高中英语复习专题 非谓语动词总结

1 非谓语动词 (1. to do 2.-ing 3.done)  谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。 e.g. He works. / He takes care of the baby. ---- 单谓语或动词短语 He will go to Shanghai. / He didn’t go to Shanghai. / He has gone to Shanghai. ----情态动词/助动词+ v. You are students. / You look smart. ----系动词+表语  非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。 e.g. He wants to work here. He found the book interesting. She had water delivered to her house. We noticed him enter the building  非谓语动词 的分类 1) to do 不定式 2) v-ing ①as a noun 动名词; ②as adj. or adv. 现在分词 3) v-ed 过去分词 一般式 完成式 进行式 主动 to do to have done to be doing不定式 被动 to be done to have been done 主动 doing having doneing 形式 被动 being done having been done 过去分词 被动 done  非谓语动词的使用条件: 一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词 出现时，这些动词就充当了非谓语动词. 找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语） 1. Tom returned from the manager’s office, telling me that the boss wanted to see me at once. 2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters. 3. I heard the girl singing in the classroom. 4. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang. 5. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗争。)2 辨析几类情况： 一、不定式与动名词做主语： 1. 动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为; 不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将 来的动作。 e.g. Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。 To visit China is my next goal. 2. 不定式做主语，一般用 it 当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 e.g. It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 3. 动名词作主语有时用 it 作形式主语，把动名词置于句尾。常见于以下句型中： It’s use/ good / fun doing… It’s useful/ nice/ useless doing… 1. ________ a language requires time and effort. (learn) 2. It is not always easy ________ invitations. (refuse) 3. How __________ the problem will be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting. (solve) 4. It takes forty-five minutes __________(get) there by bus. 5. It is no good _________(smoke). You should give it up. 二、不定式与动名词做宾语： 1. 下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, afford, agree, choose, pretend, decide, happen, learn, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, manage, promise, intend 等。 e.g. He agreed to get someone to help us. They promised not to break the school rules again. 有以下口诀和顺口溜供参考使用: 决定想做计划需要同意能做被用来做的事 迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事 想要干：want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, desire, swear, claim, would like/love 早打算：plan, intend, prepare, mean, arrange 同意否：agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford 问问看：ask(ask to do 要求做), beg 决定了：decide, determine, be determined, make up one’s mind 尽力干：try, manage(反义词 fail), attempt, struggle, strive 不愿等：be unwilling, (can’t) wait 别装蒜：pretend 【注意：口诀内的动词后跟不定式，几乎都有将来意味。】 2.在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语： admit, advise, allow, avoid, bear, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine. include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, risk, suggest, stand, insist on, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, 3 prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, admit to, be/ get/ become used to, be equal to, devote…to, get down to, look forward to, object to, stick to, take to, see to, lead to, pay attention to 等。  考虑建议盼望原谅 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon  承认推迟去设想 admit, delay/put off/postpone, fancy  避免错过继续练 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice  否认完成去欣赏 deny, finish, appreciate  禁止想象去冒险 forbid, imagine, risk  不禁介意准逃亡 can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape  难以忍受始反对 can’t stand, set about, object to  想要成功坚持忙 feel like, succeed in, stick to/insist on, be busy/occupied (in)…  习惯放弃有困难 be used/accustomed to, give up, have difficulty/trouble (in)…  导致专心防道歉 lead to, be devoted to, prevent/stop/keep…from, apologize(to sb.) for…  喜欢花费忍不住 enjoy, spend (time/money)…,can’t help  介词+doing 常考介词: at, in, on, of, off, for, from, up, about, without, to 等等 be good/expert at doing sth 擅长做某事 be interested in doing sth. 对做某事感兴趣 insist on doingsth. 坚持做某事 thank sb. for doing sth. 谢谢某人做某事 be tired of doing sth. 厌烦做某事 be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 put off doing sth. 推迟做某事 stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 without doing sth. 没有做某事 think about doing sth. 考虑做某事 What ∕ How about doing 做某事怎么样? look forward to doing sth.（盼望） pay attention to doing sth.（注意） be used to doing sth.（习惯于） prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜欢） devote oneself to doing sth.（致力于） make a contribution to doing sth.（做贡献） to do doing remember forget (do 在后) 要做 （do 在前）做过 stop go on （两个字）两件事 （一个字）一件事 like / hate / love 一次性 长期 try 尽力做 尝试做 start / begin 一样 一样 e.g. 他们停下来吸烟。They stop to smoke. 我必须戒烟了。I must stop smoking. Although maths is difficult, I will try to study it . (try to do sth. 尽力做某事) The machine couldn’t work. Let’s try repairing it. (try doing sth. 试着做某事) 1. Now more and more people are busy_____ about the Internet. (learn) 2.-It's too hot. Would you mind _____the door? (open) 3. No matter how hard it is, we'll keep _____ until we make it. (try) 4. We couldn’t help _____(laugh) after we heard the funny story. (laugh) 5. He gave us some advice on how ____ English. (learn)4 6. It ’s a pay day, and they are waiting ____. (pay) 7. I don’t know whether you happen , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A this September .(hear) 8. I forgot _____(sign) my name when I finished ____ (write) the composition. 9. ---You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ____ that. (do) 10 . She can’t help ______ the house because she’s busy making a cake. (clean) 11.Martin looks so well. We’ve never seen him ______ so well before. (look) 12.My father has decided to stop ______ because smoking is bad for his health. (smoke) 13. It is kind ____ you _______(help) me to carry these books. 14. —Would you like ______(have) some bread or biscuits? —No thanks. I don’t feel like (eat) anything now. 15. — Do you remember me, Tom? — Ah, yes, I remembered _____ you in JUSCO last year. (see) 三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语 1. 表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名词可以互换。 e.g. My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins. 2. 若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。 e.g. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer. 3. 现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征, 也可以作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别： 现在分词表主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；过去分词含有被动意义， 即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音或表情。 e.g. The party was very exciting. They were very excited at the news． 1. Her wish is __________ an engineer. (become) 2.Some people’s greatest pleasure is __________. (fish) 3. The report was so _______(inspire) that they were all __________(excite). 4. ---“You look pale.” ---“I feel a little __________. (tire) 四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语 1. 不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的动作或将要发生的某一动作。 e.g. The train to arrive is from London． He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 2. 动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面。5 e.g. a washing machine （动名词做定语，= a machine which is used for washing） 洗衣机 a reading room（动名词做定语，= a room which is used for reading） 阅览室 3. 现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意 义。单个分词或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语多置于 被修饰词后面。 e.g. the rising sun（现在分词做定语，= the sun which is rising）正在升起的太阳 the changing world（现在分词做定语，= the world which is changing）变化中的世界 a moving movie 感人的电影 excited voice 激动的声音（形容词性分词作定语） fallen leaves 落叶 a broken cup 一个破了的杯子 （过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成） 1. She said she had an important meeting ______.(attend) 2. He is always the first ______ questions. (answer) 3. The Beijing Winter Olympics _______ in the year 2012 will be a great success. (hold) 4. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (write) 5. At present, English is the main subject ___________ here. (teach) 6. ---"Who are those people with the banner?" ---"A group _______ itself the League for peace." (call) 7. The pen _______ on the table belongs to me. (lie) 五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语 1. 接不定式作宾语补足语的动词口诀： 请求命令与禁止 想要邀请期待鼓励与建议 答应告诫允许提醒和帮助 打算教导说服与强迫驱使 ask/beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 order/command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 promise sb. to do sth. 答应某人做某事 warn sb. to do sth. 告诫某人做某事 allow/permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事 mean/intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人做某事 teach/train sb. to sth. 教/训练某人做某事 persuade sb. to do sth.说服某人去做某事 force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 drive sb. to do sth. 驱使某人做某事 ● 有些感官动词和使役动词，如 see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get 等后常跟不带符号 to 的不定式做宾语补足语，常表动作的整个过程。 【注意：被动语态中不能省去 to】 e.g. We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。 The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干 12 小时工作。6  省略 to 的情况:  使役动词和感官动词后：一感二听三让四看 feel/ hear, listen to/ let, make, have, / look at, see, watch, notice  had better （not）do sth. 最好(不)做…  why not /why don’t you do sth.为什么不做…?  help sb.（to）do sth.  Would rather do sth.宁愿做…  would you please do sth. 情态动词+do 助动词+do 1. My mother often asks me _____ some cleaning on Sundays. (do) 2. –Do you often hear John _____in his room ? – Listen! Now we can hear him ____ in his room. (sing) 3. I watched her ______ in the next room last night . (dance) 4.Let’s ______swimming after the exam . (go) 5. You’d better _______a bus . (catch) 6. The doctor advised Lao Li __________ more rest. (get) 7. Soon they saw the boy _________ in the crowd. (disappear) 8. Birds are seldom heard __________ at night. (sing) 2. 现在分词做补足语分两种情况： ● 形容词性质的现在分词作补足语： e.g. I find the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语） The boy is found very annoying. 发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语） ● 动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动词，如 see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get 等后可以跟表示动作性质的现在 分词作补足语，表示“正在或持续做某事”。 e.g. I see him passing by a bank. 我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语） He was seen working in the garden. 有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel + do 表示动作的完整性， +doing 表示动作的进行性。 1. He kept me __________ for many hours. （wait） 2. Mother caught the boy __________ in the corner. (smoke) 3. Having read the Emperor's New Clothes, we all found it _______(interest) 3. 过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾语一起构成复合 宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。 ● 若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）。 ● 若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。 ● 句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。 The boss found his plan carried out successfully. 7 The boy was found lost in the forest. Have you heard this song sung in Japanese? (宾补) This song is often heard sung everywhere in China. (主补) 1. I need this chapter __________ before tomorrow. (rewrite) 2. When she returned home, she found the window open and something ________. (steal) 3. There was so much noise that the speaker could not make himself _________. (hear) 六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语 1. 不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论性状语。 ● 不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。 e.g. She was surprised to see Jim walk in. 看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。 ● 不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性 在不定式前可以加上 in order, so as。 e.g. To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself. In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows. ● 不定式表结果，常用在 too… to, enough… to 结构中。 有时不定式前加上 only，表示出人意料的结果。 e.g. The child is old enough to dress himself. We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. The husband left his wife, never to return. ● 有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在 句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之为评论性状语。 e.g. I have never seen such a person, to tell you the truth. To cut a long story short, we disagree. 长话短说，我们不同意。 1. I have enjoyed my visit here. I'll be very sorry __________. (leave) 2. I went to see him, only _________ him out. (find) 2. 现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式、目的以及作评论性 状语等。 ● 现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分 词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。 e.g. Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy. Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. ● 作原因状语： Living far from the school, I have to get up early in the morning. ● 作结果状语，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果。8 e.g. The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage. ● 作伴随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作。 e.g. Following Tom, we started to climb. 我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。 She came riding a brand-new bike. 她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。 ● 现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且 与主句间用逗号隔开。 e.g. Jane kept silent, trying not to show her feelings. ● 作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说 话者的态度、观点等。 常见的有： generally speaking 一般说来 strictly speaking 严格说来 roughly speaking 大致说来 narrowly speaking 狭义上说 judging from/ by 由…判断 e.g. Judging from her accent, she must come from Australia. 1. __________ the cry for help, people immediately rushed out of the rooms. (hear) 2. __________ Hello, he reached out his hand. (say) 3. His parents died, ______ him an orphan. (leave) 3. 过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等状语。 ● 过去分词作时间状语可置于句首，也可以置于句尾， 有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。 Asked about his address, the boy didn’t respond. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. ● 作原因状语，常置于句首。 Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was separated from the other children. ● 作条件状语： United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合则立，分则败。 ● 作伴随或方式状语：The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans. 1. _______ from the tallest building, the whole city looks very beautiful. (see) 2. ________ with the past, our life is much better. (compare)