北京市2019中考英语二轮复习阅读理解8.doc

北京2019中考英语阅读理解（八）‎ 专题十八 阅读理解 第8讲 北京海淀二模阅读理解CD篇 教学目标 ‎1. 掌握本篇阅读理解中出现的高频词及长难句。‎ ‎2. 掌握阅读理解的解题技巧, 并能够指出本篇阅读理解中运用到的解题技巧。‎ ‎3. 通过阅读理解高频词、长难句等语料的积累, 及阅读理解解题技巧的练习, 灵活应对各种阅读理解题。‎ C篇 名师点拨 知识篇 ‎“巧妇难为无米之炊”, 在英语学习的过程中, 语料的积累至关重要。对于阅读理解高频词和长难句的梳理, 能够为我们今后的学习和提升打下良好的基础。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高频词和长难句, 快来看看你掌握了吗？‎ 高频词（课前检测学生的词汇量储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 29‎ suggest v.‎ 暗示，建议 n. suggestion act v.‎ 行动，表演，起作用 n. action ‎ connect v. ‎ 连接，使…有联系 stylish adj.‎ 时髦的，流行的 appearance n.‎ 外貌，外观 positive adj.‎ 积极的 opp. negative receive v.‎ 收到，接待 social adj.‎ 社会的 n. society no longer 不再 check v.‎ 检查，核对 despite prep.‎ 尽管 purposeful adj.‎ 有目的的，故意的 particular adj.‎ 特别的 outdoor adj.‎ 室外，户外的 opp. indoor personally adv.‎ 亲自地，就个人而言地 l 长难句（课前检测学生的句型储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）‎ ‎1. Not only does it show us the time, but it also acts as a fitness monitor and a messaging device that can be connected with an iPhone.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：它不仅为我们展示时间，也扮演着一个健康检测仪和一个能够与iPhone连接的信息装置。‎ 本句中包含了初中常见句型“not only…but also…”，意为“不仅…而且…”,前面几讲中已经涉及到，此处再次强调，可以用在写作中。‎ ‎2. Thanks to the invention of the smart watch, we will no longer have to reach for 29‎ ‎ our phones to check our messages.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：多亏了这个智能手表的发明，我们将不再必须拿出我们的手机来检查信息了。‎ 本句中包含着两个短语：1. thanks to…“由于，多亏”；2. no longer “不再”，翻译时要注意。‎ ‎3. A group of friends sitting at a table in a restaurant will overlook each other as everyone will be too busy watching their wrists in expectation of a new message.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：餐馆里坐在桌子旁的一群朋友将忽视彼此，因为每个人都忙着看手腕，期待着一条新信息的到来。‎ 本句为现在分词短语sitting at a table作后置定语修饰a group of friends，两者是主动关系。‎ 方法篇 ‎“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？‎ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 第一步 快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。‎ 浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。‎ 第二步 浏览问题，明确要求。‎ 把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。‎ 第三步 通篇寻读，确定段落。‎ 也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。‎ 第四步 逐条分析，对号入座。‎ 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度 29‎ 先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。‎ 第五步 复读全文，验证答案。‎ 全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。‎ 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。‎ 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. Which of the following statements is true/false?‎ ‎2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?‎ ‎3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)…?‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 ‎2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 ‎3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 典题精析 Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.‎ If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .‎ A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised 29‎ ‎ if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。‎ 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. It can be inferred from the text that_____.‎ ‎2. From the text we know that _____.‎ ‎3. With which of the following does the author agree?‎ ‎4. The passage is probably taken from a _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 ‎2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 ‎3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 典题精析 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.‎ Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. ‎ The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .‎ A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. ‎ 29‎ 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。‎ 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ______.‎ ‎2. The word“…”most likely means _____.‎ ‎3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 ‎2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 ‎3. 通过构词法猜测词义 ‎4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 ‎5. 通过描述猜测词义 ‎6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 ‎7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义 典题精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. ‎ What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?‎ A. Slow down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。‎ 29‎ 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _____.‎ ‎2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _____. / The passage is mostly about _____.‎ ‎3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _____. / The purpose of this article is to _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 ‎2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 ‎3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图 典题精析 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.‎ What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?‎ A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。‎ 语篇精讲 浏览问题 ‎（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）‎ 题号 题干及选项 29‎ ‎1‎ Thanks to the invention of the Apple watch, _____.（细节理解题）‎ A. students don’t use computers in class B. mobile phones don’t need to be charged C. messages can be checked without phones D. outdoor activities have become more popular ‎2‎ The underlined word "hinder" in Paragraph 3 probably means “ _______”.（词义猜测题）‎ A. make up B. hold back C. depend on D. look after ‎3‎ From the passage, we can learn that the writer _______.（推理判断题）‎ A. worries about the safety of the smart watch B. thinks highly of the progress of technology C. introduces the newest kind of smart phones D. prefers single-purpose watches that tell the time ‎4‎ What is probably the best title for this passage?（主旨大意题）‎ A. The Apple Watch：The Latest Invention B. The Apple Watch：Smart and Fashionable C. The Apple Watch：Technology Gone Too Far?‎ D. The Apple Watch：A Convenient Way to Exercise?‎ 通篇寻读 ‎（通读文章，根据问题中的关键词标记出文章中的重点词，短语或句子，为逐题分析做准备）‎ 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 议论文 ‎422‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★‎ For those who haven’t heard of it, the Apple watch is the latest invention from the creators of the iPhone and Apple Mac. As the name suggests, this creation is a device（装置）designed to tell us the time. This is Apple, however, and an Apple watch is never just a watch. Not only does it show us the time, but it also acts as a fitness monitor and a messaging device that can be connected with an iPhone.‎ Is this a smart invention or technology gone too far? While the Apple watch is stylish in appearance, I can’t help but question certain aspects（方面）of the new device. Is it a positive thing to be able to receive messages through a watch, or 29‎ ‎ is this another way of letting technology upset our social lives?‎ Thanks to the invention of the smart watch, we will no longer have to reach for our phones to check our messages. Imagine the possible results. A group of friends sitting at a table in a restaurant will overlook each other as everyone will be too busy watching their wrists in expectation of a new message. Students will have a way of checking their inbox during school, despite the fact that using mobile phones is not allowed in class. The list goes on. Although smart watches may make communicating through technology easier, it seems that using them could actually hinder face to face communication.‎ Much like a phone, the watch would also need to be charged（充电）every day. This is yet another aspect of the device which sets it apart from any “normal” watch. If, like me, you struggle when remembering to put your phone on charge, this is not necessarily a positive thing.‎ I do have to agree, however, the watch has some interesting and purposeful functions（功能）. As a fitness monitor, the device can be used to create and record exercise activities. This could be of particular interest to outdoor fans. While there are several existing Android Apps that can already do this, I can see that the Apple watch would be a more convenient way of exercising without a mobile phone. The question remains, however, is the price worth the benefits?‎ While there are clearly both advantages and disadvantages when it comes to Apple’s latest invention, I personally like my single-purpose watch that simply tells me the time! What about you? Would you be interested in having a smart watch?‎ 逐题分析 语篇解读：本文是一篇日常生活类的议论文。通过对Apple watch的描述，来论述这种高科技的发明到底是智能发明还是科技浪费？‎ ‎1. Thanks to the invention of the Apple watch, _____.‎ A. students don’t use computers in class B. mobile phones don’t need to be charged C. messages can be checked without phones D. outdoor activities have become more popular 解析：C.‎ 细节理解题。根据题干可将答案锁定在文章第三段中，根据段首句Thanks to the invention 29‎ ‎ of the smart watch, we will no longer have to reach for our phones to check our messages.“多亏了这个智能手表的发明，我们将不再必须拿出我们的手机来检查信息了。”，故选C。‎ ‎2. The underlined word "hinder" in Paragraph 3 probably means “ _______”.‎ A. make up B. hold back C. depend on D. look after 解析：B. ‎ 词义猜测题。A意为“编造，组成”；B意为“抑制，阻止”；C意为“依赖，取决于”；D意为“照顾”，划线词所在句意为“尽管智能手表借助科技手段使交流变得更容易，但看起来使用它们真的_____面对面交流。”，这里要注意although的使用，代表前后为转折关系，所以应该是“虽然使交流变得容易了，但是却抑制了面对面沟通”，故选B。‎ ‎3. From the passage, we can learn that the writer _______. ‎ A. worries about the safety of the smart watch B. thinks highly of the progress of technology C. introduces the newest kind of smart phones D. prefers single-purpose watches that tell the time 解析：D. ‎ 推理判断题。本题询问的是作者的观点。根据最后一段关键句I personally like my single-purpose watch that simply tells me the time!“我个人喜欢只告诉我时间的单一目的的手表。”，故选D。‎ ‎4. What is probably the best title for this passage?‎ A. The Apple Watch：The Latest Invention B. The Apple Watch：Smart and Fashionable C. The Apple Watch：Technology Gone Too Far?‎ D. The Apple Watch：A Convenient Way to Exercise?‎ 解析：C.‎ 主旨大意题。通篇浏览文章，根据第二段关键句Is this a smart invention or technology gone too far?“这是智能发明还是科技浪费？”可知作者要讨论的主题，以下的文章都是针对这个主题进行描述的，故选C。‎ 29‎ 精讲笔记 ‎（学生在教师的指导下, 回顾本讲中积累的阅读理解的知识和方法）‎ 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）‎ 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）‎ 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）‎ 细节理解题 ‎1‎ 推理判断题 ‎3‎ 词义猜测题 ‎2‎ 主旨大意题 ‎4‎ 能力提升 基础过关 29‎ 一、词汇/短语英汉互译★‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 v.‎ 暗示，建议 v.‎ 行动，表演，起作用 connect v. ‎ stylish adj.‎ appearance n.‎ adj.‎ 积极的 v.‎ 收到，接待 adj.‎ 社会的 no longer v.‎ 检查，核对 despite prep.‎ purposeful adj.‎ particular adj.‎ adj.‎ 室外，户外的 adv.‎ 亲自地，就个人而言地 二、句子英汉互译★★‎ ‎1. 感谢Bob和他的一家人，我们周末在那里的派对很愉快。‎ ‎_____________________________________________.‎ ‎2. 站在树下的女孩子真的很迷人。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎3. Not only does it show us the time, but it also acts as a fitness monitor and a messaging device that can be connected with an iPhone.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎4. Thanks to the invention of the smart watch, we will no longer have to reach for our phones to check our messages.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎5. A group of friends sitting at a table in a restaurant will overlook each other as everyone will be too busy watching their wrists in expectation of a new message.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ 29‎ 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 议论文 ‎403‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★‎ Being busy can become a way of life. Our lives are always filled with emails and text messages. They make us feel wanted and important, but in a tiring and empty way. Being busy has a dangerous allure (诱惑). If you are busy all the time, it’s hard to sit quietly with your thoughts or to really feel what you’re feeling. Why not let everything become a choice — how we spend time, who we reply to and how much or little we write?‎ Many of us are busy because our self-worth goes up when people make demands (需求) on our time. Why don’t we free ourselves from needing, or even wanting? Why don’t we make the best use of the time and space to be productive in a way that it best serves us? That may be consciously (主动地) keeping ourselves not busy. In fact many great discoveries were made by people who built while space into their day.‎ Imagine asking “How are you?” to one of the most successful people you know like Warren Buffet. I’ve never heard anyone at that level answer “busy” though most people believe they are.‎ What are they doing differently?‎ First, they aim to project an image that things are under control. Second, they actually have things under control. They’ve had excellent staff, implemented (实施) thoughtful processes and they spend time only on critical tasks that require their attention. They make high-level strategic decisions with a large effect.‎ It’s time to end the glory of being busy and spend time setting up processes that make sense, rather than simply working more hours. To do this, you need to change your way of thinking. It’s cool to say you’re busy, but it’s better to be busy helping someone carry a stroller up the subway stairs or busy finishing a book.‎ How to free us from the trend of being busy? Start with small steps. For one day, be mindful of every daily activity. Consider each thing a choice and decide proactively (预先) if it’s necessary or simply a habit you can get rid of or do in half the time. Next, stop saying how busy you are. Then, figure out what you want to achieve with your day and begin doing it, Put your time and energy where you want 29‎ ‎ to be.‎ ‎1. What are many of us busy doing every day?（细节理解题）‎ A. Sitting quietly and think actively.‎ B. Meeting people’s demands on our time.‎ C. Making great discoveries.‎ D. Taking high-level decisions.‎ ‎2. Why don’t successful people like Warren Buffet answer “busy”?（细节理解题）‎ A. Because they value working abilities and attitude.‎ B. Because they focus on attracting excellent workers.‎ C. Because they pay more attention to learning management.‎ D. Because they think well and spend more time on critical tasks.‎ ‎3. The writer probably agrees that we should ______.（推理判断题）‎ A. stop considering each thing a choice B. work more hours to achieve our goals C. answer emails and messages as soon as possible D. be mindful where we want our time and energy to be ‎4. What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage?（主旨大意题）‎ A. To advise us to be freed from the trend of being busy.‎ B. To warn us about the danger of leading a busy life.‎ C. To show us ways to feel good about being busy D. To tell us how to fit into the busy modern life.‎ 参考答案 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 suggest v.‎ 暗示，建议 act v.‎ 行动，表演，起作用 connect v. ‎ 连接，使…有联系 stylish adj.‎ 时髦的，流行的 appearance n.‎ 外貌，外观 positive adj.‎ 积极的 29‎ receive v.‎ 收到，接待 social adj.‎ 社会的 no longer 不再 check v.‎ 检查，核对 despite prep.‎ 尽管 purposeful adj.‎ 有目的的，故意的 particular adj.‎ 特别的 outdoor adj.‎ 室外，户外的 personally adv.‎ 亲自地，就个人而言地 二、句子英汉互译。‎ ‎1. Thanks to Bob and his family, we had a great party there this weekend.‎ ‎2. The girl standing under the tree is really charming. ‎ ‎3. 它不仅为我们展示时间，也扮演着一个健康检测仪和一个能够与iPhone连接的信息装置。‎ ‎4. 多亏了这个智能手表的发明，我们将不再必须拿出我们的手机来检查信息了。‎ ‎5. 餐馆里坐在桌子旁的一群朋友将忽视彼此，因为每个人都忙着看手腕，期待着一条新信息的到来。‎ 阅读练习 ‎1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A D篇 名师点拨 知识篇 高频词 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 rapidness n.‎ 快，迅速 adj. rapid provide v.‎ 提供，供给 fact n. ‎ 事实，实情 29‎ website n.‎ 网站 collection n.‎ 收集 v. collect remain v.‎ 保持，依然 produce v. ‎ 产生，生产 task n.‎ 任务，工作 responsibility n.‎ 责任，职责 expensive adj.‎ 昂贵的 opp. cheap make sure of 确定，确保 look through 仔细检查 include v.‎ 包括，包含 change v.‎ 改变 record v.‎ 记录，记载 长难句 ‎1. Most students today depend on the rapidness and convenience of the Internet to provide the facts they look for.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：现在大多数学生依靠网络的快速和便捷去提供给他们所寻找的事实。‎ 本句为不定式短语to provide the facts they look for.作目的状语。‎ ‎2. Printed encyclopedias are more or less free of mistakes. However, it is expensive to make sure of the correctness.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：印刷版的百科全书差不多摒除了错误。然而，确保正确性是很昂贵的。‎ 本句涉及到短语more or less“多多少少，差不多”。‎ ‎3. More changes are likely for encyclopedias, whether in print or online.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：百科全书将会有更多的改变，无论是印刷版的还是在线的。‎ 本句涉及到短语whether…or…“是…还是…”.‎ 方法篇 29‎ ‎“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？‎ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 第一步 快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。‎ 浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。‎ 第二步 浏览问题，明确要求。‎ 把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。‎ 第三步 通篇寻读，确定段落。‎ 也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。‎ 第四步 逐条分析，对号入座。‎ 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。‎ 第五步 复读全文，验证答案。‎ 全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。‎ 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。‎ 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. Which of the following statements is true/false?‎ ‎2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?‎ 29‎ ‎3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)…?‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 ‎2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 ‎3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 典题精析 Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.‎ If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .‎ A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。‎ 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. It can be inferred from the text that_____.‎ ‎2. From the text we know that _____.‎ ‎3. With which of the following does the author agree?‎ ‎4. The passage is probably taken from a _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 ‎2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 ‎3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said 29‎ 典题精析 ‎ boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.‎ Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. ‎ The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .‎ A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。‎ 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ______.‎ ‎2. The word“…”most likely means _____.‎ ‎3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 ‎2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 29‎ ‎3. 通过构词法猜测词义 ‎4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 ‎5. 通过描述猜测词义 ‎6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 ‎7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义 典题精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. ‎ What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?‎ A. Slow down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。‎ 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _____.‎ ‎2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _____. / The passage is mostly about _____.‎ ‎3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _____. / The purpose of this article is to _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 ‎2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 ‎3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图 典题精析 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world,‎ 29‎ ‎ left-handed students can use their left hand to write.‎ What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?‎ A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。‎ 语篇精讲 浏览问题 ‎（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）‎ 题号 题干及选项 ‎1‎ What is the second paragraph mainly about?（段落主旨大意题）‎ A. The readers of encyclopedias. B. The journey to the library.‎ C. The history of encyclopedias. D. The change to the library.‎ ‎2‎ The problem of online encyclopedia Wikipedia might be that _______.（细节理解题）‎ A. the services cost too much B. new articles cannot be found C. users cannot visit the website D. the information has mistakes ‎3‎ We can learn from the passage that _______.（推理判断题）‎ A. the future look of information is unknown to the world B. older articles on the website are usually easy and short C. the first encyclopedias were the works of many writers D. print editions of encyclopedias change information fast 29‎ ‎4‎ What is the purpose of writing the passage?（主旨大意题）‎ A. To suggest reading printed encyclopedias.‎ B. To advise people to use online encyclopedias.‎ C. To sell some editions of encyclopedias online.‎ D. To introduce the development of encyclopedias.‎ 通篇寻读 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 说明文 ‎442‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★★‎ Circle of Knowledge Most students today depend on the rapidness and convenience of the Internet to provide the facts they look for. Given a research task, many students make use of a website known as Wikipedia, which is available（可获得的）to all users of the Internet. However, before the introduction of the Internet, students journeyed to the library to search for facts, figures and stories in a huge collection of books known as encyclopedias（百科全书）.‎ The word “encyclopedia”, meaning “whole circle of knowledge”, comes from the ancient Greek language. The first encyclopedias were organized by topic. These early collections were the works of a single writer. The first book of this kind was written by a Roman, Pliny the Elder, nearly 2,000 years ago. Pliny’s collection remained popular for almost 1,500 years. Producing such huge works was a difficult task. So experts began to work together, sharing responsibility for writing about different topics. The first set of books to use many authors was An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences published in 1728. The multiple-author model became the most widely used format.‎ Today there are many encyclopedias in different media. The online encyclopedia Wikipedia was started in 2001. Users can visit the free website on the Internet. But the online information has mistakes. Users are warned that newer articles may have large mistakes. Printed encyclopedias are more or less free of mistakes. However, it is expensive to make sure of the correctness.‎ Wikipedia is trying to improve its correctness. They employ（雇用）1,000 “fact checkers” to look through the website and correct mistakes. The website managers also state that older articles are more complete and balanced. Encyclopedia 29‎ ‎ Britannica has even made moves away from being a single-format book too. The company started a free online version. The free articles are short; however, longer articles are available after users pay for them.‎ Both online and print editions（版本）have disadvantages. The mistakes can be corrected, but the process takes time. Print editions are resistant（顽固的）to such mistakes. They are also resistant to something else: change. Sometimes new information becomes available after an encyclopedia is printed. Publishers can wait to include the new information in the next edition, but that might be a year or more away.‎ More changes are likely for encyclopedias, whether in print or online. As time goes by, the knowledge of humankind will still need to be recorded, sorted, and stored. The story of how that information will look in 20,50 or even 100 years is still unwritten.‎ 逐题分析 语篇解读：本篇文章是一篇日常生活类的说明文。主要介绍了encyclopedias（百科全书）的发展历史，印刷版和在线版两种版本及它们的优缺点。‎ ‎1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?‎ A. The readers of encyclopedias. B. The journey to the library.‎ C. The history of encyclopedias. D. The change to the library.‎ 解析：C 段落主旨大意题。本题问的是第二段的主旨大意，细读第二段，首先发现关键句The first encyclopedias were organized by topic.“第一本百科全书是按话题组织的”，其次出现一些短语nearly 2,000 years ago“大约2000年之前”，for almost 1,500 years.“持续了将近500年”，in 1728.“在1728年”等，这些短语都是表示时间点或段的，所以本段讲的应该是百科全书的历史，故选C。‎ ‎2. The problem of online encyclopedia Wikipedia might be that _______.‎ A. the services cost too much B. new articles cannot be found C. users cannot visit the website D. the information has mistakes 解析：D 29‎ 细节理解题。本题询问的是在线版百科全书的问题是什么？根据题干可将答案锁定到文章第三段中，根据关键句But the online information has mistakes.可知“在线信息有错误”，故选D。‎ ‎3. We can learn from the passage that _______.‎ A. the future look of information is unknown to the world B. older articles on the website are usually easy and short C. the first encyclopedias were the works of many writers D. print editions of encyclopedias change information fast 解析：A ‎ 推理判断题。A项意为“对于世界来说对未来信息的预见是未知的。”，根据最后一段最后一句The story of how that information will look in 20,50 or even 100 years is still unwritten.可判定此项正确；B项意为“网站上更老的文章经常是简单的，短小的。”，根据第四段关键句The website managers also state that older articles are more complete and balanced.可以判定此项与原文不符，故错误；C项意为“第一版百科全书是许多作家的作品”，根据第二段关键句These early collections were the works of a single writer.可以判定是一个作家完成的，故错误；D项意为“印刷版的百科全书改变信息快”，根据倒数第二段最后一句but that might be a year or more away.可知需要一年时间或更长，所以此项错误，故选A。‎ ‎4. What is the purpose of writing the passage?‎ A. To suggest reading printed encyclopedias.‎ B. To advise people to use online encyclopedias.‎ C. To sell some editions of encyclopedias online.‎ D. To introduce the development of encyclopedias.‎ 解析：D ‎ 主旨大意题。本题询问的是文章的写作目的。A项意为“建议阅读印刷版的百科全书”，B项意为“建议人们用在线版的百科全书”，根据文章可知作者对印刷版和在线的是态度中立的，故排除A、B；C意为“卖一些百科全书的版本”，本项文中没有提到，故排除；D项意为“介绍百科全书的发展”，浏览全文，可知文章从百科全书的历史，现在及未来进行了阐述，故选D。‎ 精讲笔记 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）‎ 29‎ 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）‎ 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）‎ 细节理解题 ‎2‎ 推理判断题 ‎3‎ 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 ‎1、4‎ 能力提升 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译★‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 rapidness n.‎ provide v.‎ n. ‎ 事实，实情 29‎ website n.‎ collection n.‎ v.‎ 保持，依然 produce v. ‎ n.‎ 任务，工作 responsibility n.‎ adj.‎ 昂贵的 确定，确保 look through include v.‎ v.‎ 改变 v.‎ 记录，记载 二、句子英汉互译★★‎ ‎1. 他们已经差不多完成了工作。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎2. 出去还是待在家取决于天气。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎3. Most students today depend on the rapidness and convenience of the Internet to provide the facts they look for.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎4. Printed encyclopedias are more or less free of mistakes. However, it is expensive to make sure of the correctness.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎5. More changes are likely for encyclopedias, whether in print or online.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 科普环保类 说明文 ‎441‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★★‎ All the time you spent memorizing multiplication tables (乘法表) may have made you a better mathematician, according to a new study. A team of scientists from 29‎ ‎ Stanford University, in California, have shown how the brain reorganizes itself as kids learn math.‎ ‎ After a certain amount of time spent practicing math, kids can put away the calculator (计算器). They don’t even need to count on their fingers. They simply know the answers to subtraction (-), addition (+), and multiplication () facts. The quicker kids can recall basic math facts, the easier it is for them to solve more difficult math problems.‎ ‎ The Stanford University researchers observed (观察) the brain activity of 28 students, ages 7 to 9, for the study. They took scans of the students’ brains as the students solved math calculations without the help of a calculator, pen or paper. A calculation — three plus four equals seven, for example — flashed on a screen. The students pushed a button to say if the answer was right or wrong. The scientists also recorded the response speed, and what parts of the brain became active as the kids pushed the button.‎ ‎ These observations showed a process called fact retrieval. Rather than using their fingers to count, or scrawling out equations (列算式) on a piece of paper, the students pulled the answers from memory. It’s as if the answers to basic subtraction, addition, and multiplication problems are kept in a long-term storage part in the brain. The storage part was built from repetition. “Experience really does matter,” said Dr. Kathy Mann Koepeke of the National Institutes of Health.‎ ‎ Children make the change from counting to fact retrieval when they are 8 to 9 years old, the study says. This is the time when most students are learning basic addition and subtraction. When kids have basic math facts memorized, the brain has more free space to learn more difficult math.‎ ‎ This process has benefits for the future. The study showed, as kids got older, their answers relied more on memory and became quicker and more correct. Less brain activity was involved in counting. Some children make this change quicker than others.‎ ‎ Scientists hope to use this research to develop new strategies (策略) to help kids learn math at all levels. One strategy the study suggests is for students to test themselves in different orders — solving five times three before five times two, for example. Mixing up the order keeps the brain active. Keep these trainings up, and you may be a math whiz in no time.‎ ‎1. In the study, kids put away calculators because they can ______.（细节理解题）‎ 29‎ A. use calculators well B. scrawl out equations C. recall basic math facts D. count on their fingers ‎2. The process of “fact retrieval” in Paragraph 4 probably means ______.（词义猜测题）‎ A. picking out results by working together with their partners.‎ B. trying out ways of dealing with problems by attending training.‎ C. finding out answers based on practicing carefully and patiently.‎ D. working out problems according to what they have remembered.‎ ‎3. What can we know from the study?（推理判断题）‎ A. kids need to practice using calculators to keep their brains active.‎ B. Math learners should change to counting practice at the age of 8 to 9.‎ C. Training by mixing up the order of multiplication tables can help learn math better.‎ D. less brain activity may be involved in solving difficult problems when kids get older.‎ ‎4. What is the best title of the passage?（主旨大意题）‎ A. Math from Memory. B. Strategy Development.‎ C. Brain Reorganization. D. Training by Repetition.‎ 参考答案 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 rapidness n.‎ 快，迅速 provide v.‎ 提供，供给 fact n. ‎ 事实，实情 website n.‎ 网站 collection n.‎ 收集 remain v.‎ 保持，依然 produce v. ‎ 产生，生产 task n.‎ 任务，工作 responsibility n.‎ 责任，职责 29‎ expensive adj.‎ 昂贵的 make sure of 确定，确保 look through 仔细检查 include v.‎ 包括，包含 change v.‎ 改变 record v.‎ 记录，记载 二、句子英汉互译。‎ ‎1. They’ve more or less finished their homework. ‎ ‎2. Whether go out or stay at home depends on the weather.‎ ‎3. 现在大多数学生依靠网络的快速和便捷去提供给他们所寻找的事实。‎ ‎4. 印刷版的百科全书差不多摒除了错误。然而，确保正确性是很昂贵的。‎ ‎5. 百科全书将会有更多的改变，无论是印刷版的还是在线的。‎ 阅读练习 ‎1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A ‎ ‎ 29‎