2020 届高三英语一模 16 区（15 份）完形填空（Cloze）汇编
01. 黄浦区
Endangered languages can be found throughout the world. Many languages now have fewer than 100 or even fewer
than 10 speakers. The crisis is not limited to remote regions of the world. When Europeans first arrived in North
America, 312 different languages were ___41___, of which 123 are now known to be extinct. Of the ___42___
languages, most speakers are grandparents and great-grandparents.
Different researchers offer different definitions of “endangered”. The system of ___43___ used by the Catalogue of
Endangered Languages evaluates languages in four areas: the ___44___ of all the speakers, how often the language is
conveyed to the next ___45___, the rate at which it is losing speakers and the ___46___ in which it is used. Based on
this data, languages are ranked on a six-point scale from “safe” to “severely endangered.” The midpoint, “endangered”
refers to a language with between 100 and 1,000 speakers who represent about half of the language’s community or
ethnic group. The language is spoken only by some parents, of whom very few teach it to their children. It is ___47___
used at home and is not taught in schools or used for government business.
Languages become endangered due to a number of ___48___ factors including globalization, economics,
technology, education policy, and changes in ___49___ attitudes. As the forces of globalization make the world more
interconnected, previously ___50___ language communities come under pressure to participate in a larger economy,
which means learning the area’s majority language. ___51___, local schools often begin to teach the majority language
instead of the local tongue. Local languages also ___52___ as communities adopt mobile phones and computers, most of
which run on software that has been translated into only a handful of languages. This trend ___53___ as these devices
connect users to the Internet. At this point, many communities undergo a cultural ___54___ in which parents no longer
value the language enough to teach it to their children.
Initiatives to ___55___ endangered languages have become more numerous in recent years. These efforts tend to
focus on two main areas: the documentation of endangered languages, and efforts to increase the use of endangered
languages among younger speakers and in the community at large.
41. A. at hand B. at risk C. in use D. in view
42. A. ancient B. evolving C. local D. surviving
43. A. assessment B. classification C. description D. research
44. A. age B. background C. number D. religion
45. A. committee B. century C. generation D. government
46. A. content B. occupations C. situations D. themes
47. A. advisedly B. efficiently C. primarily D. rarely
48. A. balancing B. complicating C. historical D. interrelated
49. A. cultural B. mental C. moral D. religious
50. A. foreign B. informal C. isolated D. national
51. A. For example B. In contrast C. In response D. Vice versa
52. A. boom B. develop C. disappear D. suffer
53. A. ceases B. changes C. increases D. starts
54. A. difference B. influence C. shift D. variety
55. A. enrich B. purify C. refresh D. standardize
41-45 CDBCC 46-50 CCDAC 51-55 CDCCC02. 宝山区
Monaco Grand Prix
The air is fresh with the heat of early summer as you arrive in the beautiful country of Monaco on the day of the
race. Your 41 to the Monte-Carlo neighborhood is bursting with color as classic styles of European architecture
catch your eye. When you reach the race course area, you are led to the harbor where you will watch the race from the
42 of a friend’s yacht (游艇). Soon, the Formula One cars will pull onto the starting point and the race will begin.
Each of the cars in the Monaco Grand Prix is 43 , but all of them are fast and modern. The race course also
44 as being complex and difficult, with a frightening hairpin (发夹) turn along a very narrow street. 45 these streets
at speeds over 150 kilometers per hour, drivers must take care. Even the slightest 46 could turn a multi-million
dollar car into a pile of waste. The driver who claims first place receives an award and will go down 47 as one of
the world’s finest drivers.
Indianapolis 500
On race day the grandstands (大看台) are filled with excitement as you enter the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
You find your seat, 48 yourself against the harsh heat and marvel at the huge black oval (椭圆形的) track below.
Moments later, a fleet of Indy Cars rolls onto the track, 49 themselves in 11 neat rows of three. The sound of 33
turning engines rings in your ears, and you cheer with the crowd as the powerful cars take off from the starting line.
Unlike Monaco Formula One cars, Indycars are more uniform in their 50 . They tend to be much longer, and
reach 260 kilometers per hour. Since the drivers must race for 500 miles, the race is quite long, 51 three to five
hours. The resulting wear and tear on each car is managed with short stops. The driver’s excellent team performs 52
at amazing speeds. The dangerous nature of this race requires 53 communication between the drivers and their
teams. They must plan short stops 54 or the driver loses precious time and it could 55 them the race.
41. A. memory B. aim C. anxiety D. ride
42. A. comfort B. position C. bottom D. direction
43. A. colorful B. fashionable C. unique D. similar
44. A. comes out B. stands out C. turns out D. points out
45. A. Crossing B. Constructing C. Driving D. Competing
46. A. touch B. spot C. error D. hole
47. A. in history B. in advance C. in return D. in all
48. A. pushing B. drawing C. fighting D. fanning
49. A. following B. arranging C. warning D. urging
50. A. design B. preparation C. display D. regulation
51. A. timing B. extending C. delaying D. lasting
52. A. check B. maintenance C. device D. condition
53. A. short B. special C. constant D. loud
54. A. professionally B. positively C. directly D. carefully
55. A. cost B. sacrifice C. defeat D. fail
41-55 DACBA CADBA DBCDA 03. 崇明区
What did we do to deserve cats and dogs? Not only are they super cute and make us smile on a daily basis, scientists
from Washington State University have now proved that touching our favourite _____41_____ friends gently for just ten
minutes is an effective way to reduce stress levels.
In findings published in AERA Open — an open access journal published by the American Educational Research
Association — last month, scientists showed that the general _____42_____ of students improves quickly, with even
those who are highly stressed showing “significant” reduction in cortisol levels — a chemical produced by our bodies in
times of stress.
Many universities have adopted “Pet Your Stress Away” programs where students can _____43_____ cats or
dogs and it appears to be showing both psychological and physiological benefits now.
The research, conducted by Washington State University (WSU), shows that pets improve students’ moods, and their
_____44_____ has stress-relieving physiological benefits. “Just 10 minutes can have a significant _____45_____ ,” said
Patricia Pendry, an associate professor in WSU’s Department of Human Development.
This is the first study that has demonstrated reductions in students’ cortisol levels during a _____46_____
intervention (介入).
The team chose 249 college students and put them into four random groups and compared the effects of different
_____47_____ to animals. The first group were provided 10 minutes of actual interaction with dogs and cats. The second
group waited in line while _____48_____ others petting the animals. The third group watched a slideshow of the same
animals, while the fourth group had to _____49_____ and was told they would be allowed to see the animals after 10
minutes.
Salivary (唾液的) cortisol _____50_____ were collected from each participant starting from the moment they woke
up in the morning. There was significantly less cortisol in the saliva of students who had _____51_____ interaction with
the pets.
Many universities have started these _____52_____ where students can interact with cats or dogs to help relieve the
pressures of higher education. “We already knew that students enjoy interacting with animals, and that it helps them
experience more _____53_____ emotions,” Dr Pendry said. “What we wanted to learn was whether this exposure would
help students reduce their stress in a less _____54_____ way. And it did, which is _____55_____ because the reduction
of stress chemicals may, over time, have significant benefits for physical and mental health.”
41. A. new B. furry C. close D. personal
42. A. endurance B. awareness C. education D. wellbeing
43. A. glance at B. focus on C. interact with D. escape from
44. A. presence B. performance C. intelligence D. perseverance
45. A. potential B. problem C. chance D. impact
46. A. real-life B. part-time C. first-rate D. high-quality
47. A. responses B. exposures C. contributions D. approaches
48. A. keeping B. preventing C. observing D. catching
49. A. swear B. wait C. supervise D. appreciate
50. A. samples B. levels C. injections D. tips
51. A. little B. harmonious C. informal D. direct
52. A. campaigns B. programs C. researches D. majors
53. A. complex B. intense C. familiar D. positive
54. A. subjective B. risky C. mysterious D. effective
55. A. demanding B. challenging C. exciting D. disappointing
41. B 42. D 43. C 44. A 45. D 46. A 47. B 48. C 49. B 50. A
51. D 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. C04. 松江区
What happens when the right to know comes up against the right not to know? The ease of genetic testing
has brought this question to light. Two ___41___ legal cases – one in Britain, the other in Germany – stand to alter the
way medicine is practised.
Both cases involve Huntington’s disease (HD), whose ___42___ include loss of co-ordination ( 协 调 ), mood
changes and cognitive (认知的) decline. It develops between the ages of 30 and 50, and is eventually fatal. Every child
of an ___43___ parent has a 50% chance of inheriting it.
In the British case, ___44___ for trial at the High Court in London in November, a woman known as ABC – to
protect the ___45___ of her daughter, who is a minor – is charging a London hospital, St. George’s Healthcare NHS
Trust, for not ___46___ her father’s diagnosis of HD with her. ABC was pregnant at the time of his diagnosis, in 2009.
She argues that had she been aware of it, she would have stopped the pregnancy. As it was, she found out only after
giving birth to her daughter. She later tested ___47___ for HD.
The German case is in some ways the mirror image of the British one. Unlike in Britain, in Germany the right not to
know genetic information is protected in law. ___48___, in 2011 a doctor informed a woman that her divorced husband
– the doctor’s patient – had tested positive for HD. This meant their two children were ___49___ the disease. She
accused the doctor, who had acted with his patient’s permission. Both children being minors at the time, they could not
legally be tested for the disease, which, as the woman’s lawyers pointed out, is currently ___50___. They argued that she
was therefore helpless to act on the information, and ___51___ suffered a reactive depression that prevented her from
working.
Both cases test a legal grey area. If the right to know is ___52___ recognized in Britain later this year, that may
remove some uncertainties, but it will also create new ones. To what lengths should doctors go to track down and inform
family members, ___53___?
It is the law’s job to ___54___ these rights for the modern age. When the law falls behind technology, somebody
often pays the price, and currently that somebody is ___55___. As these two cases demonstrate, they find themselves in a
difficult situation – charged if they do, accused if they don’t.
41. A. remarkable B. distinct C. contrasting D. dominant
42. A. consequences B. symptoms C. indications D. diagnoses
43. A. influenced B. affected C. inherited D. annoyed
44. A. scheduled B. determined C. approved D. implemented
45. A. possession B. status C. health D. identity
46. A. revealing B. sharing C. reminding D. concealing
47. A. convinced B. suspicious C. infected D. positive
48. A. Nevertheless B. Thus C. Additionally D. Fundamentally
49. A. in advance of B. in the course of C. at the close of D. at the risk of
50. A. inevitable B. inextinguishable C. incurable D. intolerable
51. A. as a result B. after all C. above all D. in return
52. A. financially B. academically C. legally D. culturally
53. A. on occasion B. by comparison C. in effect D. for example
54. A. reserve B. balance C. defend D. draft
55. A. lawmakers B. victims C. patients D. doctors
41----45 CBB AD 46----50 BDADC 51----55 ACDBD05. 虹口区
Amazon.com Inc. is checking out of China’s fiercely competitive domestic e-commerce market.The company told
sellers on Thursday that it would no longer __41__ its third-party online marketplace or provide seller services on its
Chinese website, Amazon.cn. __42__, domestic companies will no longer be able to sell products to Chinese consumers
on its e-commerce platform.
The decision marks an end to a long __43__ by America’s e-commerce giants in the Chinese market. The firms
entered the Chinese market with great attention in the early 2000s, only to __44__ in the face of competition from
China’s faster-moving Internet giants.
Amazon has been in talks to __45__ its e-commerce business for goods imported into China with a Chinese
competitor, NetEase Inc.’s Kaola, in a stock-for-stock transaction (交易), according to a person familiar with the matter.
That would remove the Amazon name from __46__ e-commerce in China. Neither company would confirm the progress
or details of those __47__, nor would they say if they are continuing.
In a written statement, Amazon said it remained __48__ to China through its global stores, Kindle businesses and
web services.Amazon China’s president would leave to take on another role within the company, the company said. The
China consumer-business team will report __49__ to the company’s global team.
When Amazon first entered China in 2004 with the __50__ of Joyo.com, it was the largest online seller for books,
music and video there. Most Chinese consumers were using cash-on-delivery as their top form of __51__. Today,
Amazon China chiefly caters to customers looking for imported international goods such as cosmetics and milk powder
and is a(n) __52__ player in the booming Chinese e-commerce market.
Amazon China commanded just 6% of gross market volume in the niche（ 细 分的 ）cross-border e-commerce
market in the fourth quarter of 2018, versus NetEaseKaola’s 25% __53__ and the 32% held by Alibaba Group
Holding Ltd.’s Tmall International.
Chinese consumers are becoming more fascinatedwith __54__ brands. In 2011, 85% of Chinese consumers said they
would always buy a foreign brand over a domestic one. By 2016, 60% of respondents said they preferred domestic over
foreign brands. Shaun Rein, China Market Research’s founder, said American e-commerce giants __55__ obstacles in
China because they hadn’t offered the products or user experience that consumers were looking for.
41. A. assist B. expand C. operate D. tailor
42. A. As a result B. By contrast C. For example D. In addition
43. A. criticism B. negotiation C. struggle D. resolution
44. A. interact B. withdraw C. split D. survive
45. A. associate B. combine C. exchange D. supply
46. A. time-consuming B. long-suffering C. ever-lasting D. consumer-facing
47. A. talks B. businesses C. competitions D. instructions
48. A. related B. accustomed C. exposed D. committed
49. A. automatically B. directly C. regularly D. secretly
50. A. breakdown B. improvement C. purchase D. participation
51. A. refund B. payment C. sponsorship D. trade
52. A. complicated B. critical C. original D. insignificant
53. A. share B. budget C. volume D. maximum
54. A. foreign B. luxurious C. domestic D. fashionable
55. A. dealt with B. forgot about C. got through D. came across
41-45 CACBB 46-50 DADBC 51-55 BDACD06. 徐汇区
Since 2008, the average labour-force participation rate of 55- to 64-year-olds in OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development) countries has risen by eight percentage points. A new OECD report, “Working Better
with Age”, points out that the employment of older workers is _____41_____, if prosperity is to be maintained. That can
be taken as a sign that our society is finally _____42_____ the value of its older employees.
Retirement gives you the chance to sleep late and avoid the morning rush hours. No longer do you have to sit
through endless meetings or check email frequently. But work can keep the mind active and gives people a
_____43_____ in life. The first month of retirement may seem pleasant, but _____44_____ is sure to come. Grand plans
to learn languages and travel the world can quickly lose their appeal. _____45_____, the company of colleagues
provides a social network; spending all week at home can lead to loneliness.
Working longer should be easier now that most jobs require _____46_____, rather than manual, labour. Of course,
many people are working longer not because they enjoy what they do, but because they cannot afford to _____47_____.
That is not just because governments have been pushing up the state retirement age. _____48_____, the average age at
which people actually retire differs from the official age by several years. In part, that is because many people do not rely
on the state pension as their only source of income and need work-related pensions to supplement it.
However, companies are gradually _____49_____ pensions linked to final salaries with “defined contribution”
schemes. Under the latter, workers end up with a pot of savings at retirement that needs to be _____50_____. The
income from such pots has been reduced by very low interest rates. Women tend to have smaller retirement pots (thanks
to their years spent raising children), making their difficulties even more _____51_____. They need to keep working.
Older workers may feel _____52_____ , particularly when it comes to promotion. Two issues seem to hold
_____53_____ back. The first is that older workers tend to _____54_____ higher salaries, because of the seniority
system. The second is a _____55_____ of skills ； one in three 55- to 65-year-olds in OECD countries either lack
computer experience or cannot pass technology tests. Such problems can be resolved with proper training, but the
over-55s should take it upon themselves to keep up with technological changes.
41. A. shortsighted B. vital C. adequate D. unnecessary
42. A. recognizing B. assessing C. questioning D. transforming
43. A. frame B. choice C. lesson D. purpose
44. A. liberty B. boredom C. priority D. motivation
45. A. However B. Instead C. Therefore D. Furthermore
46. A. mental B. simple C. physical D. routine
47. A. proceed B. continue C. persist D. quit
48. A. In conclusion B. In other words C. In practice D. In particular
49. A. replacing B. furnishing C. increasing D. combining
50. A. registered B. reinvested C. refunded D. removed
51. A. personal B. severe C. emotional D. practical
52. A. competitive B. dominant C. distinguished D. disadvantaged
53. A. employers B. researchers C. employees D. female workers
54. A. command B. ensure C. oppose D. ignore
55. A. range B. discipline C. shortage D. set
41- 45 BADBD 46-50 ADCAB 51-55 BDAAC07. 嘉定区
In product design, imagining users’ feelings leads to more original outcomes
Researchers find that in new product design, connecting with users’ heart, rather than their head, can lead to more
original and creative outcomes.
Developing original and 41 products is critical to a company’s long-term success. Thus, understanding what
influences originality can have important and potentially 42 consequences for businesses. Ravi Mehta, a
professor of business administration, shows that adopting a(n) 43 that imagines how the user would feel while
using a product leads designers to experience greater empathy（同感）, which 44 creativity and, in turn, outcome
originality for new product design.
There are two ways that the product designer can 45 the consumer’s product usage. One focuses on
objective use of the product—how consumers might use the product, that is, an “objective –imagination” approach. The
other focuses on feelings—how the product makes the consumer feel, a “feelings-imagination” approach.
Consumers always want to have new products that solve problems more efficiently and at a less cost. So product
designers 46 this trap of being very objective in focusing on the use of a product. That’s important, but the 47
of usage can only attract consumers in some ways. 48 , the feelings-imagination approach leads designers to
experience greater empathy, which makes them more 49 to the consumers’ ideas. This leads to greater outcome
originality. Mehta said, “when you imagine consumers and focus on their feelings, that’s powerful and will lead to
something much more innovative than only focusing on a product’s usage.” The research shows that a feelings-based
approach is 50 to the commonly used objective-based approach, the researchers wrote. It not only helps product
designers build a better product, but it also helps them create more innovative products.
The implications of the findings extend to everyday consumers, who now play a role in shaping companies’ design.
Mehta said, “Marketers are increasingly 51 consumers for new product ideas.” 52 , there was a very
successful campaign a few years ago that focused on getting consumers to create a new potato chip flavor.
The experiments demonstrated a 53 effect of adopting a feelings-imagination approach. That suggests that
these designers may 54 imagining users’ feelings. In this way, designers can develop products that could 55
to the masses. Companies can easily adopt this process and promote feelings-imagination exercises through their
websites or social media.
41. A. primary B. innovative C. natural D. domestic
42. A. temporary B. slight C. indefinite D. profitable
43. A. policy B. proposal C. approach D. standard
44. A. enhances B. exhibits C. illustrates D. explores
45. A. recommend B. extend C. exploit D. imagine
46. A. fall apart B. figure out C. fall into D. turn into
47. A. originality B. objectivity C. creativity D. flexibility
48. A. In conclusion B. In addition C. As a result D. By contrast
49. A. open B. harmful C. resistant D. equal
50. A. evident B. superior C. relevant D. alert
51. A. joining in B. applying to C. turning to D. taking in
52. A. In reality B. In other words C. What’s more D. For example
53. A. dramatic B. positive C. negative D. serious
54. A. depend on B. benefit from C. contribute to D. involve in
55. A. appeal B. refer C. adapt D. commit
41—45: BDCAD 46—50: CBDAB 51—55: CDBBA08. 青浦区
Stories about the problems of tourism have been numerous in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a
problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile ( 脆 弱 的 )
environments and their local cultures can be __41__. Indeed, as has happened with some Alpine villages，it can even be
a(n) __42__ for refreshing local cultures. And a growing number of adventure tourism __43__ are trying to ensure that
their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.
In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on combining tourism more effectively with
the local __44__. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays-d’Enhaut
resulted in __45__ being imposed on their growth. There has also been a new interest in cheese production in the area,
providing the locals with a __46__ source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.
Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by __47__ companies, who employ temporary workers
and send most of the profits back to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses
themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits increase __48__. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing
local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the lands and
watch local musicians and dancers.
Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed __49__ strategies, encouraging
tourists to visit their towns and reservations to __50__ high-quality handicrafts and artwork. Some have established
highly profitable stoneware businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly __51__ with jewelry.
Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their
environment when tourism has spread through their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the __52__ to the
imbalance because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. __53__, communities in fragile
environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to __54__ their needs and
desires with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are __55__ that, with firm combined
decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the normal status, rather than the
exception.
41. A. promoted B. minimized C. inherited D. deleted
42. A. vehicle B. responsibility C. example D. entrance
43. A. operators B. professors C. mayors D. journalists
44. A. committee B. culture C. scenery D. economy
45. A. views B. burdens C. limits D. qualifications
46. A. costly B. critical C. reliable D. sensible
47. A. responsible B. native C. thoughtful D. outside
48. A. locally B. extensively C. virtually D. typically
49. A. positive B. personalized C. similar D. primary
50. A. estimate B. collect C. appreciate D. purchase
51. A. relevant B. successful C. combined D. impressed
52. A. desire B. solution C. appeal D. priority
53. A. Instead B. Moreover C. However D. Besides
54. A. balance B. meet C. require D. recognize
55. A. complaining B. mentioning C. demonstrating D. protesting
41-55 BAADC CDACD BBAAC09. 杨浦区
A star athlete stopped by my office and she was eaten up by self-criticism after committing a few errors during a
weekend match. “I’m at peak __41__ and I practise hard. How is this happening?” This student, like many I teach,
believes she should be able to __42__ the outcomes of her life by virtue of her hard work.
I study and write about resilience（复原力）, and I’m noticing a(n) __43__ increase in students like this athlete.
When they win, they feel powerful and smart. When they fall short of what they imagine they should ___44___, however,
they are crushed by self-blame.
We talk often about young adults struggling with failure because their parents have protected them from ___45___.
But there is something else at play among the most advantaged in particular: a ___46___ promise that they can achieve
anything if they are willing to work for it.
Psychologists have sourced this phenomenon to a misapplication of “mind-set” research, which has found that
praising children for ___47___ will increase academic performance. Developed by Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck,
mind-set education has spread across classrooms worldwide. But a 2018 analysis found that while praising hard work
over ability may benefit economically disadvantaged students, it does not ___48____ help everyone.
One possible explanation comes from Nina Kumar, who argued in a research paper last year that for teens in
wealthy, pressure-cooker communities, “It is not a ___49___ of motivation and perseverance that is the big problem.
___50____, it is unhealthy perfectionism and difficulty with backing off when they should, when the fierce drive for
achievements is over the top.” This can ___51___ physical and emotional stress. In a 2007 study, psychologists Gregory
Miller determined that adolescent girls who refused to give up the ___52___ goals showed elevated levels of CRP, a
protein that serves as a marker of systemic inflammation（炎症） linked to diabetes, heart disease and other medical
conditions.
The cruel reality is that you can do everything in your power and still fail. This knowledge comes early to
underrepresented minorities whose experience of discrimination（歧视）and inequality teaches them to ___53___ what
is, for now, largely beyond their control to change. Yet for others, the belief that success is always within their grasp is a
setup. Instead of allowing our kids to beat themselves up when things don’t go their way, we should all question a
culture that has taught them that how they perform for others is more important than what ___54___ inspires them and
that where they go to college matters more than the kind of person they are. We should be wise to remind our kids that
life has a way of disappointing us when we least ___55___ it. It’s often the people who learn to say “stuff happens” who
get up the fastest.
41. A. coolness B. fitness C. goodness D. readiness
42. A. control B. change C. adjust D. celebrate
43. A. amusing B. inspiring C. troubling D. touching
44. A. apply B. approve C. appreciate D. accomplish
45. A. disbelief B. disagreement C. discovery D. discomfort
46. A. bright B. false C. general D. flexible
47. A. virtue B. ability C. effort D. status
48. A. originally B. obviously C. necessarily D. regularly
49. A. choice B. command C. display D. lack
50. A. Instead B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. However
51. A. result from B. apply for C. associate with D. lead to
52. A. immoral B. impersonal C. impossible D. impolite
53. A. challenge B. accept C. assess D. inquire
54. A. plainly B. probably C. immediately D. actually
55. A. exhibit B. expect C. establish D. recognize
41-55 BACDD BCCDA DCBDB 10. 长宁、金山区
Ancient creatures likely evolved the stress response to better escape from hunters. But today its causes include
traffic, deadlines and first dates. According to a 2018 American Psychological Association survey of more than 3,000
people, the top 41 are work, money, the economy and health.
Although everyone faces stress, people react to it 42 . “There’s the situation, how we 43 the situation,
and then our skills at handling the situation,” says psychologist William Lovallo of the University of Oklahoma. 44
experiences help us assess appropriate responses, so most people improve with age. “A high school student or a college
student might not have those 45 skills and might let a situation get out of hand,” he adds.
Most 46 have normal stress responses, regulated to give the right burst of hormones (激素) and bodily changes for
a particular stressor. But others always over-or underreact, which may be a warning sign for physical or mental 47 .
To study this, scientists often monitor cortisol (皮质醇) or heart rate variations throughout the day and during trying tasks.
48 , the intensity of these responses seems to be set from a young age. Studies have shown that people who
experienced childhood hardships—including physical punishment and a(n) 49 home—are more likely to have
quiet stress reactions as adults. For example, as part of a study published in 2012, Lovallo exposed 354 participants to
moderate stress. People who self-reported early-life 50 actually had lower heart rates and cortisol levels than other
participants. While the study tasks were not important, the individuals’ underreactions suggest their stress response may
also have trouble 51 when it really matters. It can be just as 52 as an extreme response. Other research has
found links between childhood conflict, abnormally low adult stress and substance misuse. Though the biology is not
fully understood, it’s suggested that early-life neglect or suffering 53 the body’s stress pathways.
Even before birth, a child can 54 parental stress. The phenomenon is well-demonstrated in rats and mice, and
some papers have shown the same association 55 . For example, babies born to mothers who survived the 9/11
attacks all had low cortisol levels.
41.A. stressors B. responses C. secrets D. concerns
42.A. appropriately B. differently C. normally D. mentally
43.A. improve B. influence C. describe D. evaluate
44.A. Valuable B. Professional C. Previous D. Constant
45.A. coping B. living C. learning D. acting
46.A. adults B. researchers C. students D. monitors
47.A. functions B. disorders C. variations D. abilities
48.A. By the way B. In some cases C. On the contrary D. As a result
49.A. independent B. distinguished C. unstable D. extended
50.A. education B. experience C. involvement D. difficulty
51.A. racing up B. showing up C. taking up D. keeping up
52.A. impressive B. insignificant C. positive D. unhealthy
53.A. smooths B. follows C. dulls D. destroys
54.A. endure B. relieve C. increase D. inherit
55. A. between animals B. in humans C. with society D. of importance
41-45 ABDCA 46-50 ABBCD 51-55 ADCDB11. 浦东新区
The networked computer is an amazing device. It is the first media machine that serves as the mode of production
(you can make stuff), means of distribution (you can upload stuff to the network), site of ____41____ (you can download
stuff and interact with it), and place of praise and criticism (you can comment on the stuff you have downloaded or
uploaded). ____42____, the computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to ____43____ the computer, we must also act with caution. This is because the
networked computer has started a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and
active ____44____ —whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
All animals download, but only a few upload anything besides faces and their own bodies. Humans are ____45____
in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous(过剩的) material goods
(paintings, sculpture and architecture) and superfluous experiences (music, literature, religion and philosophy).
____46____, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human.
Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but ____47____ to move beyond downloading is to rob
oneself of a defining ingredient of humanity.
Despite the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still ____48____ download mode, brought
about by television watching. Even after the ____49____ of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains,
with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and
a huge percentage remaining satisfied to just ____50____.
The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to ____51____ the flow caused by TV viewing, to
encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading. The computer offers the
opportunity to bring about a complete ____52____ from the culture of television and a shift from a consumption model
to a production model. This is a historic opportunity. Fifty years of television dominance has given birth to an unhealthy
culture. The ____53____ is now in our collective grasp. It involves controlling our intake, or downloading, and
____54____ our levels of activity—uploading.
Of course people will still download. Nobody uploads more than a tiny percentage of the culture they consume. But
using the networked computer as a download-only device, or even a download-mainly device, is a ____55____
opportunity that history affords us. Therefore, the goal must be to establish a balance between consumption and
production.
41. A. celebration B. conversations C. reception D. ceremonies
42. A. Without doubt B. In return C. In particular D. By contrast
43. A. liberate B. celebrate C. concern D. reject
44. A. request B. support C. defense D. creation
45. A. unique B. familiar C. efficient D. loyal
46. A. In addition B. In fact C. For instance D. By the way
47. A. striving B. comparing C. failing D. attempting
48. A. optimistic about B. unfamiliar with C. stuck in D. ashamed of
49. A. transformation B. emergence C. encounter D. maintenance
50. A. consume B. neglect C. combine D. innovate
51. A. enhance B. quicken C. reverse D. extend
52. A. outcome B. exposure C. break D. evolution
53. A. puzzle B. cure C. regret D. favor
54. A. analysing B. maintaining C. featuring D. increasing
55. A. wasted B. treasured C. multiplied D. revised
41-55 CABDA BCCBA CCBDA12. 静安区
In the Fake News Era, Building Trust with Consumers Is Crucial
With consumers growing increasingly frustrated with online advertising and privacy concerns, how do you
convince shoppers to buy your narrative (叙述), let alone your product?
A recent report by TrustRadius, a software review company that connects buyers and vendors (供应商), may be
able to shed some light. Among other interesting findings, it turns out that it may actually benefit brands to be painfully
__41__ about their products.
Consumer awareness of influencer marketing tactics (策略) is increasing. __42__, according to the report, most
consumers trust online peer __43__ as much as recommendations from friends — and well above company advertising
message. Feedback from everyday folks, it seems, actually carries more __44__ than a brand ambassador (大使) from an
out-of-reach personality.
Transparency (透明度) is crucial. The report found that there is a large trust __45__ between vendors and buyers.
While vendors believe they are transparent, most buyers don’t appear to see it. During the sales process, for example, 85
percent of vendors __46__ to be open about their product’s limitations during the sales process — but only 36 percent of
buyers share that same view. The reality is, consumers don’t expect any products to be __47__ — they just want to enter
relationships with their eyes wide open so that they can __48__ the options that are best for them. They also want brands
to be more __49__. 66 percent of consumers say they will leave a company if they feel they are being treated like a
number and not an individual.
Along with the combination of fake news, advertising fraud, and data leaks, there have been fake reviews as well.
Review sites have been __50__ giving preferential ( 优 惠 的 ) treatment to paid advertisers, and consumers are
increasingly discerning (有辨别力的), as a result. __51__, review sites are not our only source of peer reviews, with
social media providing customer experiences on a second-to-second basis. When brands treat every __52__ with a
customer as a potential review, they’ll start paying more attention to detail, and being alert to delivering a valued and
memorable experience every time. Taking feedback seriously also lets current customers feel valued and respected and
makes your business seem more approachable. This helps secure __53__, and often, these customers will become brand
ambassadors to their friends, family and people they meet online.
The challenge for brands today is determining how to use the __54__ of the consumer to their advantage. In an age
of cutting-edge technology, artificial intelligence, and self-service customer care, it’s odd to acknowledge that the best
way to build trust with your customers is by holding an open __55__ with your customers. Being more human,
transparent, and listening to what people are saying will see your company thrive in an era marked by consumer
suspicion.
41. A. nervous B. honest C. careful D. particular
42. A. Instead B. Otherwise C. Moreover D. However
43. A. reviews B. reactions C. experiences D. instructions
44. A. weight B. risks C. warnings D. burdens
45. A. relationship B. influence C. gap D. extension
46. A. refuse B. hesitate C. desire D. claim
47. A. advanced B. perfect C. remarkable D. unique
48. A. consider B. offer C. select D. exercise
49. A. efficient B. profitable C. human D. responsible
50. A. associated with B. mistaken by C. praised as D. criticized for
51. A. On the contrary B. In fact C. By contrast D. In a word
52. A. cooperation B. complaint C. interaction D. appointment
53. A. safety B. loyalty C. convenience D. employment
54. A. money B. choice C. habit D. voice
55. A. dialogue B. debate C. competition D. contract
41-55 BCAAC DBCCD BCBDA13. 闵行区
The expression, “everybody’s doing it,” is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure. It is a social influence
applied on an individual in order to get that person to act or believe in a(n) 41 way as a larger group. This
influence can be negative or positive, and can exist in both large and small groups.
People are social creatures by nature, and so it is hardly 42 that some part of their self-respect comes from the
approval of others. This instinct explains why the approval of peers, and the fear of 43 , is such a powerful force in
many people’s lives. This instinct drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work, or to answer a
simple “fine” when a stranger asks “how are you?” even if it is not necessarily true. There is a(n) 44 aspect to
this: it helps society to function efficiently, and encourages a general level of self-discipline that 45 day-to-day
interaction between people.
For certain individuals, seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes a(n) 46 : in order to
satisfy the desire, they may go so far as to 47 their sense of right and wrong. Teens and young adults may feel
forced to use drugs, or join gangs that 48 criminal behavior. Mature adults may sometimes feel 49 to cover
up illegal activity at the company where they work, or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to
buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to 50 the peers.
However, peer pressure is not always negative. A student whose friends are good at 51 may be urged to
work harder and get good grades. Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.
This type of 52 can also get a friend off drugs, or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one.
Although peer pressure is sometimes quite obvious, it can also be so 53 that a person may not even notice that
it is affecting his or her behavior. For this reason, when making important decisions, simply going with a(n) 54 is
risky. Instead, people should seriously consider why they feel drawn to taking a particular action, and whether the
real 55 is simply that everyone else is doing the same thing.
41. A. traditional B. similar C. peculiar D. opposite
42. A. understandable B. believable C. acceptable D. surprising
43. A. disapproval B. failure C. absence D. independence
44. A. uncertain B. practical C. impossible D. vague
45. A. promotes B. prevents C. simplifies D. increases
46. A. challenge B. inspiration C. promise D. addiction
47. A. recognize B. abandon C. decrease D. define
48. A. avoid B. encourage C. decline D. punish
49. A. pressured B. respected C. delighted D. regretted
50. A. catch sight of B. stay away from C. make fun of D. keep up with
51. A. competitions B. interaction C. academics D. adaptation
52. A. knowledge B. interest C. assistance D. influence
53. A. abstract B. ridiculous C. subtle D. reasonable
54. A. consciousness B. motivation C. instinct D. encouragement
55. A. motivation B. danger C. support D. achievement
41. B 42. D 43. A 44. B 45. C 46. D 47. B 48. B 49. A 50. D
51. C 52. D 53. C 54. C 55. A14. 普陀区
Stage Fright
Fall down as you come onstage. That’s an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Feltsman when he
was a teenager back in Moscow. The experienced cellist Rostropovich tripped him purposely to __41__ him of
pre-performance panic. Mr. Feltsman said, “All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”
Today, music schools are addressing the problem of __42__ in classes that deal with performance techniques and
career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy
fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, __43__ mind.
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging __44__, from basics like learning pieces inside out, to mental
discipline, __45__ visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don’t deny that you’re tense, they urge; some
excitement is __46__, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before __47__, “Take two deep
abdominal(腹部) breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile,” she says. “And not one of these ‘please don’t kill me’
smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the __48__, people you would communicate with and make music to, and
make eye contact with them. “She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as a judge.
Extreme demands by conductors or parents are often __49__ stage fright, says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin
teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. .
When Lynn Harrell was 20, he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme
stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the
heartbeat, which was just total __50__. I came to a point where I thought, ‘If I have to go through this to play music, I
think I’ m going to look for another job.’” Recovery, he said, involved developing humbleness—recognizing that
whatever his talent, he was likely to make mistakes, and that an __51__ concert was not a disaster.
It is not only __52__ artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz’s nerves were famous.
The great singer Franco Corelli is another example. “We had to push him on stage,” his partners recalled.
__53__, success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when you’re scared to death, nobody
knows who you are, and they don’t have any __54__,” Singer June Anderson said. “There’s less to lose. Later on, when
you’re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to __55__. ” He added,
“I never stop being nervous until I’ve sung my last note.”
41. A. assure B. cure C. remind D. rob
42. A. anxiety B. adolescence C. principle D. psychology
43. A. absent B. blank C. keen D. narrow
44. A. advice B. choices C. services D. education
45. A. instead of B. along with C. such as D. with regard to
46. A. definite B. neutral C. natural D. precious
47. A. ceremony B. performance C. lecture D. rehearsal
48. A. audience B. orchestra C. staff D. choir
49. A. at the face of B. at the root of C. in favour of D. in contrast with
50. A. craze B. fault C. failure D. panic
51. A. unusual B. imperfect C. invalid D. unpopular
52. A. talented B. unknown C. young D. experienced
53. A. Actually B. Certainly C. Luckily D. Similarly
54. A. appreciation B. contribution C. expectation D. satisfaction
55. A. learn B. offer C. say D. lose
41-45 BABAC 46-50 CBABD 51-55 BCACD15. 奉贤区
Ecology is a complicated thing. Given the facts that elephant damage often kills trees and bush fires often kill trees,
it would be (41)______ to assume that a combination of the two would make things worse. Contrary to this assumption,
(42)______, as the recently-published research by Benjamin Wigley shows, if a tree has already been damaged, fire can
(43)______ help to make things better.
One common way in which elephants harm trees is by stripping (剥) them of their bark（树皮). Dr Wigley, who
did indeed start from the obvious (44)______, set off to find out how much worse bush fires would make the effects of
this bark stripping. To serve this purpose, he set up a study in the Kruger National Park. Since 1954, the Kruger has been
the site of experiments in which plots of land have been burned (45)______, to understand the effects of fire on plain
ecology. In these experiments, Dr Wigley looked at trees in three different zones, in one of which, the trees were burned
every year; in the second, they were burned every other year, while the third zone, by contrast, was actively (46)______
fire. To keep things consistent, he looked at the fate of the same tree species, the marula (马鲁拉树), in all three zones.
He picked marulas because they are particular (47)______ of elephant activity. Their fruit are delicious, and prized by
elephants and people alike. But elephants also seem to enjoy eating their bark. In July 2016 he and his colleagues
identified 20 marulas in every zone and used special tools to (48)______ from each of them a circular section of bark 5
cm in diameter. Having imposed this damage, they (49)______ the wounds over the course of the following two years, to
see what would happen. To their (50)______, they discovered that the wounds of trees in fire zones recovered far better
than those of trees that had seen no fires at all. Wounded trees in the annual burn zone re-grew 98% of their lost
(51)______ during the two years of the study. Those living in the biennial (两年一次的) burn zone re-grew 92% of it.
But those in the zone where fires were (52)______ re-grew only 72%.
The researchers also found something else when they were measuring the trees’ wounds: ants. Ten of the 20 trees in
the fire-prevention zone developed ant colonies in their wounds. The ants in question were a species that is known to
damage trees and is supposed to (53)______ tissue healing. By contrast, only five trees in the biennial burn zone and
three in the annual zone developed ants’ nests in their wounds. It looks, therefore, as if bush fires are treating trees’
wounds by killing ants that might (54)______ colonize and damage them. Though such fires are surely harmful to
healthy trees, it seems, in an example of two negatives making a positive, as if they are actually (55)______ to sick ones.
41. A. difficult B. reasonable C. necessary D. awful
42. A. however B. therefore C. furthermore D. somehow
43. A. uniquely B. barely C. actually D. merely
44. A. phenomenon B. evidence C. imagination D. assumption
45. A. equally B. regularly C. severely D. purposelessly
46. A. burnt with B. protected from C. covered by D. exposed to
47. A. participants B. partners C. victims D. friends
48. A. mark B. remove C. hit D. measure
49. A. regulated B. checked C. healed D. monitored
50. A. disappointment B. surprise C. joy D. relief
51. A. vitality B. height C. bark D. strength
52. A. controlled B. prevented C. started D. boosted
53. A. disturb B. promote C. impact D. quicken
54. A. therefore B. nevertheless C. then D. otherwise
55 A.beneficial B. unbelievable C. effective D. cruel
41-55 BACDB BCBDB CBADA
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