备战2021年高考英语精选考点专项突破题集专题01 冠词和名词（解析版）

专题 01 冠词和名词 I.单项填空 1. 【2020·江苏卷】The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______. A. reservation B. transformation C. distinction D. submission 【答案】B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A. reservation 预订；B. transformation 改革，变革；C. distinction 区别；D. submission 提交。根据前文 The health security systems 可 知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选 B。 2.【2019·江苏卷】26.Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery. A. priority B. potential C. proportion D. pension 【答案】A 【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority 优先； 优先权；B. potential 潜在的，可能的；C. proportion 比例，占比；D. pension 退休金，抚恤金。故选 A。 3.【2019·天津卷】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways. A. statement B. impact C. impression D. judgment 【答案】B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影 响。 statement“陈述说明”； impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”； impression“印象，感想”； judgement“判断力 判断”。故选 B。 4.【2018·天津】6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation 【答案】C 【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们 去探索外部空间。A. advice 建议；B. order 命令；C. possibility 可能性；D. invitation 邀请。故选 C。 5.【2018·江苏】32. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption 【答案】D 【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行 事。A. assignment 分配；B. association 交往；C. acquisition 获得；D. assumption 假设。故选 D。 点睛：本题考查名词辨析。名词考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题抓住句中的关键词 actually happening 实际发生和 instead of 而不是，可知是假设，从而选出正确答案。 6.【2016·天津】10. The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight. A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance 【答案】D 【解析】句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。 故选 D。 7.【2016·浙江】2.______prize for the winner of the competition is ______two-week holiday in Paris. A. The ; 不填 B. A ; 不填 C. A ; the D. The ; a 【答案】D 【解析】句意：这个比赛获胜者的奖品是一个巴黎的两个星期的假期。第一空填 the，是特指“获胜者的奖 品”，用定冠词，第二空是泛指“一个两周的假期”，用不定冠词 a。故选 A。 8．【2015·四川卷】 Brian is gifted in writing music； he is very likely to be ________ Beethoven. A． a B． an C． the D．不填 【答案】A　 【解析】此处表示“下一个贝多芬”，应使用不定冠词。句意：布赖恩在谱曲上有天赋，他很可能成为下一个 贝多芬。 【考点定位】考查冠词。 【名师点睛】考查冠词。冠词是高考英语中的难点和重点，考生在冠词试题上失分较多，主要是缺乏语感， 对一些知识点掌握不够透彻。本题中首先根据 Beethoven 排除选项 B，因为不定冠词 an 用于以元音音素开 头的单词前。通常情况下人名前是不加冠词的，但是如果指一个像某个名人的人时，在这个人名前加不定 冠词。 9. 【2015·陕西卷】________more learned a man is，________ more modest he usually becomes. A. The; the B. A; a C. The; a D. A; the 【答案】A　 【解析】此处冠词构成“the ＋比较级…， the ＋比较级…”句型，表示“越……就越……”。故选 A。句意： 一个人学的东西越多，他就会越谦虚。 考查冠词。 10．【2015·浙江卷】 Jane's grandmother had wanted to write ________ children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way. A. a; / B. the; the C. /; the D. a; the 【答案】D　 【解析】句意：简的奶奶很多年来一直想写一本(关于)孩子的书，但总是被这事或那事耽搁了。第一空 a children's book 中的 a 表示“一本”，所以用不定冠词 a；而第二空涉及的 in the way 是固定用法，表示“挡道， 阻碍”，所以用定冠词 the。综合以上内容可知选 D 项。本题的第一空有些考生可能会错选 the，认为是特定 情况，但要注意 the 表示确切的某地或某时的状况，而此处没有限定 children's book 的相关信息。 11. 【2015·重庆卷】I just heard________ bank where Dora works was robbed by________ gunman wearing a mask. A. the; /　　　B. a; /　　　C. the; a　　　D. a; the 【答案】C 【解析】考查冠词。句意：我刚刚听说朵拉工作的那家银行被一个带面具的持枪人给抢劫。第一个空表示 朵拉工作的那家银行，可知表示特指，用 the；第二空表示一个带面具的持枪人表示泛指，用 a。 II.语法填空 1.【2020·新课标 I 卷】The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 【答案】interest 【解析】考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词 particular 可知，空处应填名 词，interest 是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填 interest。 2.【2020·新课标 II 卷】Chinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 【答案】celebration 【解析】考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词 a 后接名词形式。故填 celebration。 3. 【2020·新课标Ⅲ卷】Filled with 64 (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 【答案】curiosity 【解析】考查名词。句意：怀着好奇心，艺术家收拾行囊离开了。with 为介词，后跟名词 curiosity 作宾语， 表示“好奇心”。故填 curiosity。 4. 【2020·浙江卷】Later，they learned to work with the 62． (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas， making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields. 【答案】seasons 【解析】考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年 的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填 seasons。 5. 【2020·浙江卷】This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with 64． rise of science，changes began. 【答案】the 【解析】考查定冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着......的崛起”是固 定短语。故填 the。 6. 【2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷山东卷】Historical 44． (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 【答案】accuracy 【解析】考查名词。句意:历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处做主语，位于形容词 historical 之后， 应使用名词，意为”历史的准确性”。故填 accuracy。 7.【2020·全国新课标 II】The plum trees are 70． first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词 first 前要加 定冠词 the。故填 the。 8. 【2020·浙江 1 月】For Japan, the _______(number) are more striking — 22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. In 2015, one in 12 people around the world were over 65; by 2050, it will be one in six. 【答案】numbers 【解析】考查名词复数。此处根据后面的 are 可知，这里主语 the number 用复数形式。故填 numbers。 9.【2019·新课标 I 卷】Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 【答案】the【解析】考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的 19 个北极熊亚种群中”，故填 the。 10.【2019·浙江卷】Everybody wears___57___ same style of clothes. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same 是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与 the 连用修 饰名词。故填 the。 11. 【2019·新课标 II 卷】When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was ___69___ joke. 【答案】a 【解析】a 考查冠词。根据前面 We don't have any idea who put grandma forward 我们不知道谁提名了祖母， 以及 she was short-listed 接到电话说她入围了，开始我们以为这是一个玩笑，a joke 一个玩笑，故填 a。 12.【2019·全国 I】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___66___ (believe) that populations are increasing. 【答案】belief 【解析】考查词性转换。由其前不定冠词和其后 that 引导的同位语从句可知，空格处需填名词形式。故填 belief。 13. 【2019·全国 III】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ___66___(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it. 【答案】competition 【解析】考查词性转换。形容词 interesting 应该修饰名词，而且空前有不定冠词 an，故填单数名词 competition。 14. 【 2019· 浙 江 6 】 Other American studies showed no ___64___(connect) between uniforms and school performance. 【答案】connection/connections 【解析】考查名词。根据 no 可知，后面需要 connect 的名词形式，语意表示“联系、连接”，故填 connection/connections。 15. 【2019·北京】No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various ___6___(activity) on Earth Day. You can plant a tree，make a meal with locally grown vegetables，or save power—the possibilities are endless. 【答案】activities 【解析】考查名词的复数形式，因为前面的形容词是 various“各种各样的”，因此用名词的复数形式 activities。 16.【2018·全国 II】Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country has grown more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去 25 年里增长了近 125%，而大米只增长了 7%。故是特指在过去 的 25 年里。故填 the。 17.【2018·全国 III】I'm not sure which is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____62____ top of her lungs. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语 at the top of，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。 18.【2018·全国 I】 Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ___67___(cause). 【答案】causes 【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天 5 到 10 分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。 根据句意用复数形式。故填 causes。 19. 【2018·全国 II】This switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 【答案】pollution 【解析】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。 has decreased 后跟名词作宾语，故填 pollution。 20. 【2018·全国 III】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___66___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 【答案】scientist 【解析】考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist 科学家。 21. 【2018·浙江】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese ___56___(dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 【答案】dishes 【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填 dishes。 22. 【2018·浙江】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ___64___(weigh) problems.【答案】weight 【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰 problems，故填 weight。 23.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】As 65.________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. 【答案】a　 【解析】考查冠词。固定短语 as a result 表示“结果是”。结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。 故填 a。 24.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over ________ top. 【答案】the　 【解析】考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。 25.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh­faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A­level course. But unlike her school friends, 16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term resting. Instead, she is earning ￡6，500 a day as 62.________ model in New York. 【答案】a　 【解析】考查冠词。根据句意和语境可知，萨拉只是纽约众多模特中的一个，是泛指；而且 model 的第一 个音素是辅音音素，故用不定冠词 a。 26.【2017·浙江卷 6 月考】For Pahlsson, its return was 65.________ wonder. 【答案】a　 【解析】考查冠词。此处 a wonder 表示“一个奇迹”，所以需要不定冠词 a。 27.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62.________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. 【答案】effects　 【解析】考查名词复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是“一些意料之外的副作用”，根据前文的 some 可知 副作用有很多，故填 effects。 28.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61.________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. 【答案】crowds　 【解析】考查名词复数。伦敦人口众多，导致路面交通拥堵，于是修建地铁。用 crowds 这一复数形式，表 示不断涌现的人群，用来形容人口稠密。 29. 【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This development was only possible with the 69.________ (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts. 【答案】introduction　 【解析】考查名词。该词在此作 with 的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词 of，故只能 用 introduction。 22.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She is determined to carry on with her 66.________ (educate)． She has turned down several 67.________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 【答案】education　 【解析】考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词 her，故用名词形式。 【答案】invitations　 【解析】考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且 invitation 是可数名词， 前面有 several 修饰，故用复数形式。 30.【2017·浙江卷 6 月考】Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56.________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away. 【答案】carrots　 【解析】考查名词。根据 a handful of 可知，应该有一把小胡萝卜，所以用 carrot 的复数形式。 31. 【 2016· 全 国 新 课 标 II 】。 Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 42 (achieve). Recent 46 (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 【答案】achievement 【解析】考查名词。横线前面有介词 of，横线上要使用名词 achievement 作为 of 的宾语。句意：首先处理 重要的事情，那么你会有成就感。 【答案】studies 【解析】考查名词单复数。本句的谓语动词是 show，说明主语是复数名词 studies。 32.【2016·全国新课标 III】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1 个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 48 (develop) of chopsticks. 【答案】development 【解析】考查词性转换。the＋名词＋of，意为“……的……”，这里指“筷子的发展”，故填 development。 III.短文改错 1.【2020·新课标Ⅰ卷】Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. 【答案】将 chopstick 改为 chopsticks 【解析】考查名词复数。句意：下一步我把鸡蛋打到一个碗里，然后用筷子快速搅拌。chopstick 是可数名 词，意为“筷子”，通常以复数形式出现，故将 chopstick 改为 chopsticks。 2. 【2020·新课标Ⅰ卷】Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：然后我把西红柿和打好的鸡蛋一起放进平底锅。此处特指上文提到的 pan，所以 其前应加定冠词 the，故在 pan 前 the。 3.【2020·新课标 II 卷】Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations. 【答案】将 vacations 改为 vacation 【解析】考查不可数名词。句意：幸运的是，两周后我就要回家过暑假。分析句子，vacation 译为“假期”是 个不可数名词，后面不可加 s 表示复数。Summer vacation 译为“暑期”是固定搭配。故将 vacations 改为 vacation。 4. 【2020·新课标Ⅲ卷】My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families. 【答案】families 改成 family 【解析】考查名词单复数。句意：我的妈妈真的关心我们家庭里每个人的健康。family 当“家庭”讲时，是集 合名词，这里表示“我们一个家庭”，所以用单数，families 改成 family。 5. 【2020·新课标Ⅲ卷】For example, every morning, my dad has to have the bowl of egg soup while I have to eat an apple. 【答案】the 改成 a 【解析】考查冠词。句意：例如：每天早晨，我的父亲不得不喝一碗鸡蛋汤，然而，我不得不吃一个苹果。 泛指“一碗鸡蛋汤”，bowl 以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词 a，所以 the 改成 a。 6.【2019·新课标 I 卷·短文改错】Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me. 【答案】 Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me. 【解析】考查冠词。名词 football 为可数名词，前边需要有限定词。这里 football 第一次出现，故在 football 前加 a；考查连词。句意：突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。 a ∧7.【2019·新课标 III 卷·短文改错】Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style. 【答案】 an→a 【解析】考查冠词。unique 为辅音音素发音的单词，用不定词时需用 a。故将 an 改为 a。 8.【2019·新课标 I 卷·短文改错】All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football. 【答案】player 改为 players。 【解析】考查名词的数。player（运动员）为可数名词，此时 all（所有的）后需要用 player 的复数形式。故 将 player 改为 players。 9. 【2019·新课标 II 卷·短文改错】Since I was a kid, I`ve considered different job I would like to do. 【答案】job 改为 jobs 【解析】考查名词。本句中的 different 表示“不同的”，后面的名词 job 应该使用复数形式，故 job 改为 jobs。 10. 【2019·新课标 III 卷·短文改错】I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. 【答案】city → cities 【解析】考查名词的数。many 修饰可数名词的复数。故将 city 改为 cities。 11.【2018·全国 I】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. 【答案】countryside 前加 the 【解析】考查冠词。去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。此处特指去的是乡下，故加定冠词 the。 12.【2018·全国 II】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me. 【答案】把 the 改为 a。 【解析】考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a 用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the 表示特指。故把 the 改为 a。 13.【2018·全国 III】I had done myself homework but I was shy. 【答案】myself 改成 my，或改为定冠词 the 【解析】考查代词错误。句意：我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用 my 不用 myself，或改为定冠词 the 也可以。 14.【2018·全国 I】Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. 【答案】chicken 改成 chickens 【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的 dozens of 可知，其后 用名词复数形式。15. 【2018·全国 II】When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. 【答案】考查名词。 【解析】名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有 格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示“星期五晚上”，并不是所有关 系，故把 Friday’s 改为 Friday。 【答案】考查名词单复数。 【解析】all 表示三者或三者以上，后用名词复数。故把 sort 改为 sorts。 16. 【2018·全国 III】The classroom is a place for learning and that include leaning from textbooks, and mistake as well. 【答案】include 改成 includes 【解析】考查主谓一致。that 作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数 includes。 【答案】mistake 改成 mistakes 【答案】考查名词单复数。错误不是一个，所以要用复数 mistakes。 17.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】I still remember how hard first day was. 【答案】first 前加 the 或 my　 【解析】考查冠词或物主代词。“我”依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指开始学驾驶的第一天，所以在 first 前加上 the，也可以加上 my。my first day 表示“我(学驾驶)的第一天”。故在 first 前加 the 或 my。 18.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. 【答案】第一个 a 改为 an 或 one　 【解析】考查冠词用法。名词 hour 虽然是辅音字母开头，但发音为元音，用 an 或 one 均可。 19.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. 【答案】picture 前加 this/the　 【解析】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词 this/the 修饰。 20.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！” 【答案】word 改为 words　【解析】考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word 表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将 word 改为 words。 21.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Beside，they often get some useful informations from the Internet. 【答案】informations 改为 information　 【解析】考查不可数名词。information 为不可数名词。 22.【2016·全国新课标 I】短文改错（10 分） My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time. 【答案】the →a 考查冠词。 【解析】固定短语：in a short time 在短时间内。 23.【2016·全国新课标 II】短文改错（共 10 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分） But in that case, we will learn little about world. 【答案】about 后加 the 考查定冠词。 【解析】在英语中定冠词 the 通常表示特指，本句中 the 修饰 world 表示特指这个世界。 24.【2016·全国新课标 I】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. 【答案】honest→ honesty 【解析】考查名词。此处是指诚实是他成功的秘诀，用名词形式。 而形容词 honest 意思是“诚实的”，是指 人的性格特点。 25.【2016·全国新课标 II】If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden you view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. 【答案】 knowledges 改为 knowledge 【解析】考查名词单复数。本句中名词 knowledge 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。