专题五 动词的时态和语态
真 题 试 做
(C)1.(2018宜宾中考改编)—I can't find Jimmy.Where is he?
—He ______ in the garden at the moment.
A.works B.will work
C.is working D.was working
(C)2.(2018安徽中考)The weatherman says a rain shower ______ this afternoon in the south.
A.expects B.expected
C.is expected D.was expected
(B)3.(2018北京中考)Bill likes reading.He ______ picture books with his dad every evening.
A.read B.reads
C.is reading D.has read
(A)4.(2018北京中考)—Paul, what were you doing at nine last night?
—I ______ a movie in the cinema with my friends.
A.was watching B.watch
C.have watched D.will watch
考向归结
通过以上四个题的观察,并结合各地多年中考考点的设置,动词的时态和语态主要考查以下几个方面：动词各种时态和语态的用法、宾语从句的时态和语序、延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法、现在完成时“have/has been (to),have/has gone (to)与have/has been (in)”的区别及用法；题型设置方面,主要趋向于单项选择、完形填空、综合填空和写作。
考 点 突 破
动词的时态
1.一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的构成
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一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,动词也应用相应的第三人称单数形式。如：
Tom often helps his parents to do housework on weekends.汤姆在周末经常帮助父母做家务。
(2)动词第三人称单数变化规则
规则
示例
一般在动词后加s
run—runs,talk—talks
以ch,sh,s,x结尾的动词,在词尾加es
teach—teaches,watch—watches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y变i再加es
study—studies,try—tries
(3)一般现在时的用法
①表示经常性或习惯性的动作,也可表示现在的状态,常与always,usually,often,sometimes,once a week,every day等频度副词或时间状语连用。如：
My father often goes to work by bus.我父亲经常乘坐公交车上班。
②表示客观真理或普遍事实。如：
The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
The light travels faster than the sound.光的传播速度比声音快。
③在时间状语或条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如：
If it rains tomorrow,we won't go fishing.如果明天下雨,我们将不去钓鱼。
I will call you as soon as she comes here.她一到这里,我就给你打电话。
④在某些以here,there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。如：
Here comes a bus.公交车来了。
2.一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。如：
Last week,I went shopping with my parents.上周我和我父母一起去购物。
(2)动词过去式的规则变化
规则
示例
在动词后面加ed
work—worked,talk—talked
以e结尾的动词,在词尾加d
live—lived,move—moved
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以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y变i再加ed
study—studied,try—tried
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加ed
stop—stopped,shop—shopped
drop—dropped,plan—planned
(3)动词过去式的不规则变化,请详见九年级教材不规则动词表。
(4)一般过去时的用法
①表示过去某个时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
I ate an egg for breakfast this morning.今早早饭我吃了一个鸡蛋。
②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。如：
When I was five years old,I usually went to school by school bus.当我五岁时,我上学通常坐校车。
(5)常用的表示一般过去时的时间状语：last night,yesterday,last week,10 years ago,in 2015,in the past,at that time,just now等。
3.一般将来时
(1)表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,其构成是“will＋动词原形”,常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,next week,in a few days,next Sunday,in＋一段时间(in 50 years),in 2050等连用。如：
I will come back in two days.两天之后我将回来。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事,表示已经决定并很有可能发生的事。如：
What are you going to do tomorrow？明天你准备做什么？
(3)come,go,leave,start,stay,begin等表示位置转移的词常用现在进行时即“be doing”的形式表将来。如：
We are leaving for Hong Kong.我们即将动身去香港。
(4)“be about to＋动词原形”和“be to＋动词原形”结构表示即将发生的事。如：
The train is about to leave.火车即将开了。
She is to be married next Saturday.她下周六将结婚。
(5)一般现在时表将来,通常与if,as soon as,until,when等引导的状语从句连用。如：
If it doesn't rain this afternoon,we will have a football match.
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如果今天下午不下雨,我们将进行一场足球比赛。
4.现在进行时
(1)现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由“主语＋am/is/are＋v.ing”构成。
否定句式：主语＋am/is/are＋not＋v.ing.
疑问句式：Am/Is/Are＋主语＋v.ing?
肯定回答：Yes,主语＋am/is/are.
否定回答：No,主语＋am/is/are＋not.
(2)现在分词的变化规则
规则
示例
在动词后面加ing
reading—reading,watch—watching
以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e后加ing
live—living,move—moving
少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加ing
lie—lying,die—dying,tie—tying
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加ing
begin—beginning,sit—sitting
shop—shopping,beg—begging
(3)现在进行时的用法
①表示此时此刻正在发生的动作。如：
—What are you doing？你在干嘛？
—I am reciting the English passage.我正在背诵英语文章。
②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。如：
They are studying hard for the final exam these days.这些天他们在努力学习迎接期末考试。
③come,go,leave,arrive,start等部分动词用现在进行时表将来。如：
I am going to the Bamboo Sea tomorrow.明天我将去竹海。
(4)现在进行时常用的时间状语标志词：now,these days,look,listen,有时也可通过语境来判断。如：
Look! The children are playing basketball on the playground.瞧！孩子们正在操场上打篮球。
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Please be quiet! The little baby is sleeping.请安静！那个婴儿在睡觉。
5.过去进行时
(1)过去进行时的构成
其构成与现在进行时相似,不同在be动词的使用上,即“was/were＋v.ing”。
(2)过去进行时的用法
表示过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间内正在发生的动作。如：
—What were you doing at 7 o'clock last night？昨晚7点你在干嘛？
—I was watching CCTV news.我那时在看中央电视台新闻联播。
(3)过去进行时常用的时间状语标志词：at that time,this time yesterday,at 7 o'clock yesterday等。
6.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时的构成
基本结构：“主语＋have/has＋动词的过去分词＋其他.”
否定句式：“主语＋have/has＋not＋动词的过去分词＋其他.”
疑问句式：“ Have/Has＋主语＋动词的过去分词＋其他？”
肯定回答：“Yes,主语＋have/has.”
否定回答：“No,主语＋have/has＋not.”
(2)现在完成时的用法
①表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如：
—Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗？
—Yes,I have.I've just had it. 是的,我刚吃过。(说明现在饱了。)
②表示动作或状态从过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还将持续下去,常与“for＋一段时间、since＋时间点”连用,但此时的动词必须为延续性动词。如：
My parents have been married for 30 years.＝ My parents have been married since 30 years ago.我父母已经结婚30年了。
改错1: I've left this school for nine years.
left→been__away__from__
改错2: He has borrowed my dictionary for two weeks.
borrowed→kept
由此可见,与一段时间连用的现在完成时,其动词必须为延续性动词。那么此时,
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非延续动词应该怎么转换为延续性动词呢？
方法一：找与该动词意思一致的延续性动词或用 “be＋形容词”结构来替换。如：
改错1: I have bought this bike for 3 years.
bought→had
改错2：Cathy's dog has died for 5 years.
died→been__dead
附表格：
非延续性动词
延续性动词
buy
have
borrow
keep
open
be open
close
be closed
begin/start
be on
finish
be over
die
be dead
catch a cold
have a cold
wake up
be awake
fall asleep
be asleep
join
be in
leave
be away
方法二：句式重置,即用句型“It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句(从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式)”。如：
The old man has been dead for 2 years.＝It is 2 years since the old man died.老人已死了两年了。
(3)现在完成时常用的时间状语标志词：already,yet,so far,in the past few years,ever,never,for＋一段时间,since＋时间点等。
(4)have been to,have gone to和have been in三者的区别
have been to表示“过去曾去过某个地方”,说话时已经回来。如：
—Have you ever been__to Cuiping Mountain？你曾经去过翠屏山吗？
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—Yes,I have.是的,去过。
have gone to表示“已经去了某地”,说话时不在说话地点,或在去该地的途中,或已到了该地。如：
—Where is Jack？杰克在哪儿？
—He has gone__to Shanghai with his family.他和他的家人已经去上海了。
have been in表示“已经在某地待了多久”,当地点为副词时不用介词in。如：
—How long have you been__in Yibin？你在宜宾待了多久？
—I have been__here for a week.我已经在这儿待了一个星期了。
7.过去完成时(*作了解*)
(1)过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)＋过去分词”构成。
(2)过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一段时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。它表示动作发生的时间为“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by,before等构成的短语,也可以用when,before等引导的从句,或通过上下文语境。如：
By the time I got to the bus stop,the bus had left.当我到车站时,公交车已经离开了。
When I got to school,I realized that I had left my backpack at home.当我到达学校时,我才意识到我把书包落在家了。
动词的语态
1.主动语态和被动语态的含义
英语有两种语态,即主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。
(1)主动语态的含义
当主语为动作的执行者时,谓语的形式为主动语态。如：
Many people speak English.(主动语态,句子的主语many people是动作speak的执行者)
(2)被动语态的含义
当主语为动作的承受者,谓语要用被动语态。同时,只有及物动词才有被动语态,不及物动词没有被动语态。但不及物动词后跟介词时可以有被动语态,这时介词一定不能忘。如：
English is spoken by many people.(被动语态,句子的主语
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English是动作speak的承受者)
(3)主动语态和被动语态间的关系
两个语态间是可以进行转换的,分两类：
①主动语态变被动语态：首先将主动语态的宾语作为被动语态的主语；其次确定被动语态的时态,从而确定谓语部分的形式；最后,变主动语态的主语为被动语态介词by后的宾语,注意主格和宾格之间的转换。
②被动语态变主动语态：首先将被动语态的宾格作为主动语态的主语,注意宾格和主格间的转换；其次,确定主动语态的时态即谓语动词的形式；最后,变被动语态的主语为主动语态的宾语,同时也要注意宾格的形式。
接下来我们通过一个例子来说明：
贝尔于1876年发明了电话。
2.常见时态和情态动词的被动结构
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态、数的变化。
(1)一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are＋过去分词。如：
Tea is grown in Southeast China.茶叶种在中国东南部。
(2)一般过去时的被动语态：was/were＋过去分词。如：
Many flowers were planted by us in our school last year.去年我们在学校种了许多花。
(3)现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are＋being＋过去分词。如：
More and more bridges are being built by the government in Yibin.宜宾政府正在修建更多的桥。
(4)过去进行时的被动语态：was/were＋being＋过去分词。如：
Wuliangye Airport was being built at this time last year.去年此时正在修建五粮液机场。
(5)一般将来时的被动语态：will/shall be＋过去分词或be going to be＋过去分词。如：
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The sports meeting will be held next Tuesday.运动会将于下周二举行。
(6)过去将来时的被动语态：should/would be＋过去分词。如：
Li Lei told me that the sports meeting would be held next Tuesday.李雷告诉我下个星期二举行运动会。
(7)现在完成时的被动语态：have/has＋been＋过去分词。如：
The homework has been finished on time.家庭作业已经按时完成。
(8)过去完成时的被动语态：had＋been＋过去分词。如：
John told his mother that his homework had been finished on time.约翰告诉他母亲他的家庭作业已经按时完成了。
(9)情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。如：
The work can be finished in a week.这项工作可以在一周内完成。
3.感官动词和使役动词的被动语态
(1)主动句中感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice以及使役动词make,let,have等后跟不带to的动词不定式,但在被动语态中需要加上不定式符号to。如：
I often hear her sing.→被动语态： She is often heard to sing.我经常听到她唱歌。
My mother usually makes me wash the dishes on weekends.→被动语态：I am usually made to wash the dishes by my mother on weekends.在周末我妈妈经常让我洗碗。
(2)固定短语在构成被动语态形式时,后面的介词或副词要保留。如：
You should take good care of your books.→被动语态：Your books should be taken good care of.你应该好好爱护你的书。
4.主动形式表被动意义
英语中有一些动词作谓语时,形式是主动的,但是表示被动的意义,通常有以下几种情况：
(1)转化为系动词的感官动词：look,sound,feel,taste,smell等主动形式表被动意义。如：
The cloth feels very soft.这块布料摸起来很软。
(2)由少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词：sell,clean,wash,cut,drive,wear,write等,它们的主语为物,可用主动形式表被动意义来描述主语的特征。如：
The pen writes well.这笔好写。
(3)在be worth doing,need doing,require doing中,主语是物,doing表被动意义。如：
The movie called Dangal is well worth watching.《摔跤吧！爸爸》这部电影很值得观看。
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The classroom is very dirty.It needs cleaning.＝The classroom is very dirty.It needs to be cleaned.教室很脏。它应该被打扫了。
小 试 牛 刀
(D)1.(2018北京中考)A new international airport______ in the city next year.
A.completes B.is completed
C.will complete D.will be completed
(D)2.(2018定西中考)She ______ an English magazine when I came in.
A.reads B.has read
C.will read D.was reading
(C)3.(2018北部湾中考)—Is this your camera?
—Yes, I ______ it for two weeks.
A.bought B.had
C.have had D.have bought
(C)4.(2018玉林中考)—What do you know about the 2018 Russia FIFA World Cup?
—Oh, I only know that the last game ______ on July 15.
A.was played B.is played
C.will be played D.will play
(C)5.(2018黔东南中考)Mary ______ a math problem with her classmates when the math teacher knocked at the classroom door.
A.has discussed B.was discussed
C.was discussing D.discusses
(B)6.(2018河北中考)Look at the picture.The top five TV plays ______ in it.
A. list B.are listed
C.will list D.will be listed
(D)7.(2018宜昌中考)—______ you ______ the Chinese Culture Festival in the Central Square?
—Yes.It was really a great success.
A.Are；attending B.Will；attend
C.Do；attend D.Did；attend
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(B)8.(2018吉林中考改编)While Alan was writing a letter, the children ______ outside.
A.play B.were playing
C.will play D.are playing
(C)9.(2018吉林中考改编)The school music festival ______ next Monday.
A.was held B.held
C.will be held D.hold
(A)10.(2018临沂中考)They ______ about a comedy at this time yesterday.
A.were talking B.are talking
C.have talked D.will talk
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