to grow food. Another reason is that some local species may extinct because they cannot compete with exotic species.
The disappearance of certain species can do great harm to the ecosystem and environment.（54 words）07. 嘉定区
Most of us — even those at the top — struggle with public-speaking anxiety. When I ask my clients what makes
them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: “I don’t like being watched”, “I don’t like the eyes on me”
or “I don’t like being in the spotlight”.
To understand why, we need to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us as an
existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad
news is that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public speaking. In other words,
public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA.
Fortunately, there is a solution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn the focus away
from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a
decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the brain. When we are kind to
others, we overcome the sense of being under attack and start to feel less nervous.
Admittedly, this is hard to do. But it’s absolutely possible to become a generous speaker. To begin with, when you
start preparing for a presentation, the mistake you often make is starting with the topic. Instead, you should start with the
audience. Identify the audience’s needs, and craft a message that speaks directly to those needs. Also, you are the most
nervous right before you speak. This is the moment when your brain is telling you, “Everyone is judging me.” But it is
exactly the moment when you should refocus your brain. Over time, your brain will begin to get it, and you will become
less nervous.
答案：Possible version1:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because there are many eyes on the speakers. The reason is that humans
turned the fear of being watched by predators in prehistoric times into public speaking. To solve the problem, people
should focus on helping the audience, speaking directly to the audience’s needs and refocusing their brain before
speaking. (55)
Possible version2:
Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. The reason dates back to prehistoric times
when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. To solve the problem, people
should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. They should speak directly to the audience’s needs
and refocus their brain before speaking. (57)08. 青浦区
Social media and teens’ anxiety
From cyber-bullying to cruel comments, social media can be a land mine for kids. Issues parents never worried
about are now a risk for many teens. With kids’ digital well-being a concern, researchers are exploring potential links
between social media and the rise in teen suicide rates, tech addiction, and loss of real-life social skills. Many parents are
wondering: Is social media causing my kid to have anxiety?
It’s a question that worried parents. Some research has observed a relationship between social media use and
anxiety in kids, but it’s difficult to know if and when social media causes anxiety or whether kids who are anxious turn
to social media as a way to seek support. How kids use social media matters, too. Social comparison and
feedback-seeking behaviors have been associated with depressive symptoms, which often co-occur with anxiety.
How can parents keep social media a positive for kids?
1. Seeing photos of a trip to the beach your friends didn’t invite you to can really be upsetting. If your kid is tired of
digital drama, suggest they take a break from social media for a while. In fact, if they post a status update that they’re
taking a break, their friends might be very accepting because they’ve had similar feelings.
2. People post stuff that makes their lives look perfect — not the homework struggles, or the fight they had with
their dad. Remind kids that social media leaves the messy stuff out — and that everyone has ups and downs.
3. In a world where kids could spend their days lying around looking at Wechat, it’s doubly important for them to
feel as though they’re cultivating their inner lives. Prompt them to balance social media with soul-nourishing activities
such as hobbies, exercise, reading, and helping others. Otherwise, what are they going to show off about on social
media?
答案：Whether social media causes anxiety has become the focus of parents concerned with their kids’ digital health.
Tips are offered on positive effects of social media on children. They can keep off social medial temporarily if bored
with it. They should be aware that life is imperfect and face barriers bravely. Besides, taking some meaningful offline
activities are strongly recommended. (60 字)09. 杨浦区
The Psychology of Spending
Dr. Thomas Gilovich, psychology professor at Cornell University, has studied the psychology of spending for over
20 years. According to Dr. Gilovich, “We buy things to make us happy, and we succeed, but only for a while. New
things are exciting to us at first, but then we adapt to them.” In other words, once the freshness of our newest purchase
wears off, we begin looking for something else to buy to make us happy.
Dr. Gilovich found that our satisfaction with possessions fades over time. Yet our happiness over things we've
experienced increases. For that reason, he has concluded that we are spending our money on the wrong things. A study
out of San Francisco State University agrees. The research showed that those people who spent money on experiences
instead of possessions were happier. They also thought their money was better invested.
To begin with, activities like a trip, adventure, hobby, etc. tend to bring the participants together and unite them
over a shared interest. According to Gilovich, “We consume experiences directly with other people.” As a result, these
experiences typically create a positive link and good feelings toward the other person or people.
Besides, your experience shows others who you are and what you are. For example, you might be someone who
loves taking cooking classes. More than likely, you'll become known by friends and family as a great cook. They won't
know you as someone who owns the latest kitchen equipment.
Lastly, planned experiences are frequently something we look forward to. Then when the moment arrives, if we
enjoy the time involved in the activity, we're left with fond memories. These memories will often last a lifetime. Even
our worst trips, on many occasions, are later remembered with laughter.
答案：71.After studying the link between spending and happiness for years, Dr. Gilovich has found that experiences
rather than possessions paid for will more likely bring long-lasting happiness. Firstly, activities can unite individuals,
thus creating a feeling of closeness. Secondly, what we do rather than what we own shows our identity. Lastly,
experiences whether good or bad, provide lasting fond memories. (59) 10. 长宁、金山区
Cryptocurrency (加密货币)
Making payments online is very easy these days if you have a credit card or a bank card that uses a payment
network. Sending money online to a friend, you have to use a payment service like Google Pay or PayPal, or make a
bank transfer. However, there is usually a significant delay before the receiver can use the money, and transfers can have
sizeable fees.
In 2008, a group of people published a paper describing a process that would use cryptograph (密码学) to create a
secure electronic cash system, known as a cryptocurrency. Person-to-person payments could be made online using a
shared network of computers instead of a bank or other financial organization. Each transaction could happen very
quickly. The shared network of computers would also serve as the means to confirm those transactions safely. Getting rid
of the need for a centralized banking system would open up the possibility for anyone to become part of the digital
economy.
Today, there are over a thousand different cryptocurrencies. Most are still trying to be valid global payment systems
like Bitcoin. They are held back by problems affecting the entire cryptocurrency industry. One issue is weak security on
cryptocurrency websites where users either store their electronic cash in virtual “wallets” or exchange one kind of
electronic cash for another. However, clever thieves have broken into many of these websites and stolen electronic cash.
The websites are struggling to protect their users from such thefts.
Another problem is the large number of false cryptocurrencies advertised on the Internet. The advertisements invite
Internet users to visit websites offering new cryptocurrencies. Many visitors are persuaded to buy their cryptocurrencies
using actual money. Later, the websites disappear along with the victims’ money. In response to this problem, companies
like Facebook and Google are limiting cryptocurrency advertising on their websites.
答 案 ： Cryptocurrency, a quick, safe and convenient electronic cash system, is a solution to online money transfer.
However, it's now challenged by problems. One is the weakness of website security, which gives clever thieves
opportunities. The other is the loss caused by false cryptocurrencies. To protect users, websites are fighting against thefts
and companies are limiting cryptocurrency advertisements. (57 words)11. 浦东新区
How Supermarkets Are Changing Britain
The British love their supermarkets. And there are more and more of them every year. But is this a good thing?
Not necessarily. For a start, many small shops can’t compete on price with superstores such as Tesco. And they
don’t have as many products either. As a result, 36% of the UK’s small shops shut down between 1990 and 1996 while
the number of supermarkets increased from 457 to 1,102. Supermarkets have even had a negative effect on the British
pub. Beer and wine is much cheaper in a supermarket than in a pub. There are now over 55,000 supermarkets in the UK,
but less than 55,000 pubs. A decade ago there were more than 61,000. These days, pubs are closing at the rate of 39 a
week!
Supermarkets are also bad for animal welfare. The UK has high standards in this field, but some supermarkets get
their meat from abroad. And in many cases, this meat is produced under conditions that would be illegal in the UK. But
once they’ve got the meat, supermarkets put a British flag on the product as the meat is packed there. Dishonest? Not
exactly, but it isn’t entirely true either!
Supermarkets have a poor environmental record too. Many of them don’t store food products themselves as storage
space is expensive, so they get food producers to do it for them. This means that supermarket lorries have to make more
trips to collect supplies. In turn, this increases the amount of petrol used, which leads to more pollution. Supermarkets
also use a lot of plastic packaging, which isn’t good for the environment either.
So, what can be done to help the “little guys”? Not much really. Supermarkets have a lot of power. Many political parties
receive donations from supermarkets. And supermarkets often use their money to influence decisions. For example, just
before the year 2000, one supermarket gave the government £12 million to help build the Millennium Dome in London.
Later, plans to tax supermarket car parks were dropped.
答案：略12. 静安区
Do We Need Art in Our Lives
No one will be surprised to hear that the arts are under fire in this day and age. We view the arts as something of a
hobby, something that’s fun but certainly can’t pay the rent. If it’s not a useful skill, no wonder arts funding is being cut
in schools. Do we really need art in our lives?
In schools, time and money is at a premium (稀有而珍贵), now more than ever. With teachers having to fit so
many lessons into every day, it’s easy to see why art is dropping more and more by the wayside. Budgets are dropping at
an alarming rate, and what school is going to drop teaching in essential subjects such as math or science when they can
drop art instead?
It seems as though the loss of art in daily life is a sad fact of life, but it doesn’t have to be. There are actually a lot of
practical uses for art for many people. For example, art therapy has helped people with a range of illnesses, both mental
and physical, cope with their symptoms. Art is found almost anywhere you look in your home. Practical items, such as
bedspreads, furniture or clothing, are all art forms in themselves and arouse emotions in the people interacting with them.
Art also gives us insight into the world. History tells us what happened and when it happened, but it can’t tell us
how the population at large felt about it, which is where art steps in. We know a lot about how people in the past lived
and worked, because their art has given us such a deep insight into their daily lives. We wouldn’t have that insight
without it.
Most of all, we need art in our lives as it gives us a form of self-expression. Being able to talk about our feelings is
essential to staying healthy. You may not think you talk about your feelings, but you may express them in other ways.
Some like to cook or bake, some like to work on machinery, and others may like to paint or draw. Whatever you like to
do in your spare time, you’re probably creating art every day.
So, do we need art in our lives? Many people would say no, but the art they’re thinking of is the art you see in
galleries. Art is actually much more accessible and is truly needed in everyday life. It helps those in need, gives people in
the future an idea of what life was like, and is a vital form of self-expression.
答案：Considered as a hobby or fun, art is ignored in schools. Limited time and money is spent on essential subjects.
However, art is very useful and everywhere. As therapy, art benefits health. Besides, it enables us to understand the
world better. Above all, we often express our feelings in the form of art. Therefore, art is needed.13. 闵行区
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids,
says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a
lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too
much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for
fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.
Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for
their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If
praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that
deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to
achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really
Matters. “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you
should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also
mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But
whatever it is, praise should be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
答案：Currently, contrary to what people did in the past, many parents think highly of their kids too often. It is not proper
to praise children too much, but they can't do the opposite. What matters is not the quantity but the quality of praise.
Parents should praise their children in promotion to how much effort they make.14. 普陀区
New Research on Kids’ Poor Math Achievement
If the thought of a math test makes you break out in a cold sweat, Mom or Dad may be partly to blame, according to
the new research published in Psychological Science.
A team of researchers found that children of math-anxious parents learned less math over the school year and were
more likely to be math-anxious themselves—but only when these parents provided frequent help on the child’s math
homework.
Previous research from this group has established that when teachers are anxious about math, their students learn
less math during the school year. The current study is novel in that it establishes a link between parents’ and children’s
math anxiety. These findings suggest that adults’ attitudes toward math can play an important role in children’s math
achievement.
“We often don’t think about how important parents’ own attitudes are in determining their children’s academic
achievement. But our work suggests that if a parent is walking around saying ‘Oh, I don’t like math’ or ‘this stuff makes
me nervous,’ kids pick up on this messaging and it affects their success,” explained Beilock, professor in psychology.
“Math-anxious parents may be less effective in explaining math concepts to children, and may not respond well
when children make a mistake or solve a problem in a novel way,” added Levine, Beilock’s colleague.
438 first- and second-grade students and their primary caregivers participated in the study. Children were assessed
in math achievement and math anxiety at both the beginning and end of the school year. As a control, the team also
assessed reading achievement, which they found was not related to parents’ math anxiety. Parents completed a
questionnaire about their own nervousness and anxiety around math and how often they helped their children with math
homework.
The researchers believe the link between parents’ math anxiety and children’s math performance stems more from
math attitudes than genetics.
答案：Different from previous research on the relationship between teachers’ anxiety and their students, a new research
reveals parents’ math anxiety undermines their children’s math performance. When the anxious parents help their
children with math, their negative attitudes toward math will be passed on to their children, which indicates that not
genetics but attitudes account for the kids’ math performance. (59)15. 奉贤区
Lower Oxygen Levels Threaten Marine Life
Oxygen in the oceans is being lost at an alarming rate, with“dead zones”expanding rapidly and hundreds more areas
showing oxygen dangerously exhausted, putting sharks, tuna, marlin and other large fish species at particular risk. Dead
zones, where oxygen is effectively absent, have quadrupled (翻两番) in extent in the last half-century, and there are also
at least 700 areas where oxygen is at dangerously low levels, up from 45 when research was undertaken in the 1960s.
The reasons behind this environmental collapse are multiple. Among all, pollutants generated by the industrial
world have been the most destructive force to cause the unbalance, including a rising tide of plastic waste, as well as
other pollutants. Seas are about 26% more acidic than in pre-industrial times because of absorbing the excess carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with damaging impacts on
shellfish in particular.
Low oxygen levels are also associated with global heating, because the warmer water holds less oxygen and the
heating causes stratification (分层), so there is less of the vital mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor layers. Oceans
are expected to lose about 3-4% of their oxygen by the end of this century, but the impact will be much greater in the
levels closest to the surface, where many species are concentrated, and in the mid to high latitudes.
Another major cause for lower oxygen is intensive farming. When excess artificial fertilizer from crops, or wastes
from the meat industry, runs off the land and into rivers and seas, it feeds algae (藻类）which bloom and then cause
oxygen consumption as they die and decay.
The problem of dead zones has been known about for decades, but little has been done to tackle it. Now is high time to
take action and help the oceans function better.
答案：For reference:
Oxygen levels in the oceans are dropping rapidly, which endangers marine life. Industrial pollutants, especially plastic
waste and increased carbon dioxide, are the deadliest causes. Global warming is another cause. Finally intensive farming
is also to blame for oxygen loss, because its wastes feeds algae, which consumes lots of oxygen. Measures should be
taken to tackle this neglected threat.
微信/支付宝扫码支付