第31课 宾语从句与定语从句
课堂突破
宾语从句
概念
在复合句中，用来充当宾语的句子叫作宾语从句。在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式等后面都可以接宾语从句，要想真正掌握宾语从句的用法，必须把握三个关键点：引导词、语序、时态。
宾语从句的引导词
连接宾语从句的连词有that, whether与if。另外还有连接代词what, which, who, whom及连接副词when, where, how, why。
1. 宾语从句是陈述句时，用连接词that引导，that在从句中只起引导作用，不作句子成分，没有词义，在口语中常常省略。如：He knew （that） he should study hard. 他知道他应该努力学习。
2. 宾语从句是一般疑问句时，用if或whether引导，if和whether意为“是否”。如：He asked me if/whether he could come in. 他问我他能否进来。
3. 宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，特殊疑问句中的疑问词就是引导词。如：Can you tell me which class you are in? 你能告诉我你在哪个班吗？
宾语从句的语序
宾语从句是疑问句时，要用陈述语序。
1. 如果是由助动词do, does, did构成的疑问句，在转换为宾语从句时，要去掉这些助动词，从句中的谓语动词要根据主句的时态做出相应的变化。如：“Does he sing well?” the teacher asked him.→The teacher asked him whether/if he sang well.
2. 如果是由be, have, will, can等助动词、连系动词、情态动词构成的问句，在变为宾语从句时，需要把这类词还原到句中原来谓语的位置上，同时根据主句的时态做相应的变化。如：She asked me, “Will you be free
tomorrow?”→She asked me if I would be free tomorrow.
宾语从句的时
1. 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词为过去时态时，宾语从句中谓语动词一
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态
般也要用过去的某种时态。如：
①He asked when they would go to the party. 他问他们什么时候将去参加聚会。
②Miss Green said she had been to Beijing before. 格林小姐说她以前去过北京。
2. 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的时态为一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等时态时，宾语从句的时态不受主句限制，可根据情况选用合适的时态。如：
①Do you know when we’ll have a football match? 你知道我们什么时候举行足球赛吗？
②You know he has gone to Shanghai. 你知道他已经去上海了。
3. 当宾语从句表述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯动作以及格言等时，其时态不受主句限制，都用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播的速度要快。
注：Could you tell me...?/Would you tell me...?等句式并不是表示过去时态，而是表示客气请求的语气，所以宾语从句不一定用过去时态，应用相应的某种时态。
宾语从句的否定转移
当主句的主语是第一人称I或we，且谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect等时，宾语从句的否定式常常转移到主句上，即“否定前移”。如：
①I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还没有完成工作。
②I don’t think he can speak English. 我认为他不会讲英语。
注：这种否定转移的宾语从句变为反意疑问句时，疑问部分的主语、谓语要与从句保持一致。如：I don’t think he is right, is he? 我认为他不对，是吗？
【活学活用】
A）根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. —I’d like to visit Kate tomorrow. Do you know____________________（她住哪里）?
—Sorry, I don’t know her address, either.
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B）根据句意或用所给词的适当形式填空。
2. The teacher is standing here. Do you know when she__________ （come）?
3. （2017·杭州中考）Nobody knows__________ it will finish its journey. It might be longer than expected.
4. Until now they haven’t decided__________ they should build the railway or not.
5. What a nice paper fish!Can you show us__________ you make it?
定语从句
概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
用法
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都要充当句子成分。当关系代词充当动词的宾语时可省略；当关系代词充当介词的宾语且介词不在关系代词之前的，关系代词也可省略。如：
The person （whom） you just spoke to is Mr. Li. 刚刚跟你说话的人是李先生。
定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数要和先行词保持一致。如：
The girl who is standing there is my sister. 站在那边的那个女孩是我妹妹。
引导词
1. who引导的定语从句：who在从句中作主语或宾语，修饰的是人。如：
I love singers who write their own music. 我喜欢自己创作乐曲的歌手。
2. whose引导的定语从句：whose在从句中作定语，可以指人，也可以指物。如：
Do you know the girl whose father is a teacher? 你认识那位她父亲是老师的女孩吗？
3. which引导的定语从句：which在从句中作主语或作谓语动词和介词的宾语，只能指无生命的东西。如：
The story （which） he told was very interesting. 他讲的故事很有趣。
4. that引导的定语从句：that在从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或作谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语。如：I love movies that are funny. 我喜欢滑稽的电影。
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几种必须用that引导定语从句的情况
1. 先行词是不定代词something, nothing, anything 等。如：
I want to do something （that） I enjoy. 我想做点我喜欢的事。
2. 先行词被序数词、the last或形容词的最高级所修饰。如：
The first thing that I learned will never be forgotten． 我永远不会忘记我学的第一件事。
3. 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, much, no, some等修饰。如：
I have read all the books that you gave me． 我已经读完了你给我的所有书。
4. 先行词被the only， the very 修饰。如：This is the very pen that I am looking for． 这就是我在找的钢笔。
5. 先行词既有人又有物时。如：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered． 他们聊了他们记得的人和事。
6. 当句中已有who 或which时，为避免重复。如：
Who is the man that is talking to John? 跟约翰说话的那个人是谁？
7. 如有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用了which，则另一个用that。如：Edison built a factory which produced
things that had never been seen． 爱迪生建了一座工厂来生产一些从来没有见过的东西。
表示人时，只可用who引导定语从句的场
1. 指人时，当先行词为everybody, anybody, everyone, anyone等时要用who，而不用that。如：Is there anyone
who can answer this question? 有人会回答这个问题吗？
2. 指人时，当先行词为that, this, those或these等时要用who。如：Those who hadn’t bought the tickets for
the train crowded in the waiting hall. 那些还没买着火车票的人挤在候车厅里。
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合
关系副词引导定语从句的具体用法
关系副词主要有表示时间的when，表示地点的where，表示原因的why。如：
①October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
②This is the hotel where we stayed last year. 这是我们去年住过的旅馆。
③The reason why I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday.
我写信给你的理由是想告诉你关于周六聚会的事。
【活学活用】
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。
1. I will never forget the day__________ we spent in the old town.
2. I will never forget the day__________ we met for the first time.
3. “Underground” is the only word in the English language__________ begins and ends with the letters “und”.
4. Rose doesn’t know what she or her friends can do to help the little boy__________parents have left hometown for making money.
5. This is one of the most wonderful books__________ I have ever read.
6. Do you know the man__________ is talking to Miss Wu?
当堂检测
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. The day we looked forward to__________ （come） at last.
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2. If you don’t like the drink you__________（order）, just leave it and try a different one.
3. Tom asked if the earth__________（go） around the sun.
4. I hear that Tom__________（be） here for a week.
5. All the books I have__________（list） here.
二、用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。
1. （2018·杭州中考）Many more people could afford the books__________ were produced on a printing press.
2. Is this the place__________ your father once lived?
3. I’ll never forget the days__________ I joined the League.
4. He likes to read books__________ are written by foreign writers.
5. Those__________ want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7:00 tomorrow.
三、选词填空。（2017·湖州市南浔区中考模拟）
选择方框内的单词完成下列句子，使句子通顺、正确。每词限用一次。
A. truly B. customers C. among
D. imagine E. international F. either
1. On weekends, the supermarket is usually full of .
2. March 8 is__________ Women’s Day. We can do something for our mother.
3. You can__________ how regretful he was after doing such a silly thing.
4. I__________ feel sorry about your great loss of your grandmother.
5. Mr. White__________ watches TV or reads a newspaper in the evening.
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6. Nanxun is__________ the most beautiful ancient towns in China.
四、任务型阅读。（2018·新昌中考模拟）
阅读下面文章，然后从文后所给的A—D四个选项中选择正确的选项（其中有一项是多余选项），将其序号填入1—3小题，并回答4和5两小题。
For a Chinese kid, publishing（出版） a book in English is quite a big challenge. But Yang Nianhui, a 15-year-old student from Beijing, has done so. 1__________ , The Vampires of Lorania. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press has published it. It is their first time to publish a high school student’s work independently.
In Yang’s 60,000-word novel, she describes a vampire kingdom called Lorania. A brave girl named Rose and a Chinese boy fight with bad guys to keep Lorania peaceful. 2__________ . It tells readers, “A hero is one who chooses to stay and fight for what is right, even if he is afraid.”
Yang studies at the High School Affiliated with Renmin University of China. She has spent five years working on the book.
As a big fan of English, Yang enjoys reading original novels and watching TV series in English. She is especially interested in fantasy novels. When she was in Grade 5, she read The Chronicles of Narnia by US author C. S. Lewis. 3__________ .
With little experience, she did run into some problems, like how to design the story.
“I read many other fantasy novels like Twilight and The Lord of the Rings to learn some things. And I kept changing and improving my draft again and again,” she said.
Yang is happy about publishing her first book. “It gives me a chance to express my ideas,” she said. She has already started writing a sequel（续集） to her book.
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A. It discusses the meaning of heroism from the view of a teenager
B. She wanted to learn how to tell the story
C. It encouraged her to write her own novel
D. She wrote an English-language fantasy novel
4. How long did it take Yang Nianhui to complete the book?
__________________________________________________
5. Do you like writing? Why or why not? （不少于5个单词）
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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参考答案
课堂突破
宾语从句
1. where she lives 2. came 3. when 4. whether
5. how
定语从句
1. that/which 2. when 3. that 4. whose
5. that 6. who/that
当堂检测
一、1. came 【解析】句意为“我们期待的日子终于到来了”。we looked forward to是定语从句，修饰the day。
2. ordered 3. goes
4. has been
5. are listed 【解析】句意为“我拥有的所有书都被列在这儿了”。I have是定语从句，修饰books。
二、1. that/which 2. where 3. when 4. that/which
5. who
三、1—5. BEDAF 6. C
四、1—3. DAC
4. Five years./It took her five years to complete it.
5. Yes, I do. Because it gives me a chance to express my ideas.
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