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最常见到的四种特殊句式:全部倒装、部分倒装、省略句和反意疑问句。
1 全部倒装
1. There be句型:可以用在这类句型中的动词除be外,还可用live,exist,remain,stand等作谓语。例如:
(1) There are many students in the classroom.
(2) Long long ago, there lived a king who loved horses very much.
2. 用于“here(there,now,then)+不及物动词+主语”的句型中,或以out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的句子里,以表示强调。例如:
Here comes the bus.
Out went the children.
3. 由then引起,谓语为come,follow的句子。例如:
(1) Then came a new difficulty.
(2) Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.
4. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时,也常常引起全部倒装。例如:
In the middle of our school stands a high building.
5. 表语放在句首时,倒装结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。表语常为形容词、过去分词和介词短语。例如:
(1) Gone are the days when they would do what they liked.
(2) Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
2 部分倒装
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1. only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首。
例如:Only then did I realize the importance of English.
注意:①在only+状语从句+主句结构中,主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。
Only when you have finished your homework(从句用正常语序) can you go to the cinema.
②only修饰主语,不倒装。Only Tom knows how to deal with the tough situation.
2. 否定词(短语)开头的句子:
表示否定意义的副词never,nor,neither;xk;w
表示半否定意义的副词hardly,few,seldom,little;
含有no和not的词组by no means(绝不),in no time(很快),at no time(在任何时候都不),not until, not only … but also...,no sooner...than
(1) Never shall I believe you again.
(2) Little did he know who the woman was.
(3) Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
3. 以so开头,用“so+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表明前面叙述的肯定情况也适合于另一个人或物,译作“也,同样,也如此”。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物,用“neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”。译作“也不是,也没有”。例如:
The boy left home, and so did his sister a week later.
-I don’t think I can walk any further.
—Neither can I. Let’s stop for a rest.
注意:当so表示对前句内容的肯定、附和或进一步强调前面所说的情况,译作“的确,正是”时,用正常语序。例如:
— Tom works hard.
— So he does and so do you.
4. 如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were,should,had,可以把if省略,而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒装。
例如:
If there should be a flood, what would we do?
Should there be a flood, what would we do?
5. 频度副词及短语often,always,now and then,many a time,every other day等放在句首时,有时也倒装。
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例如:Many a time has he come to comfort me.
6. 某些表示祝愿的句子也用倒装语序。 例如:May you succeed!
3 省略句
1. 如果复合句中的时间、条件、原因状语从句用了主语+be+分词结构,且主、从句主语一致时,可省略从句的连接词、主语和be动词,只保留分词和其他成分。例如:
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (Lost in thought为As he was lost in thought的省略)
2. 如复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复的话,从句的句尾可省略。例如:
(1) Li Lei will play football if Mike will (play football).
(2) Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won’t (sweep the floor).
3. 在回答问句及其他形式的答语中,如有和上文重复的不定式时,在答语中只保留其不定式符号to,而把动词和其他部分省略。例如:
— I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
— Not at all. I’d be happy to. (I’d be happy to后省略了look after your cat)
4. 在英语中,有一些特殊的省略结构,如:What/How about...? Why not do...?等实际上已形成了习惯用法。例如:
— I usually go there by train.
— Why not try going by boat for a change?
4 反意疑问句
反意疑问句是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定,而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。其结构为:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简单问句。完成后一部分简单问句时,要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问,前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。如果前一部分用肯定式,后一部分一般用否定式;反之,前一部分为否定式,后一部分要用肯定式。
1、反意疑问句的一般情况
(1) 当陈述部分的主语是everyone,everybody,someone,no one,nobody,somebody等时,其附加部分的主语强调全部可用they,强调个体也可用he。例如:
Somebody phoned while I was out, didn’t he?
Everyone knows what money means, doesn’t he/don’t they?
(2) 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this,that或these,those时,附加问句中的主语分别用it和they。
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例如:This is important, isn’t it?
These are your friends Tom and Jack, aren’t they?
(3) 当陈述部分的主语是everything,anything,nothing等时,附加问句中的主语用it。
例如:Everything seems all right now, doesn’t it?
(4) 陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词,如:never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,no,none, no one,rarely,nowhere,nothing,nobody,few,little等,附加问句一般用肯定式。
例如:She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
2、常见句型的反意疑问句
(1) 当陈述部分是there be句型时,其后的附加问句也用there。
There will be a special exhibition on tomorrow, won’t there?
(2) 祈使句后面的反意疑问句问题:
①祈使句是否定形式,附加疑问部分只能用will you。
Don’t forget the meeting, will you?xk,w
②祈使句是肯定形式,附加疑问部分用肯定、否定均可。
Give me some cigarettes, will you/ won’t you?
3、复合句的反意疑问句
当陈述部分是“I’m sure,I’m afraid,I don’t think (suppose,expect,imagine,believe等)+宾语从句”结构时,附加问句应与从句主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意陈述部
分的否定转移现象。
例如:
I’m sure that he is late for school, isn’t he?
I don’t think she cares, does she?
4、关于情态动词的反意疑问句
(1) 陈述部分中有have/had to,附加疑问句部分通常用do的相应形式代替。例如:
You have to get up early tomorrow to catch the first bus, don’t you?
(2) 陈述部分中是mustn’t表示“禁止”时,附加疑问句部分用must;陈述部分中的must表示“一定、想必”等推测意义时,附加疑问句部分则是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。
例如:
You mustn’t walk on the grass, must you?
You must be very thirsty, aren’t you? (对想在情况的推测)
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It must have snowed last night, didn’t it? (对过去情况的推测)
(3) 陈述部分是I wish,表示询问或征求意见,附加疑问部分用may I。
例如:
I wish to see you again, may I?
5 强调句句型
1. 陈述句的强调句型:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
eg. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 他撞见李萍是在昨天。
2. 一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。
eg. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3. 强调句例句:针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语:It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语:It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语:It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语:It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
4. 注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who,即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此,that, who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was …… ,其余的时态用It is ……
6 not … until … 句型的强调句
句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
eg. 普通句:He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
注意:此句型只用until,不用till.
7 谓语动词的强调
It is/ was …… that …… 结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/ does或did.
eg. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
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He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!
注意:此种强调只用do/ does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。
【真题演练】
【2017·天津卷】It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.
A. who B. where C. which D. that
【答案】D
【解析】
【2016·江苏】.Not until recently ______the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
A. they had encouraged B. had they encouraged
C. did they encourage D. they encouraged
【答案】C
【解析】
地区开展与旅游业有关的活动。故C正确。
【2015·湖南】Always ________ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
A. to keep B. to have kept
C.keep D.have kept
【答案】C
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