考点 37 阅读理解议论文
高考频度：★★★★★
考点详解
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充
分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论
据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。
在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合
理的推断。
注意事项：
1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)
高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题
定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
(1)标志类、指示类的信息。
①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with 等；
②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast 等；
③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result 等；
④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore 等；
⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first 等。
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind 盲目的(贬), excessively 过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。 4. 常见问题：
(1)读不懂怎么？
问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。
unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；
conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；
conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；
unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。
从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。
(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？
(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？
(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？
能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。
在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。
【命题分析】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特
点。具体说来：
(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的
重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问
题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，
不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑
联系的审视。
3. 深层理解题的主要表现形式：
(1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：
a. What would be the best title for the text?
b. The text is mainly about _________.
c. From the passage we know that _________. d. The main idea of the paragraph is _________.
e. The writer’s purpose of writing this text is _________.
f. The passage could be titled _________.
g. The passage deals with _________.
h. What’s the subject discussed in the text?
(2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式：
a. 回答对 why 和 how 的提问。
b. According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong?
c. From the text, we can infer that _________.
d. Where can this text be selected from?
e. What can you imagine will be dealt with/written in the following passage?
f. 以短语 according to the writer of the text 或 in the writer’s opinion 等引出的其他问题。
(3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学
过的词义，三是某个代词 it 或 them 在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。
【应试策略】
议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调
的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的
是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相
当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特
征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解
答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中
心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理
理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语
篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。
考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
二、解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大
题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和
推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅
读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题
目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运
用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用
词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇
的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3 个干扰项的内容一般在文
章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理
解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文
章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应
的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干
和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理
等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等
细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则 在答案选项分析中，假如对 A 选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项
A 与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项 A 往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答
案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。
所以，假如四选项中 A、B 互为正反项，那我们通常先排除 C、D 项，正确答案一般在 A、B 项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。
这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more
or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to 等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往
不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already 等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能
力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选
项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启
示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的
其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与 who, what, when, where 问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考
查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或
短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，otherwise
等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以
表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。
根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟
词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词 it，that，he，him 或 them 可以指上文提到的人或物，其
中 it 和 that 还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如 but，however，otherwise 等可以看到前后句在意
义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也
可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means…
(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此
可以推测词义。
反义法：如 hot and cold, give and receive 等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起
着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意
图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题
方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?
检测训练
题组一（2020 年高考真题）
Passage1(2020·天津卷 7 月，D)
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great
achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who
lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious
when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like
Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It
encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how
terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our
curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers
to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower
arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only
a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.
Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that
Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when
she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you
are at this moment.
51. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A. propose a definition
B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion
D. present an argument
52. What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority.
D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A. Observe the unknown around you.
B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure.D. Follow the fashion.
54. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55. What could be the best tile or the passage?
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement
D. Never Too Late to Learn
Passage2(2020·天津卷 3 月，D)
Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the
question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You
will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history.
History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our
home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to
where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying
your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide.
History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the
social and economic life of the people living long time ago According to the experts, problems faced by people
regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more
experienced in handling challenges of life.
History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why
our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong
foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're
scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us
insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.
History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the
19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and
you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and
discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely
anybody.
The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by
learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives.
51．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________.
A．the turning point in our history
B．the present state of our nation
C．the location of our homeland
D．the total area of our country
52．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life?
A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past.
B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today.
C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors.
D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems.
53．What can be concluded from Para.4?
A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers.
B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures.
C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore.
D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness.
54．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________.
A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature.
B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets.
C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period.
D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields.
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．How to Build Cultural IdentityB．Why Studying History Matters
C．Know the Past, Know the Present
D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons
题组二（2019 年高考真题）
Passage1(2019·天津卷，D)
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle
against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison.
Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was
Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do
some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those
who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing
because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and
then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the
opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't
change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to
love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to
have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something
larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral
concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing.
But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such
excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of
people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
Passage2(2019·江苏卷，C)
Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing
machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
.
.It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real
impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the
Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to
live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制
造业) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international
community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led
companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet
facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving
money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more
affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or
setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many
donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of
alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the
technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". As
a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is
the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in
such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of
capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the
national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our
fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all
sorts of wrong directions.
61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B. a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinionsD. a waste of limited resources
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to people
C. ensure that each child gets financial support
D. provide more affordable internet facilities
63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
Passage3(2019·新课标 III 卷，B)
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief
creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of
China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of
Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.
The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that
sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are
central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the
best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking
on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most
famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another
market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its
influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that
in many ways."
24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25. What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing against
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
题组三（2018 年高考真题）
Passage1(2018·新课标 II 卷，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply
focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely
that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary.
But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an
invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says
Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is
learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a
coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when
necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings
and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says
Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond
with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of
good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
Passage2(2018·新课标 III 卷，D)
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when
it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to
live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was
unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we
promised to put the money into her school fund( 基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a
doctor).
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we
train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test
my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I
expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber
ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting
on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to
move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little
experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.
33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl
C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother
34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea B. To show a parent's love
C. To train his attention D. To help him start a hobby
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
Passage3(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing
in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for
companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it
should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country.
It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology
has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the
transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so),
policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放)
and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure
that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most
adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways
because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their
driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead
of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience
even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in
ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars
worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and
cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper
travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by
ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任
与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable
with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t
extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological
advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people,
and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affordability. D. Management.
49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
Passage4(2018·天津卷，D)
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your
front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination,
newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children
become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world
around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This
blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that
we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We
reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a
hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers
who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off.
They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who
were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to
wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they
said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take
in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your
life.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more _____________.
A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ____________.
A. are very patient in their observation
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds
D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
题组四 Passage 1
（2020·重庆高三开学考试） At the World Economic Forum last month, President Trump drew claps
when he announced the United States would respond to the forum's proposal to plant one trillion(万亿) trees to fight
climate change. The trillion-tree idea won wide attention last summer after a study published in the journal Science
concluded that planting so many trees was “the most effective climate change solution to date”.
If only it were true. But it isn't. Planting trees would slow down the planet's warming, but the only thing that will
save us and future generations from paying a huge price in dollars, lives and damage to nature is rapid and
considerable reductions in carbon release from fossil fuels, to net zero by 2050.
Focusing on trees as the big solution to climate change is a dangerous diversion(偏离). Worse still, it takes
attention away from those responsible for the carbon release that are pushing us toward disaster. For example, in the
Netherlands, you can pay Shell an additional 1 euro cent for each liter of regular gasoline you put in your tank, to
plant trees to balance the carbon release from your driving. That's clearly no more than disaster slightly delayed. The
only way to stop this planet from overheating is through political, economic, technological and social solutions that
end the use of fossil fuels.
There is no way that planting trees, even across a global area the size of the United States, can absorb the huge
amounts of fossil carbon released from industrial societies. Trees do take up carbon from the atmosphere as they
grow. But this uptake merely replaces carbon lost when forests were cleared in the first place, usually long ago.
Regrowing forests where they once grew can undo some damage done in the past, but even a trillion trees can't store
enough carbon to head off dramatic climate changes this century.
In a sharp counter argument to last summer's Paper in Science, Justin Gillis wrote in the same journal in October
that the study's findings were inconsistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. He warned that “the claim
that global tree restoration(复原) is our most effective climate solution is simply scientifically incorrect and
dangerously misleading”.
16．What do we know about the trillion-tree idea?
A．It was published in a journal.
B．It was proposed last summer.
C．It was put forward by Trump.
D．It drew lots of public attention.
17．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A．A drawback of the tree planting strategy.
B．An example of balancing carbon release.
C．An anecdote of making a purchase at Shell.
D．A responsibility for politicians and economists.
18．What was Justin Gillis's attitude towards global tree restoration?
A．Indifferent. B．Opposed.
C．Hesitant. D．Supportive.
19．What is the best title for the text?
A．Contradictory Ideas on Tree Planting.
B．A Trillion Trees Come to the Rescue.
C．Planting Trees Won't Save the World.
D．The Best Solution to Climate Change.
Passage 2
（2020·宁夏兴庆�高二期末） Do you want to live another 100 years or more? Some experts
say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural
limit of the human life span.
“I think we are knocking at the door of immortality(永生),” said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University
business professor and author of two books on the future. “I think by 2075 we will see it and that’s a conservative
estimate(保守的估计).”
At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said
advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future
beyond what was possible in the past. “There is a great effort so that people can live from 120 to 180 years,” he said.
“Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years.”
However, many scientists who specialize in aging are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not
designed to last past about 120 years. Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease, they say failure of the brain and
organs will finally lead all humans to death.
Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live. “It remains to be seen if you pass 120, you
know; could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life?” said Leonard Poon, director of the University of
Georgia Gerontology Centre. “At present people who could get to that point are not in good health at all.”1．By saying“we are knocking at the door of immortality”,Michael Zey means_________.
A．they have got some ideas about living forever
B．they believe that there is no limit of living
C．they are able to make people live past the present life span
D．they are sure to find the truth about long living
2．Donald Louria’s attitude towards long living is that________.
A．the human body is designed to last past about 120 years
B．it is possible for humans to live longer in the future
C．it is still doubtful how long humans can live
D．people can live from 120 to 180
3．The underlined word“it”(in Paragraph 4)refers to________.
A．a great effort
B．the conservative estimate
C．the idea of living from 200 to 300 years
D．the idea of living beyond the present life span
4．What would be the best title for this text?
A．No Limit for Human Life
B．Living Longer or not
C．Science,Technology and Long Living
D．Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living
Passage 3
（2019·河南高考模拟） When you were at school, the last thing you probably wanted to do was spend
your weekends going to work. There was homework to do, sport to play and fun to have. But our parents probably
persuaded us to find a job to earn some money and get some life experience. When I was a teenager I had a paper
round: delivering newspapers to people's homes. I then progressed to a Saturday job in a supermarket: stacking
shelves and working at the checkout.
Today in the UK you are allowed to work from the age of 13, and many children do take up part-time jobs. It's
one of those things that are seen almost as a rite of passage(成人仪式).It's a taste of independence and sometimes a useful thing to put on your CV(简历).Teenagers agree that it teaches valuable lessons about working with adults and
also about managing their money.
Some research has shown that not taking up a Saturday or holiday job could be deleterious to a person later on.
A 2015 study by the UK Commission on Employment and Skills found that not participating in part-time work at
school age had been blamed by employer's organizations for young adults being ill-prepared for full-time
employment, but despite this, recent statistics have shown that the number of schoolchildren in the UK with a
part-time job has fallen by a fifth in the past five years.
So, does this mean that British teenagers are now afraid of hard work? Probably not. Some experts feel that
young people feel going out to work will affect their performance at school, and they are under more pressure now to
study hard and get good exam results-and a good job in the long term. However, Geoff Barton, general secretary of
the Association of School and College Leaders, told BBC News that "Properly regulated（控制的）part-time work
is a good way of helping young people learn skills that they will need in their working lives." In reality, it's all about
getting the right balance between doing part-time work and having enough time to study and rest.
1．How did the author feel about doing part-time jobs on weekends when he was a teenager?
A．Unwilling. B．Interested.
C．Delighted. D．Angry.
2．Which of the following may NOT be the benefit of school children's doing part-time jobs?
A．Learning to be independent. B．Gaining some life experience.
C．Being prepared for future jobs. D．Spending what they earn as they like.
3．What does the underlined word "deleterious" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．valuable. B．harmful.
C．necessary. D．beneficial.
4．What can we learn from Paragraph 4?
A．Students should spend all their time on studies.
B．Students should have as many part-time jobs as possible.
C．Doing part-time jobs must affect students' school results.
D．It's important for students to balance part-time jobs and studies.
Passage 4（2020· 江苏江都� 高三二模） The idea that some kids pick up information better when it's presented
visually, and others physically or by listening, is a myth(错误观念) that could rob children of opportunities to learn
and a waste of parents' money, according to scientists.
Researchers at the University of Michigan looked at the pervasiveness of myths about so-called learning styles.
They questioned what is known as psychological essentialism(本质主义): The idea that the category something fits
into is determined by a biological "truth" with a genetic basis. For instance, girls liking pink, pit bulls being violent,
or visual learners only remembering information when it is presented to them in a specific way.
They thought despite the theory existing for decades, there is no evidence to suggest tailoring a person's learning
experience to their self-reported learning style helps them to remember information.
The researchers recruited a total of 668 U.S. adults for the study, asking them about their beliefs about learning
styles. Respondents were asked to rate their agreement or disagreement with statements like "People are born with
a tendency to have a certain learning style." In both surveys, over 90 percent of participants said they believed in
learning styles. And around half of the people tested said they believed that we are born with learning styles; that
they can easily be identified; inherited from our parents; and help to predict what a child will do in life.
Shaylene Nancekivell, a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan and study co-author, told Newsweek: "We
should be using best practices in our classrooms and at home to teach our children. The popularity of the learning
style myth and commercial products means that it is very easy to spend money and time on programs or strategies
that may not be helping children learn. My biggest concern is that time is being spent teaching young children
maladaptive strategies for learning. It is important that children from a very young age are taught with the best
practices so they will succeed."
Asked how the study was limited, Nancekivell explained: "We need to reexamine and better understand our
findings with educators. It will be important to dive deeper into educators' beliefs and reexamine our finding that
educators who work with younger children are more likely to view learning styles in an essentialist light. We also
need to better understand how the differing beliefs we have discovered translate into practice."
Dr. Paul A．Kirschner also commented: "The study identifies origins of the belief, and thus is possibly theoretically
or philosophically significant, it stops there. The real problem is that THEY rob children of opportunities to learn
by branding or classifying them as belonging to a specific group that cannot do certain things. It's also a good
excuse for parents to blame teachers and schools for their children's poor study habits and for schools and teachers
to blame makers of learning materials."1．What effects will learning style myth probably cause?
①Robbing children of learning opportunities.
②Wasting children’s time and money.
③Acquiring maladaptive learning strategies.
④Being taught with the best practices.
⑤Believing they are born with a certain learning style.
A．①②⑤ B．①③⑤ C．②③④ D．①④⑤
2．What does the word “THEY” in last paragraph refer to?
A．Different beliefs. B．Both surveys.
C．Learning styles. D．Origins of the belief.
3．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．Children aren’t born with learning styles.
B．Self-reported learning style helps children succeed.
C．What is psychological essentialism and its effect?
D．Experts have different attitudes toward learning styles.
答案解析
题组一
Passage1(2020·天津卷 7 月，D)
【答案】51. D52. D53. B54. C55. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。
51. 推理判断题。根据第一段内容 After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make
the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have
never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two
belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满
足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选 D。
52. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的 Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in
discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什
么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选 D。53. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的 Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in
discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his
child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the
crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失
去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。
我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选 B。
54. 推理判断题。根据第六段中的 How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段
中的 You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time?
That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了 Thomas Costain 在 57 岁
时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses 在 78 岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我
们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选 C。
55. 主旨大意题。根据第一段内容 After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make
the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have
never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two
belong together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，
C 项 The Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选 C。
Passage2(2020·天津卷 3 月，D)
【答案】51．B52．A53．D54．D55．B
【解析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题
说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。
51．猜测词义题。根据上句 learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful
glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此
处指学历史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的 where we are today 指的是我们国家
的现状。故选 B。
52．细节理解题。根据第三段 According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present
are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of
life.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的
挑战时会更有经验。故选 A。
53．推理判断题。根据第四段中 It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures 和 History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be
foreign to us.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和
憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选 D。
54．推理判断题。根据第五段标题是 History can inspire us to learn more:(历史可以激励我们学习更多),下面列
举了阅读 Oliver Twist 的例子,通过 Oliver Twist 我们能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,还可能会学到一些关于现
实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对
其他领域的兴趣。故选 D。
55．主旨大意题。根据第一段 If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is
a very good first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总
结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。
故 Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文内容。故选 B。
题组二
Passage1
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.B
【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹
圄，在 53 岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的
成功，年龄也是如此，故选 B。
52.D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段 I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they
have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是
那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知 run out of steam 可知，停止学习，故选
D。
53.C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are
everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些
好奇心的人，故选 C。54. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段 we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity.
We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first
but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么
去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本
段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选 D。
55.A
【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的
是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选 A。
Passage2
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利
的影响。
61.D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段 However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce
resources. 可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选 D。
62.A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells,
extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives
more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that
those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without
carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.可知，与其给那些贫
困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东
西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长
期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选 A。
63.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段 In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that
the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live
in a "borderless world". 以及 Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very
necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世
界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选 B。
64.B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段 The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology)
revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so
"yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to
neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，对互联网呈现
的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，
因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能
新兴的信息技术取代，故选 B。
Passage3
【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模
特如何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。
24.B
【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第三段 The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest
in Chinese influences.（此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴趣。）由此
可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选 B。
25.A
【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段 Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell
dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion-they are
central to its movement . （中国模特是向全世界女性推销梦想的美和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中国女性
不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。）由此可知，Hill 说中国女性开创了新时尚，故选 A。
26.D
【解析】词义猜测题。下文 and beating them hands down in design and sales 说并在设计和销售上击败他们。
由此推断出上文 Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Mare Jacobs 的意思是
Vera Wang、Alexander Wang 和 Jason Wu 正在与 Galliano、Albaz 和 Mare Jacobs 竞争。taking on 意思是“竞
争”，故选 D。
27.D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 china and its culture have long been an inspiration for western creations.以及最后一段 If you talk about fashion today , you are talking about China - its influences , its direction, its
breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."（如果
你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国——它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模
特如何最终在许多方面被认可。），结合全文内容，可知这篇文章最恰当的题目是“中国文化助力国际时尚潮
流”，故选 D。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默
抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少
的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排
队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有
此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A 项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B 项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C
项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D 项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选 C 项。
33.B 【解析】推理判断题。题干问得是对于 Carducci 来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最
后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with
them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断 C 符合题意。A
项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B 项意为：与他人有关的。C 项意为：专注于一个话题。D 项意为：做
商业交易。故选 B 项。
34.D 【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，
那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D 项符合题意。A 项
意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B 项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C 项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重
要。D 项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选 D 项。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之
间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，
闲聊都有什么样的好处。A 项意为：谈话很重要。B 项意为：闲聊的方法。C 项意为：闲聊的好处。D
项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选 C 项。
Passage 2
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。
32.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to
live more with less 可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选 A。
33.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中 She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used
when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到
她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选 C。
34.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句 My little experiment to find joy in a single object
worked for both of us.表明，跟 Shepherd 玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选 A。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子 how to live more with less，而二三段
是作者的尝试，故 C 作标题适合。
Passage 3
【文章大意】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段 While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of
driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can
help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可
知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便
宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选 A。
48.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段 But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to
change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the
transformation is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们
的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话 The car of the
future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是
对这种转变的管理规范，故选 D。
49.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段 The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be
fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and
maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶
车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed 被应用；B. Replaced
被取代；C. Shared 被分享；D. Reduced 被减少。故选 A。
50.B 【解析】观点态度题。根据文章最后一段 The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably.
The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and
more affordably. 以及 plan for it 可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选 B。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉
我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段 Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A
child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子
的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选 D。
52.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小
溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为
了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选 A。
53.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句 Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many
of us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选 C。
54.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段 I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground
with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to
see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选
B。
55.A 【解析】推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，
带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选 A。
题组四
Passage 1
【答案】16．D17．A18．B19．C
【解析】本文为一篇议论文。文章论述了作者不赞成美国总统 Trump 响应 “种一万亿棵树”来对抗气候变化
的倡议，作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放。
16．细节理解题。根据第一段 The trillion-tree idea won wide attention last summer after a study published in the
journal Science concluded that planting so many trees was “the most effective climate change solution to date”.去年
夏天，发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究得出结论，大量种树是“迄今为止最有效的气候变化解决方案”，
这 “一万亿棵树”的想法赢得了广泛关注。可知，一万亿树的想法引起了公众的广泛关注。故选 D 项。17．主旨大意题。根据第三段Focusing on trees as the big solution to climate change is a dangerous diversion(偏离).
Worse still, it takes attention away from those responsible for the carbon release that are pushing us toward disaster.
把树木作为解决气候变化的主要办法是一种危险的转移。更糟糕的是，它把注意力从那些对碳排放负责的人
身上移开，正是这些人把我们推向灾难。因此，第 3 段主要论述了以植树来保护环境的缺点。故选 A 项。
18．推理判断题。根据最后一段 In a sharp counter argument to last summer's Paper in Science, Justin Gillis wrote
in the same journal in October that the study's findings were inconsistent with the dynamics of the global carbon
cycle. He warned that “the claim that global tree restoration(复原) is our most effective climate solution is simply
scientifically incorrect and dangerously misleading”. Justin Gillis 在《科学》杂志上发表了与去年夏天《科学》
杂志公布的研究结果截然相反的观点，他认为去年夏天公布的那个研究结果是不符合地球碳循环动力学的。
同时，他发出警告：通过植树来解决气候问题是不科学的，是错误的，是危险的，是具有误导性的。推测，
Justin Gillis 对植树提议是持反对态度的。故选 B 项。
19．主旨大意题。结合全文，文章论述了作者不赞成美国总统 Trump 响应 “种一万亿棵树”来对抗气候变化
的倡议，作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放，种树的想法是不科学的，且具有误导
性。C 项“植树不会拯救世界。”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选 C 项。
Passage 2
【答案】1．A2．B3．D4．B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。人类是否能够获得更长更健康？科学家对此有不同的看法。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段““I think we are knocking at the door of immortality(永生),” said Michael
Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. “I think by 2075 we will
see it and that’s a conservative estimate(保守的估计).” 我认为我们正在敲永生的门,” 蒙特克莱尔州立大学的商
业教授迈克尔说， “我认为,到2075年我们将会看到这种现象，这是一个保守的估计。”这里教授表明到 2075
年就可以实现永生，由此判断出这里的含义是科学家们对如何获得永生有了一些想法。故选 A 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey
Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that
humans will live in the future beyond what was possible in the past.”唐纳德教授说使用基因以及纳米技术的进步
表明人类将生活在超越过去可能的未来是很可能的。所以这里教授觉得人类在未来会活的更久是有可能的，
故选 B 项。
3．词义猜测题。根据第三段末尾“Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or
300 or 500 years.”有些科学家表明，人类可以活到 200 年，300 年或者 500 年都是没有限制的，但是许多专攻衰老方面的科学家对此抱有疑问。所以这里 it 指代前一段提到的人类可以活到 200 年或 300 年，故选 D
项。
4．主旨大意题。文章第二段““I think we are knocking at the door of immortality(永生),” 教授迈克尔表明到
2075 年就可以实现永生，第四段“However, many scientists who specialize in aging are doubtful about it and say
the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.” 然而，许多专门研究衰老问题的科学家对此表
示怀疑，他们说，人的身体设计不适合活过大约 120 年，提出人类永生的质疑，所以整篇文章是围绕着人
类是否永生展开。故短文的最佳标题为“人类是否能够获得更长更健康”。故选B 项。
Passage 3
【答案】1．A2．D3．B4．D
【解析】本文为议论文。研究和调查表明，适当的兼职会让学生们学会独立、获取阅历、为将来工作做好
准备，同时还要在做兼职和有足够的时间学习和休息之间取得平衡。
1．推理判断题。依据第一段 When you were at school, the last thing you probably wanted to do was spend your
weekends going to work.可知作者认为当你在学校的时候，你可能最不想做的事情就是周末去上班。故作者的
态度是不情愿的，选 A。
2．细节理解题。依据第二段 It’s a taste of independence and sometimes a useful thing to put on your CV.…it
teaches valuable lessons about working with adults and also about managing their money.第三段 not participating in
part-time work...ill-prepared for full-time employment.可知兼职会让学生们学会独立、获取阅历、为将来工作做
好准备。故选 D。
3．词义猜测题。依据划线词后调研内容 A 2015 study... found that ...可知，该研究表明，雇主们一直将年轻
人对全职工作准备不足归咎于他们在上学时没有参加兼职工作。故学生不参加兼职工作可能对以后的生活
有害，选 B 符合题意。
4．推理判断题。依据最后一段 In reality, it’s all about getting the right balance between doing part-time work and
having enough time to study and rest.可知，在做兼职和有足够的时间学习和休息之间取得平衡是非常重要的。
故选 D。
Passage 4
【答案】1．B2．C3．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要驳斥了孩子天生具有学习方式这种观点，认为我们应该使用更好的
方法去教孩子。
1．细节理解题。第一段提到了 rob children of opportunities to learn(让孩子丧失学习的机会)，第五段提到了being spent teaching young children maladaptive strategies for learning(把时间花在教导孩子学习的不良适应策
略上)，第二段提到了 The idea that the category something fits into is determined by a biological "truth" with a
genetic basis(某物所属的类别是由具有遗传基础的生物学“真相”所决定的。)由此可见①③⑤都是“learning
style myth”带来的影响。故选 B。
2．词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“The real problem is that THEY rob children of opportunities to learn by
branding or classifying them as belonging to a specific group that cannot do certain things.(真正的问题是，他们剥
夺了孩子们学习的机会，通过给他们打上烙印或将他们归类为某个特定的群体，使他们不能做某些事情。)”
结合文意及上文可知，应该是学习方式剥夺了孩子学习的机会。所以 they 指代“learning styles(学习方式)”。
故选 C。
3．主旨大意题。第一段 The idea that some kids pick up information better when it's presented visually, and others
physically or by listening, is a myth(错误观念) that could rob children of opportunities to learn and a waste of
parents' money, according to scientists.（科学家称，有些孩子通过视觉展示，而有些孩子通过听觉或身体接触
能更好地获取信息，这种观点是错误的，可能会剥夺孩子学习的机会，浪费父母的钱）是全文的主题句，
结合全文内容可知，文章主要驳斥了孩子天生具有学习方式这种观点，认为我们应该使用更好的方法去教
孩子。故选 A。
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