专题 11 语法填空（说明文）
1.【2020·全国新课标 I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang’e-4
probe (探测器) - the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess 61． (touch) down last week in the
South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moon’s far side is 62． (extreme) challenging. Because the moon’s body
blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot
63． it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular 64． (interesting) to
scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山)， more so 65． the familiar near side. Chinese researchers
hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66． (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. ＂This
really excites scientists,＂ Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, ＂because it 67． (mean) we have the
chance to obtain information about how the moon 68． (construct)＂ Data about the moon’s composition, such as
how 69． ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 70． (it) plans for a future lunar (月
球的) base are practical.201
【答案】61．touched62．extremely63．where64．interest65．than66．to find67．means68．is constructed
69．much70．its
【解析】这是一篇说明文。中国成为第一个将航天器降落在月球背面的国家，文章主要介绍了中国无人月
球探测器嫦娥四号发射的意义。
61．考查时态。句意：无人月球探测器嫦娥四号——名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神——上周在南
极艾特肯盆地着陆。此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语 last week 可知应使用一般过去时，故填 touched。
62．考查副词。句意：登录月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。空处修饰形容词 challenging，应使用 extreme 的
副词形式，故填 extremely。
63．考查定语从句。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个
点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是 a spot，关系词替代先行词
在从句中作地点状语，应用 where 引导。故填 where。
64．考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词 particular 可知，空处应填名词，interest
是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填 interest。
65．考查介词。句意：因为它比熟悉的一面有更多的深环形山。根据空前的比较级 more so 可知，此处填介
词 than，表示“比……更”。故填 than。
66．考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。故填 to find。
67．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家 Carle Pieters 说：“因
为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知，此处也使
用一般现在时，主语是 it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式 means，故填 means。
68．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意同上。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语 construct 与
主语 the moon 之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语 the moon
是单数，故填 is constructed。
69．考查形容词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少水和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来
月球基地的计划是否实用。ice 是不可数名词，应使用 much 修饰，故填 much。
70．考查代词。句意同上。根据空后的名词 plans 可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词 its，故填 its。
2.【2020·全国新课标 II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Deorating with Plants, Fruits and Flowers for Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is a 61． (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. This
is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers 62． (carry) special significance. They represent the earth
63． (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country:
Oranges: Orange trees are more 64． decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth. They make
great gifs and you see them many times 65． (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
Bamboo: Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and office.
66． (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. Bamboo plants are associated 67． health, abundance
and a happy home. They are easy 68． (care) for and make great presents.
Branches of Plum Blossoms (梅花): The 69． (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾)
make fantastic decorations. The plum trees are 70． first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). They
represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.202
【答案】61．celebration62．carries63．coming64．than65．decorated66．Certainly67．with68．to care69．beautiful
70．the
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了用一些植物、水果和鲜花装饰中国新年的寓意。
61．考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词 a 后接名词形式。故填
celebration。
62．考查主谓一致。句意：这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语 decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填 carries。
63．考查非谓语动词。句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为 represent，所
以这里为非谓语动词。名词 earth 与 come back to 之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填 coming。
64．考查短语。句意：桔子树不仅仅是装饰品；more than 不仅仅，不只是。故填 than。
65．考查非谓语动词。句意：它们是很好的礼物，你会经常看到它们装饰着红包和好运的信息。句中 them
指代前句中的 orange trees，与 decorate 之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填 decorated。
66．考查副词。句意：当然在假期期间，这种植物是绝对必要的事物。介词短语做时间状语，因此只有改
变成副词才能复合句子结构，用副词形式做状语。故填 Certainly。
67．考查短语。句意：竹类植物与健康、富足和幸福的家庭联系在一起。be associated with 与……相联系。
故填 with。
68．考查非谓语动词。句意：它们很容易照顾，也很适合作为礼物。这里考查“be +形容词 + to do”结构。
故填 to care。
69．考查形容词。句意：美丽的长枝上覆盖着粉红色的花蕾，做成漂亮的装饰。修饰名词 branches，用形容
词形式。故填 beautiful。
70．考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词 first 前要加定冠
词 the。故填 the。
3.【2020·浙江卷】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Some time after 10，000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56． ，through
agriculture. Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on 57． could be hunted or gathered from the
wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
Farming produced more food per person 58． hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children.
And，as more children were born，more food 59．(need). Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power
of technology 60．(change)lives.
By about 6000 BC，people 61． (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later，they learned to
work with the 62． (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas， 63． (make)use of annual floods to
irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with 64． rise of science，changes began. New methods
65． (mean)that fewer people worked in farming. In the last century or so，these changes have accelerated. New
power machinery and artificial fertilizers(化肥)have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone
Age.【答案】
56．in57．what58．than59．was needed60．to change61．had
discovered62．seasons63．making64．the65．meant.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了农业的发展历史。
56．考查介词。句意：公元前 10000 年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分
析可知，“they lived _____”应是之前名词 the world 的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应
是在从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the world. live in+名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填 in。
57．考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多
地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，宾语从句部分缺主语，所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据
句意，此处缺“什么”之意。故填 what。
58．考查固定搭配。句意：农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。结合句意可知，此句中将农业生产与
狩猎和采集相比，应用比较连词 than。more… than，意为“比……更”故填 than。
59．考查时态语态。句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。分析句子，逻辑主语和 need 之间表
示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。food
为不可数名词。故填 was needed。
60．考查非谓语动词。句意：农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子，简单句中已有动
词 gave 故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意，此处需用不定式作定语。故填 to change。
61．考查时态。句意：大约在公元前 6000 年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分
析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻
辑。by + 过去时间 译为“到…为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填 had discovered.
62．考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪
水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填 seasons。
63．考查非谓语动词。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的
洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，make 所处的分句中无主语，故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of 和逻辑主语
they 之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式（doing）形式做状语。故填 making。
64．考查定冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着......的崛起”是固定短
语。故填 the。
65．考查时态。句意：新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。分析句子，主句部分无其他动词，故此处需填时
态。文章的整体时态是过去时，根据时态一致原则此处也应为过去时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。
所以此处填过去时的主动形式。故填 meant。4.【2020·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内
单词的正确形式。
Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th
centuries, 36． (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their
collection at home until it got too big 37． until they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects
collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38． (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39． opened in
1759.
The parts of a museum open to the public 40． (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s
collection 41． (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can
play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine 42． (they) living at a different time in history or
43．(walk)through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the city’s Viking settlement is recreated, and people
experience the sights, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical 44． (accurate) is important but so is
entertainment. Museums must compete 45．people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums
also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.
【答案】36.wealthy37.or38.formed39.which/that40.are called41.is42.themselves43.walking44.accuracy45.for
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了博物馆藏品的来源及博物馆给人们带来的好处和面临的挑
战。
36．考查形容词。句意:在 18 和 19 世纪，富人旅行并收集植物、历史物品和艺术品。此处修饰名词 people，
应使用形容词，做定语。故填 wealthy。
37．考查连词。句意:他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给
一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两者可能性，应使用连词 or:或者。故填 or。
38．考查动词时态。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的 8 万件藏品构成了 1759 年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。
此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语 in1759 可知，应使用一般过去时。故填 formed。
39．考查定语从句。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的 8 万件藏品构成了 1759 年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。
此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是 the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词 which/that
引导。故填 which/that。
40．考查动词时态及语态。句意:博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观使用，应
使用一般现在时；主语与 call 是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。故填 are called。
41．考查主谓一致。句意:通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语 a small part of a museum’s collection 是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的 Most of it
is stored away or used for research.中的 is 也是提示。故填 is。
42．考查反身代词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时
期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代 visitors，意为”他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填 themselves。
43．考查非谓语动词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史
时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处与 living 是并列成分，共同做 imagine 的宾补，imagine sb. doing sth.”想
象某人做某事”。故填 walking。
44．考查名词。句意:历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处做主语，位于形容词 historical 之后，应
使用名词，意为”历史的准确性”。故填 accuracy。
45．考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for，
意为:”为了……竞争”。故填 for。
5.【2019·全国 I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While
they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence ___61___ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as
James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been
___62___ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.
Modem methods ___63___ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,
and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut
___65___ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___66___ (believe) that
populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by ___67___ (note) that hungry bears may be
congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ___68___ (high)
than they actually are. Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six
___70___ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
【答案】61. that 62. poorly 63. of/for 64. to perform 65. have reported
66. belief 67. noting 68. higher 69. the 70. are
【解析】本文为科普类说明文。文章向我们介绍了目前北极熊的生存现状。近年来，在人类居住的地方看
到北极熊的次数有所增加，这导致人们错误地认为北极熊的数量在上升，可事实并非如此。
61. that 考查名词性从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为 there be 句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从
句，解释说明中心词 evidence 内容，故填 that。
62. poorly 考查形容词副词。分析可知，此处用副词 poorly 修饰谓语动词 has been studied，意为“研究很少”。故填 poorly。
63. of/about 考查介词。此处 tracking polar bear populations 作 Modern methods 的定语，methods of/for doing sth.
意为“……的方法”。故填 of/for。
64. to perform 考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因或目的状语（主语+be +adj. + to do） 。
句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，且在如此大区域内持续采用是很昂
贵的。故填 to perform。
65. have reported 考查动词时态。根据上下文语境，尤其是时间状语 in recent years 可知，句中需用现在完成
时态。故填 have reported。
66. belief 考查词性转换。由其前不定冠词和其后 that 引导的同位语从句可知，空格处需填名词形式。故填
belief。
67. noting 考查非谓语动词。介词 by 后填动名词形式，此处表示主动故填 noting。句意：对此，科学家们的
回应是饥饿的熊可能正聚集在人类聚居地的周围。note 在此处为动词，意为“指出”。
68. higher 考查形容词比较级。根据其后 than they actually are 可知，此处需用形容词的比较级，故填
higher。
69. the 考查定冠词。此处特指“在已知的 19 个北极熊亚种群中”。故填定冠词 the。
70. are 考 查 主 谓 一 致 。 根 据 three are declining ， 此 处 数 词 six 作 主 语 ， 代 指 前 文 中 的 “polar bear
subpopulations”，故需用复数谓语，时态为一般现在时。故填 are。
6.【2019·浙江】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
There are several reasons why school uniforms are good idea. First of all, uniforms help the school look smart.
The students feel that they belong to a particular group. When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody
___56___ (have) to worry about fashion(时尚). Everybody wears___57___ same style of clothes. Uniforms can be
useful in unexpected ways, A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform. On the edge of the
jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___gives off light in the dark. When the children are walking or ___59___
(cycle) to school on dark mornings, car drivers can ___60___ (easy) see them.
But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ___61___ this question is not clear. One study
in America found that students' grades ___62___ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms. But some
students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform. Other American studies showed no ___64___(connect) between
uniforms and school performance.
School uniforms are ___65___ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them. Some
very good schools don't have a uniform policy. However, uniforms are still popular. Pupils at about 90 percent of British secondary schools wear uniforms.
【答案】56. has/will have 57. the 58. that/which 59. cycling 60. easily 61. to
62. improved 63. to wear 64. connection/connections 65. traditional
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了穿校服的各种好处。
56. has/will have 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本文通篇以一般现在时为主。分析句子结构可知，主语是
nobody，所以谓语动词用 has。同时根据 When 引导的时间状语从句谓语动词用一般现在时态可知，主句也
可以用一般将来时 will have。
57. the 考查冠词。 根据 same 可知，前面一定用 the，表示“同样的衣服样式”。
58. that/which 考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是定语从句，先行词为 a piece of cloth，且
定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词 that/which。
59．cycling 考查非谓语动词。 根据上文 walking 和 or 可知，此处需要与 walking 结构一致的现在分词，故
填 cycling。
60． easily 考查副词。 根据句中 can see them 可知，需要 easy 的副词形式来修饰动词，故填 easily。 【易
错点拨】注意 easy 的副词是 easily，而不是 easely 或写成 easyly。
61． to 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处是 the answer to the question 结构，表示“问题的答案”，故用介
词 to。
62. improved 考查谓语动词。 根据空前的谓语动词 found 可知，此处 that 引导的是宾语从句，而从句中缺
少谓语动词，同时根据 found 可知，时态是过去时态，故填 improved。【易错点拨】注意 improved 表示“提
高、改进”，此处是主动形式，而不要写成 were improved。
63． to wear 考查非谓语动词。 分析句子结构可知，此处为不定式作 want 后面的宾语，故用 to wear。【知
识拓展】非谓语动词作状语时，doing 通常表示与主语同时发生且是主动关系；done 表示与主语之间是被
动关系；having done 表示该动作先于主句的动作发生且与主语之间是主动关系；to do 通常表示目的。
64. connection/connections 考查名词。 根据 no 可知，后面需要 connect 的名词形式，语意表示“联系、连
接”，故填 connection/connections。
65. traditional 考查形容词。 分析句子结构可知，空处作 are 后面的表语，所以需要 tradition 的形容词形
式 traditional，表示“传统的”。
7.【2018·全国 I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ___61___(long) than
non-runners. You don't have to run fast or for long___62___(see)the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight
and still reduce your risk of ___63___ (die) early by running. While running regularly cann't make you live forever, the review says it ___64___ (be) more effective at lengthening life___65___ walking, cycling or swimming. Two
of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014___66___showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day
of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ___67___(cause).
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise… it's probably running. To avoid knee pain,
you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to___68___(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good
running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always___69___(energy).If you are time poor, you need run for only
half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give___70___a try.
【答案】61. longer 62. to see 63. dying 64. is 65. than 66. that \which 67. causes
68. strengthen 69. energetic 70. it \running
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了跑步的好处，它可以帮助人们延年益寿。
61. 考查副词的比较级。医学报告显示：经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活 3 年。根据 than 可知用比较级，
故填 longer。
62. 考查不定式作目的状语。你不必跑地太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故
填 to see。
63. 考查动名词。你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然通过跑步会减少早亡的风险。此处 of 是介词，其后
用动名词。故填 dying。
64. 考查动词的时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个
事实，故用一般现在时。故填 is。
65. 考查比较句型。跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。根据文章中的 more effective 可知此
处填 than。
66. 考查定语从句的关系词。此处 a study 是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填 that 或 which。
67. 考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天 5 到 10 分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。
根据句意用复数形式。故填 causes。
68. 考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处 to 是不定式符合，其后用动词原形。故填
strengthen。
69. 考查词形变化。跑步总是让人充满活力的。根据 it’s 可知，系动词后用形容词作表语。故填
energetic。
70. 考查代词或名词的用法。我们都应该试试跑步。此处 give it a try 意为：试试。此处 it 可以指 running。
故填 it 或 running。
点睛：本文比较难的一个题是 10 题。短语 give it a try 不容易想出来。give a try 试试。Give sb sth； give sth to sb 这些短语学生都很清楚。但 give 后加 it 或 sth 的形式，比较少见。高考复习要尽可能多的复习相关的
短语，尤其是用的比较多，而课本中出现较少的短语。
8.【2018·全国 II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country ___61___（grow）more
corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has
increased only 7 percent.
A taste for meat is ___63___ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens,
pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice
___64___ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water ___65___ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This
switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer
for people.
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ___67___ (globe)fertilizer
consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ___68___ (start)
a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use
dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's
approach to protecting its environment while ___70___ (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and
food policymakers worldwide." says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
【答案】61. has grown 62. the 63. actually 64. to improve 65. than 66. pollution
67. global 68. started 69. that/which 70. feeding
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界
上的知名认识的认可。
61. 考查时态。since 加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。句意：2011 年以来，中国种植的玉米比水稻多。
故填 has grown。
62. 考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去 25 年里增长了近 125%，而大米只增长了 7%。故是特指在过去
的 25 年里。故填 the。
63. 考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故
填 actually。
64. 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动
词是 encourages，故 improve 应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填 to improve。
65. 考查连词。句意：玉米比大米使用的水更少。根据关键词 less 可知，填比较连词。故填 than。66. 考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。
has decreased 后跟名词作宾语，故填 pollution。
67. 考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的 30%。fertilizer consumption 是名词短语，故
应该用形容词修饰。故填 global。
68. 考查谓语动词。句意：在 2005 年政府开始了一项土壤测试项目。本句是 when 引导的定语从句，由
于时间是 2005 年，故用过去时。故填 started。
69. 考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词 gives 可知，该空缺少主语，指代 program 并且引导后
面的句子。指物用 that/which，故填 that 或者 which。
70. 考查省略句。句意：中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食
政策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作，while 后面省略掉了 China is，省略句的原
则：在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、，让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有 be 动
词时，那么可以把主语和 be 动词一块省略。故填 feeding。
点睛：学会分析句子成分。The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 - when the government
started a soil-testing program which /that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011，fertilizer
use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 这句话中有两个定语从句。一个是关系副词 when 引导的定语从句，先行词
是 2005，the government 是主语，a soil-testing program 是宾语，故此空缺少谓语动词，我们可以看出时态是
一般过去时。另一个是关系代词指代 program 引导的定语从句，先行词是 program，gives 是第三人称谓语动
词，可以看出是考查关系词。代指物并作主语，关系词要用 that/which。
9.[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which
was started by the medical community(医学界) 61.________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some
unintended side 62.________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community
was trying to fight.
Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63.________ (process) the food that we eat, to
recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64.________ (remove) from
food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As 65.________ result, people will eat more food to try to
make up for that something missing. Even 66.________ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes
up. Fast food 67.________ (be) full of fat and salt; by 68.________ (eat) more fast food people will get more
salt and fat than they need in their diet.
Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69.________ (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have
too much of both, 70.________ is not good for the health.
【答案】61. as 62. effects 63. to process 64. are removed 65. a 66. worse 67. is 68. eating 69.
careful 70. which
【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健
康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会受到损害。
61. as 考查介词。这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as 表示“作为”，故填 as。
62. effects 考查名词复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是“一些意料之外的副作用”，根据前文的 some 可
知副作用有很多，故填 effects。
63. to process 考查不定式。需要它们来加工我们所吃的食物。 require 表示“要求”， require to do sth 表示“要
求做某事”，被动形式为 be required to do sth，表示“被要求做某事”。故填 to process。
64. are removed 考查被动语态。此处意思是“当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉后”。分析可知 fat，salt 和 remove
之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填 are removed。
65. a 考查冠词。固定短语 as a result 表示“结果是”。结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故
填 a。
66. worse 考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填 worse。
67. is 考查主谓一致。fast food 的意思是“快餐”，表示一类食物，为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故
填 is。
68. eating 考查动名词。根据前文中的 by 可知此处应该填 eat 的动名词形式。故填 eating。
69. careful 考查形容词。分析语境可知 be 后面应该用形容词作表语，故填 careful。
70. which 考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知 which is not good for the health 为非限制性定语从句，
先行词为前文中的 to have too much of both，即“摄入过多的脂肪和盐”。故填 which。
10. [2017·全国卷Ⅱ]阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven
kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61.________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and
62.________ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging
up the road, 63.________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64.________ top. When all those had
been done, the road surface was replaced.
Steam engines 65.________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66.________ (fair) unpleasant for the
passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using 67.________ every day.
Later, engineers 68.________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became
known as the Tube. This development was only possible with the 69.________ (introduce) of electricpowered
engines and lifts. The Central London Railway was one of the most 70.________ (success) of these new lines, and
was opened in 1900. It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the
public.
【答案】61. crowds 62. from 63. laying 64. the 65. were used 66. fairly 67. it 68. managed
69. introduction 70. successful
【解析】文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了伦敦地铁的发展史。
61. crowds 考查名词复数。伦敦人口众多，导致路面交通拥堵，于是修建地铁。用 crowds 这一复数形式，
表示不断涌现的人群，用来形容人口稠密。
62. from 考查介词。与前面的介词 to 一起来表示上下班(to and from work)。
63. laying 考查非谓语动词。此处用 lay 的动名词形式 laying 与前面的 digging 形成并列。该词填空难度较
大，若考生未辨明 lie—lying/lay/lain 和 lay—laying/laid/laid 等特殊词形变化会导致错误。
64. the 考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。
65. were used 考查动词语态。蒸汽机(注意复数名词形式)被用来作为火车动力。
66. fairly 考查副词。副词修饰形容词。
67. it 考查代词。it 指代伦敦地铁。
68. managed 考查动词时态。描述地铁发展演变过程用过去时态。
69. introduction 考查名词。该词在此作 with 的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词 of，
故只能用 introduction。
70. successful 考查形容词。形容词与定冠词连用，相当于名词，由于该词后有介词 of 结构，故只能用形
容词。
11.(2017·浙江 11 月高考)
Easy Ways to Build Vocabulary
It’s not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life, it’s 1.
ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, 2. means
youll just keep getting better and better. Of course you have to work at it. You wouldn’t think that a few 3.
(month) of exercise in your teens would be enough 4. the rest of your life, and that’s also true for building
your vocabulary — you have to keep at it daily, and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.
One of the 5. (effect) ways to build vocabulary is to read good books. You need to 6. (real)
read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic. This isnt as hard as it 7. (sound), and it is far
better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while 8. (read) an interesting piece of
literature. Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and 9. (they) use unconsciously, meaning
that you will tend to use the words 10. (learn) this way in conversations almost automatically.
【 答 案 】 1.an 2.which 3.months 4.for 5.effective 6.really 7.sounds 8.reading 9.their
10.learned / learnt
【解析】本文讲述了扩大词汇量的简易方法。
1.an 由语境可知此处用不定冠词 an 表示泛指。
2.which 分析句子结构可知,空格处所填的词指代逗号前的 theres enough room for improvement,which 在句
中为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中作主语。
3.months month 为可数名词,由 a few 可知 month 应用复数形式。
4.for be enough for sth 意为“对……来说已足够”。
5.effective 此处要表达的是“有效的方法之一”,因此填形容词。
6.really 此处应用副词修饰不定式 to read。
7.sounds 本句意为“这件事并不像听起来那么难”,描述的是一般事实,且主语为 it,因此用 sound 的第三人称单
数形式。
8.reading 逻辑主语 you 与动词 read 为主动关系,故用现在分词 reading ... 作状语;也可视为状语从句 while
you are reading... 的省略形式。
9.their use 在此处是名词,故用形容词性物主代词 their 作定语。
10.learned / learnt learned / learnt 作后置定语修饰 words,表示“已学过的词”, words 与 learn 是被动的关系,因
此用过去分词。
12.【2016·全国新课标 II】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1 个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别)those of 41
(great)and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 42 (achieve).
Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 43 (be) often acceptable.
Most of us are more focused 44 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. So, get an early start
and try to be as productive 45 possible before lunch. This will give you the confidence you need to get you
through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished. Recent 46 (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 47 (regular). Give
your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 48 while, exercising, or dong something you enjoy.
If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely 49 (bring) your work home. It
could be anything-gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is, 50 (make) sure it’s a relief from daily
stress rather than another thing to worry about.
【答案】41. greater 42. achievement 43. is 44. on 45. as
46. studies 47. regularly 48. a 49. to bring 50. make
【解析】本文属于说明，告诉我们当工作压力太大的时候，应该怎么做来合理释放压力。
41.greater 考查比较级。本空所填之词和比较级 less 是并列关系，使用相同的比较级形式 greater。
42.achievement 考查名词。横线前面有介词 of，横线上要使用名词 achievement 作为 of 的宾语。句意：首先
处理重要的事情，那么你会有成就感。
43.is 考查句子结构和主谓一致。本句中单个动名词短语“Leaving.....tomorrow”在句中做主语，谓语动词使用
单数形式，所以使用 is。
44.on 考查固定搭配。形容词短语 be focused on 集中于....；很多人早晨对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意
力更集中。
45.as 考查固定搭配。短语 as...as....和...一样；正是因为人们早晨的注意力更为集中，所以我们要早起，要
和午饭之前一样的高效率。
46.studies 考查名词单复数。本句的谓语动词是 show，说明主语是复数名词 studies。
47.regularly 考查副词。在英语副词通常做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词，形容词通常在句中做定语或表语
修饰名词。所以本句中使用副词 regularly 做状语修饰动词 take short breaks。
48.a 考查固定短语。介词短语 for a while 一会；本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和
思维休息一会。
49.to bring 考查形容词短语。形容词短语 be likely to do sth 可能做某事；你就不太可能把工作带回家去做，
因为你找到了你喜欢做的事情。
50.make 考查祈使句。本句中动词短语 make sure 放在句首，构成祈使句。句意：要保证它是让你释放压力，
而不是让你担忧的事。
13.【2016·全国新课标 III】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1 个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
In much of Asia, especially the so-called ＂rice bowl＂ cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 41 Vietnam, food
is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 42 (make) of gold and silver with
Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in
large pots, 44 (use) twigs(树枝)to remove it. Over time, 45 the population grew, people
began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 46 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 47 lived from roughly 551 to 479
B.C., influenced the 48 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people
of killings and 49 (be) too violent for use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 50
their hands.
【答案】
41. and42. be made43. to create44. using45. as/when46. gradually47. who48. development49. were50. with
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了亚洲一些国家中的吃饭工具筷子。
41. and 考查并列连词。这里列举了一些亚洲的国家，它们是并列关系，故填 and。
42.be made 考查固定词组。sth be made of 精美的筷子可能非由金或银制成的筷子莫属。…某物由......制成，
情态动词后跟动词原形，故填 be made。
43. to create 考查不定式作目的状语。技术娴熟的工人会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来，以创造
出特殊风格的筷子。这里用不定式表目的，故填 to create。
44.using 考查现在分词作伴随状语。人们可能使用大锅煮食物，用树枝把锅移开，use 的逻辑主语是
people，两者是主动关系，用现在分词表示伴随状况，故填 using。
45.as/when 考查时间状语从句。句意：随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小块，这样可以煮得快一点，
这里是时间状语从句，when 意为“当……时候”，后跟长动作或短动作，故填 as／when。
46.gradually 考查副词。副词修饰动词或形容词，这里修饰动词短语 turned into，应该用副词，故填
gradually。
47. who 考查非限制性定语从句。剧中有逗号，说明是非限制性定语从句，先行词是 Confucius 孔子，定
语从句缺少主语，且指人，故填 who。
48.development 考查词性转换。the＋名词＋of，意为“……的……”，这里指“筷子的发展”，故填
development。
49. were 考查时态。根据句意可知，这里指的是刀子因太暴力而不适合在餐桌上使用，believed 后跟一个宾语从句，and 连接了两个并列的谓语，主语 knives 是复数，根据时态一致的原则，这里用一般过去时，故
填 were。
50. with 考查介词。句意：在印度，大部分人还是用传统的吃饭方法－－用手拿，with＋表示具体工具的
名词，故填 with。
考点：名词；介词；副词；并列连词；非谓语动词；定语从句；状语从句
14.【2016·上海】(B)
Stress: Good or Bad?
Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people
are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.
In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood
pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(34)______ does you harm. It is
time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home
with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the
(35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to
exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by
asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of
(37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient or(38) _____(annoy) with
people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control )
your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.
To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how
much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc.
If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.
【答案】
33. has been regarded 34. that 35. better 36. a 37. you 38. annoyed 39. control 40. to get
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，压力成为了我们生活中常见的一个词汇。文章告诉我们一定范围之内的压力
能促进我们的工作，但一旦压力过大，就会给我们的生活带来很多负面的影响。
33. has been regarded 考查时态语态。本句的时间状语是 in recent years 最近几年以来，该时间状语通常和现
在完成时连用，且句子主语 stress 与动词 regard 构成被动关系，所以使用现在完成时的被动语态形式 has
been regarded。34. that 考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为 It is/was 被强调成分 that/who 其它成分；其最大的特点就是
去掉 it is/was…that/who…句子仍然成立。要注意强调句型能强调除谓语动词以为的所有的句子成分。本句
强调的是句子主语 only too much stress。
35. better 考查固定句式“The+比较级.....， the+比较级”意为“越....就越.....”。本句句意：你承受的压力越大，
你的表现就会越好。所以本空使用 good 的比较级形式 better.
36. a 考查固定短语。短语 a number of 许多，大量；该形容词短语通常做定语修饰可数名词复数形式，本
句中使用 a number of 修饰可数名词复数形式 questions。
37. you 考查上下文串联。句意：例如，你是否感觉到对你期待得太多了？本句的主语是 you，所以仍然使
用宾格 you 作为介词 of 的宾语。
38. annoyed 考查形容词。形容词 annoyed 恼怒的，该词是由过去分词转换而来的形容词，通常修饰人。本
句中该词和 impatient 构成并列关系一起和系动词 get 构成系表结构。
39. control 考查固定搭配。动词短语 had better do sth 最好做某事；“had better”是情态动词，后面要接动词原
形。
40. to get 考查形容词短语。形容词短语 be likely to do sth 可能做某事；句意：如果你生活中的压力超过
150，你就非常有可能生病了。
15.[2015·全国卷Ⅱ]
The adobe dwellings( 土 坯 房 ) 61.________(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are
admired by even 62.________ most modern of architects and engineers. In addition to their simple beauty, what
makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63.________(able) to “air condition” a house without
64.________(use)electric equipment.Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out
that heat 65.________(slow) during cool nights，thus warming the house. When a new day breaks, the walls have
given up their heat and are now cold enough 66.________ (cool) the house during the hot day; 67.________ the
same time, they warm up again for the night. This cycle 68.________ (go) day after day: The walls warm up
during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures.
As 69.________(nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70.________thick the adobe walls
needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
【答案】61. built 62. the 63. ability 64. using 65. slowly 66. to cool 67. at 68. goes 69.
natural 70. how
【解析】土坯房比现在的房子好在冬暖夏凉。现代的建筑师都很羡慕这样的房子不用空调就能很好地
调节室内的温度，不过关键是这房子的墙的厚度。61. built build 与前面的 the adobe dwellings 构成动宾关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。
62. the 空格后面的 most 是形容词最高级，故前面使用 the。
63. ability 结合空格前面的形容词性物主代词 their 可知，后面要用 able 的名词形式。
64. using 结合空格前面的介词 without，后面应该使用 v.ing 的形式。
65. slowly 根据空格前面的 give out that heat 和后面的 during cool nights 可知，这里使用副词修饰动词
短语 give out。
66. to cool 结合空格前面的 cold enough 可知后面使用不定式形式，构成“be＋adj. enough to do sth”的
句型。
67. at 此处是一个固定词组。at the same time 与此同时。
68. goes 此处指前面提到的循环不断地持续下去。The cycle 的谓语动词用单数，且为一般现在时。
69. natural 结合空格后面的 architects 可知此处要用形容词作定语修饰后面的名词，因此填 natural。
70. how 根据空格后面的 thick 是一个形容词，因此填 how，引导宾语从句，作 figured out 的宾语。
16.(2014·全国Ⅰ)
Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?
In 1969,the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It 1. (be)
unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.T he river was so polluted that it 2. (actual) caught fire and
burned. Now, years later, this river is one of 3. most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
But the river wasn’t changed in a few days 4. even a few months. It took years of work 5.
(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river
is 6. (clean) than ever.
Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit 7. is driving your family
crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an
impossible situation, don’t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?
While there are 8. (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the 9. (change)
are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river .Just be 10. (patience).
【答案】1.was 2.actually 3.the 4.or 5.to reduce 6.cleaner 7.that / which 8.amazing 9.changes
10.patient
【解析】本文通过一个清理工业污染的例子说明这样一个道理:只要我们坚持不懈,就可以做成那些看似不可
能的事情。
1.was 文章讲的是 1969 年发生的事情,故用一般过去时。2.actually 此处用副词修饰动词 caught。
3.the 根据语境可知,此处是最高级,most 前面需要加 the。
4.or 此处指河流不是在几天或者几个月里就改变得了的。这里用 or 表“或者”。
5.to reduce it takes some time to do sth“做某事花费多长时间”。
6.cleaner 根据下文 than 可知,此处用形容词的比较级。
7.that / which 此处是一个定语从句,habit 是先行词,指物,从句缺主语,故用 that/which 引导定语从句。
8.amazing 此处用形容词修饰名词 stories。amazing 指“令人吃惊的”。
9.changes 根据句子的谓语 are 可知主语 change 应用复数形式。
10.patient 此处用形容词作表语。
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