2019届中考英语复习第二篇中考语法专项训练(共24套)
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第二篇 中考语法专项 第22课 冠词与名词 课堂突破 冠 词 概念 冠词是一种虚词,是最典型的限定词,本身不能单独使用,只能附在一个名词前帮助说明名词的含义。‎ 类 别 不定冠词 a/an的用法 ‎1. 不定冠词a/an用于单数可数名词前,其中a用于以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前,而an则用于以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如:a boy, a city, a girl, a useful tool, a red apple, an old man, an honest boy等。‎ ‎2. 用来表示“一”的意思,但不强调数的观念,只说明名词为不特定者,即不具体说明是何人何物。如:We work five days a week. 我们一星期工作5天。‎ ‎3. 不定冠词含有“一”的意思,但数量观念没有one强烈,在句子里一般可以不必译出,但若有“一个”的意思则须译出。如:An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天一苹果,医生远离我。‎ ‎4. 一般用在单数可数名词前,指人或事物的某一种类。如:Bill is a doctor. 比尔是一位医生。‎ ‎5. 用于两件通常配在一起的物品前,第二个名词前不再重复不定冠词。如:a knife and fork一副刀叉。‎ ‎6. 注意不定冠词在下列搭配中的位置:在half, such, what, rather, many之后,在as, so, how, too修饰的形容词之后。如:I’ve never met such a nice girl.(或I’ve never met so nice a girl.) 我从未见过这么好的女孩。‎ ‎7. 用在某些固定词组中。如:a lot of, a moment ago, a few, a little等。‎ 定冠词 ‎1. 特指某些人与物。如:The book on the chair is Jack’s.‎ 11‎ the的用法 ‎ 椅子上的书是杰克的。‎ ‎2. 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或物。如:What’s the new student’s name? 那个新生叫什么名字?‎ ‎3. 指上文提到过的人或物。如:He lives in a house. The house is not big. 他住在一所房子里。那所房子不大。‎ ‎4. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如:The earth is bigger than the moon. 地球比月球大。‎ ‎5. 用于序数词或形容词最高级前。如:The first island is the largest of the three. 第一座岛是三座岛中最大的。‎ ‎6. 与形容词连用,表示一类人。如:We need to look after the old. 我们需要照顾老人。‎ ‎7. 与表示姓氏的词的复数形式连用,表示其全家人或夫妇二人。如:The Smiths are from England. 史密斯一家(夫妇)来自英国。‎ ‎8. 用于表示西洋乐器的名词前。如:The little girl can play the piano well. 这个小女孩钢琴弹得很好。‎ ‎9. 指方位。如:the east东方;the left左边。‎ ‎10. 用于发明物的单数名词前。如:Who invented the wheel? 谁发明了轮子?‎ ‎11. 代替所有格,指已提到过的人的身体或衣着的某部分。如:hit sb. in the face打某人的脸。‎ ‎12. 用于集合(体)名词前,指一个整体。如:the people人民;the public公众。‎ ‎13. 用于河流、运河、海、洋、海峡、山脉、朝代名称前。如:the Yellow River黄河;the Pacific太平洋;the Alps阿尔卑斯山(脉);the Tang Dynasty唐朝。‎ 11‎ ‎14. 用于逢十的数词的复数形式前,指世纪中的特定年代。如:in the 1970s在20世纪70年代。‎ ‎15. 用于“the+形容词/副词比较级,the+形容词/副词比较级”表示“越……越……”。如:The sooner you go, the sooner you will be back. 去得越早,你就回得越早。‎ ‎16. 用于一些固定短语中。如:by the way, in the morning, on the left, the day before yesterday, all the same等。‎ 零冠词 的用法 ‎1. 名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, any等限定词。如:I want to ask you some questions. 我想问你一些问题。‎ ‎2. 国名、地名、人名前。如:He went to Hangzhou last week. 他上周去杭州了。‎ ‎3. 表示颜色、语言、学科、国家的全称名词前。如:They can speak English and Chinese. 他们会说英文和中文。‎ ‎4. 表示球类运动的名词和三餐饭前。如:He had lunch with us yesterday. 昨天他和我们一起吃午饭。‎ ‎5. 节日、季节、星期、月份前。如:If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?‎ ‎6. 在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。如:After dinner Aunt Li came in. 晚饭后李阿姨进来了。‎ ‎7. 在物质名词和抽象名词前。如:We can’t live without air. 没有空气我们不能生存。‎ ‎8. 表示泛指(一类人或事物)的复数名词前。如:Horses are useful animals. 马是有用的动物。‎ ‎9. 用在某些固定搭配中。如:at home在家;on foot步行;by plane坐飞机;at noon在中午。‎ 11‎ ‎【活学活用】‎ ‎ 用a, an, the或“/”填空。‎ ‎1. —Mary, who’s__________ woman over there?‎ ‎—She’s my aunt,__________ English teacher.‎ ‎2. —Do you often play__________ tennis after school?‎ ‎—No, I don’t like sports. I often play__________ guitar.‎ ‎3. His uncle usually goes on a business trip by__________ air.‎ ‎4. All his neighbors came to the party except__________ Whites.‎ ‎5. Mrs. Smith works as__________ art teacher in this school.‎ 名 词 名词 的分类 专有名词 个人、地方、机构等专有名称。如: Shanghai, Li Lei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim, China, July, Friday, Christmas, English等。‎ 普通名词 ‎1. 个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体。如:fighter, gun, country, cup, desk, student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。‎ ‎2. 集体名词:若干个体组成的集合体。如:family, class, team, police。一般看作复数,谓语动词要用复数形式。(具体见“主谓一致”这一课“特殊的情况4”)‎ ‎3. 物质名词:无法分为个体的实物。如:cotton, tea, air等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。‎ ‎4. 抽象名词:动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如:health, happiness,‎ 11‎ ‎ love, work, life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。‎ 名词 的数 规则的可数 名词的复数 变化规则 ‎1. 一般情况加-s。如:books, mouths, houses, girls等。‎ ‎2. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的加-es。如:classes, boxes, matches等。‎ ‎3. 辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i,再加-es。如:cities, countries, parties, factories等。‎ ‎4. 以o结尾的有些词加-es。如:heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes等。‎ ‎5. 以o结尾加-s的名词。如:radios, zoos, bamboos, pianos, kilos, photos等。‎ ‎6. 以f, fe结尾的多数把f或fe改为v,再加-es。如:leaves, lives, wives, knives, halves, wolves等。‎ ‎7. 以f, fe结尾直接加-s的名词。如:roofs, proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。‎ 不规则的可数名词的复数变化规则 ‎1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man→men, woman→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse(老鼠)→mice, child→children等。‎ ‎2. 单复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan。另外以ese或ss结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词也一样单复数同形。如:Chinese,‎ Japanese, Swiss等。以an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s。如:Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。‎ 注:1. Englishman→Englishmen, Frenchman→Frenchmen ‎2. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。如:There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.‎ 那个湖里有各种各样的鱼;fish作“鱼肉”讲时是不可数名词,没有复数。‎ 11‎ ‎3. man, woman等修饰名词构成合成词时,一般两个词都变化。如:man servant→men servants,‎ woman doctor→women doctors等。但是其他合成名词只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式即可。如:shoe factory→shoe factories鞋厂。‎ 多种特 殊形式 ‎1. 字母及阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加-’s或-s。如:‎ ‎①There are two l’s in the word “all”. 单词all里面有两个l。‎ ‎②Your 7’s and 9’s look alike. 你的那些7和9写得差不多。‎ ‎2. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人或夫妇二人。如:the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs等。‎ ‎3. 集体名词people, police总是用作复数。如:Several police are on duty. 几名警察在值班。‎ ‎4. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew等单复数概念都有,但意义不同。如:‎ ‎①The class is big. 这个班级很大。‎ The class are taking notes in English. 全班学生都在用英语记笔记。‎ ‎②The population in China is larger. 中国的人口比较大。‎ ‎80% of the population in China are peasants. 80%的中国人口是农民。‎ 以s结尾的学科名词只作单数。如:mathematics, physics, politics等,news也是如此。‎ ‎5. glasses, trousers等常用复数。但如果这些词前用a pair of.../this pair of.../that pair of...等修饰时,谓语动词由pair的单复数来决定。如:‎ ‎①My new pair of trousers is too long. 我那条新裤子太长了。‎ 11‎ ‎②Here are some new pairs of shoes. 这里有几双新鞋子。‎ ‎6. 不可数名词没有复数形式,如果要表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词修饰。如:a piece of news/information/advice/bread/cake/paper/meat/coal, a bottle of ink, a grain of rice, a cake of soap等。‎ ‎7. 中考常考的不可数名词。如:information, weather, news, advice, fun等。‎ 注:可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限,可数名词可以转变为不可数名词,同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词,要看清整个上下文的具体内容。‎ 名词 的格 概念 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫作名词所有格。‎ 构成形式 ‎1. 单数名词应加’s。如:the boy’s mother那个男孩的母亲;the dog’s face这只狗的脸。‎ ‎2. 不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。如:Children’s Palace少年宫;men’s clothes男装。‎ ‎3. 以s结尾的复数名词后加’。如:the birds’ nests鸟巢;the teachers’ office教师办公室。‎ ‎4. 并列名词表示各自所属时在两个名词之后都加’s。如:Mary’s and Tom’s fathers玛丽的父亲和汤姆的父亲。‎ ‎5. 并列名词表示共同所属时在最后一个名词后加’s。如:Mary and Tom’s father玛丽和汤姆的父亲。‎ ‎6. 表示“店铺;某某家;诊所”的名词所有格后面,一般省去被修饰的名词。如:at his brother’s在他弟弟家;at the doctor’s在诊所;at the barber’s在理发店。‎ ‎7. 用所有格表示时间或距离的方法。如:ten minutes’ drive十分钟车程;a month’s holiday一个月的假期。‎ ‎8. 用所有格表示节日的方法。如:Teachers’ Day教师节;Children’s 11‎ ‎ Day儿童节。‎ 注:除了父亲节、母亲节和愚人节外,其他节日都用名词复数的所有格表示。如:Mother’s Day母亲节;Father’s Day父亲节;April Fool’s Day愚人节。‎ ‎9. 以of构成短语的所有格形式。如:a picture of mine我的一张照片;a photo of my family我家的一张合照;the door of the classroom教室的门。‎ ‎10. 以to构成短语的所有格形式。如:the key to the door门的钥匙;the answer to the question问题的答案;the ticket to the game比赛的门票。‎ ‎11. “of+-’s所有格/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。如:‎ ‎①Tom is a friend of mine. 汤姆是我的一个朋友。‎ ‎②That’s a piece of Mozart’s. 那是莫扎特的一首曲子。‎ ‎【活学活用】‎ ‎ 用所给词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. Lucy was surprised to see some__________ (mouse) running inside her room at night.‎ ‎2. The soldier saved the boy from the flood with a piece of__________ (wooden).‎ ‎3. Everyone knows that__________ (library) are places for people to study.‎ ‎4. Yuan Longping and Yang Liwei are great national (hero) of China.‎ ‎5. A number of__________ (foreign) are becoming more and more interested in Chinese culture.‎ ‎6. It is said that__________ (tomorrow) sports meeting has been put off because of the bad weather.‎ ‎7. The second Sunday in May is__________ (mother) Day, and I’m thinking about what to buy for my mother.‎ 11‎ ‎8. All the children are happy on__________ (child) Day.‎ ‎9. I hope that in a few__________ (year) time, you’ll come back to visit our school.‎ ‎10. The pen isn’t mine. It’s my__________ (brother).‎ 当堂检测 一、用a, an, the或“/”填空。‎ ‎1. (2018·台州中考)I thought it was__________ joke.‎ ‎2. —Do you know__________ man in the photo?‎ ‎—Sure. It’s Mr. Johnson, our head teacher.‎ ‎3. My birthday is coming up. Daniel will send me MP4 as my birthday present.‎ ‎4. Eric is not going to Nanjing by__________ plane. Instead, he is taking__________ train.‎ ‎5. I think English is__________ useful language, and it’s also__________ important language.‎ ‎6. —Do you play__________ piano in your free time?‎ ‎—No. I like sports. I often play__________ soccer with my friends.‎ 二、用所给词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. (衢州中考)The mother and father birds fed them every day. The__________ (baby) grew bigger and bigger.‎ ‎2. Kate was excited to receive some beautiful roses from her husband on__________ (woman) Day.‎ ‎3. —How far is your home from school?‎ 11‎ ‎—It’s about two__________ (hour) walk.‎ ‎4. Could you tell me the__________ (high) of Qomolangma?‎ ‎5. The show I Am a Singer helps audiences rediscover many good__________ (voice).‎ 三、根据短文内容和所给汉语提示在空白处写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。(2018·绍兴市柯桥区中考模拟)‎ It was Friday morning and a young businessman finally decided to ask his boss for a raise. Before 1__________(离开) for work, he told his wife what he was about to do.‎ ‎2__________(在……期间) the whole day he felt nervous. Finally, in the late afternoon, he had the 3__________(勇气) to speak to his leader and to his joy, the boss in4__________(意大利) agreed to the raise.‎ The husband arrived home and was surprised to see a beautiful table set with their best china and 5__________(点燃) candles. Smelling the aroma of a festive meal, he believed that someone from the office had called his wife.‎ Finding her in the kitchen, he shared the details of his good news 6__________(自豪地). They danced around the room and 7__________(拥抱) before sitting down to the wonderful meal. Next to his plate, he found a 8(可爱的) note that read: “Congratulations, darling. I knew you’d get the raise. This dinner is to show you how much I love you.”‎ Later on his way to the kitchen to help his wife serve dessert, he noticed that a 9__________(第二) card had fallen from her pocket. Picking it up, he read: “Don’t worry about not getting the raise. You’re worth it 10 (不管怎样). This dinner is to show how much I love you.”‎ 11‎ 参考答案 课堂突破 冠词 1. the, an 2. /, the 3. / 4. the ‎ ‎5. an 名词 1. mice 2. wood 3. libraries 4. heroes ‎ ‎5. foreigners 6. tomorrow’s 7. Mother’s 8. Children’s ‎ ‎9. years’ 10. brother’s 当堂检测 一、1. a 2. the 3. an 4. /, a/the ‎ ‎5. a, an 6. the, /‎ 二、1. babies 2. Women’s 3. hours’ 4. height ‎5. voices 三、1. leaving 2. During 3. courage 4. Italy ‎ ‎5. lit/lighted 6. proudly 7. hugged 8. lovely/cute ‎9. second 10. anyway 11‎

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