北京市2019中考英语二轮复习阅读理解4.doc

北京2019中考英语阅读理解（四）‎ 专题十八 阅读理解 第4讲 北京海淀一模阅读理解CD篇 教学目标 ‎1. 掌握本篇阅读理解中出现的高频词及长难句。‎ ‎2. 掌握阅读理解的解题技巧, 并能够指出本篇阅读理解中运用到的解题技巧。‎ ‎3. 通过阅读理解高频词、长难句等语料的积累, 及阅读理解解题技巧的练习, 灵活应对各种阅读理解题。‎ C篇 名师点拨 知识篇 ‎“巧妇难为无米之炊”, 在英语学习的过程中, 语料的积累至关重要。对于阅读理解高频词和长难句的梳理, 能够为我们今后的学习和提升打下良好的基础。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高频词和长难句, 快来看看你掌握了吗？‎ 高频词（课前检测学生的词汇量储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 29‎ mad adj.‎ 疯狂的 spread v. ‎ 传播 realize v.‎ 意识到 get used to 习惯于，适应 destroy v.‎ 毁坏，破坏 biological adj.‎ 生物的 smart adj.‎ 聪明的 unknowingly adj.‎ 不知不觉的 slide into 溜进 break v.‎ 打破 prevent…from…‎ 阻止…做…‎ belong v.‎ 属于 belong to 属于 长难句（课前检测学生的句型储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）‎ ‎1. They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：他们用这些鸡的目的是为了看是否西尼罗河病毒仍然在周围。‎ 本句中的to……为不定式作目的状语，表示使用这些鸡的目的。‎ ‎2. Countries around the world are realizing that it may just be possible to stop certain kinds of people from entering their land.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：世界各地的国家正在意识到阻止某种人进入他们的领地也许是有可能的。‎ 本句话包含了一个由that引导的宾语从句，做realize的宾语。‎ ‎3. Tree snakes from Papua New Guinea are busy eating up some birds in the country of Guam, which breaks its natural balance. （优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：来自巴布亚新几内亚的树蛇正忙着吃光关岛的一些鸟，这件事打破了它的自然平衡。‎ 29‎ 本句话是由which引导的定语从句，which代表整个主句，也就是树蛇吃光鸟这件事，翻译时要注意。‎ 方法篇 ‎“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？‎ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 第一步 快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。‎ 浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。‎ 第二步 浏览问题，明确要求。‎ 把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。‎ 第三步 通篇寻读，确定段落。‎ 也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。‎ 第四步 逐条分析，对号入座。‎ 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。‎ 第五步 复读全文，验证答案。‎ 全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。‎ 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。‎ 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where 29‎ ‎）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. Which of the following statements is true/false?‎ ‎2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?‎ ‎3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)…?‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 ‎2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 ‎3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 典题精析 Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.‎ If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .‎ A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。‎ 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. It can be inferred from the text that_____.‎ ‎2. From the text we know that _____.‎ ‎3. With which of the following does the author agree?‎ ‎4. The passage is probably taken from a _____.‎ 29‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 ‎2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 ‎3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 典题精析 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.‎ Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. ‎ The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .‎ A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。‎ 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。‎ ‎1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ______.‎ 29‎ 设题方式 ‎2. The word“…”most likely means _____.‎ ‎3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 ‎2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 ‎3. 通过构词法猜测词义 ‎4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 ‎5. 通过描述猜测词义 ‎6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 ‎7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义 典题精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. ‎ What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?‎ A. Slow down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。‎ 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _____.‎ ‎2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _____. / The passage is mostly about _____.‎ ‎3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _____. / The purpose of this article is to _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 ‎2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 ‎3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图 29‎ 典题精析 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.‎ What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?‎ A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。‎ 语篇精讲 浏览问题 ‎（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）‎ 题号 题干及选项 ‎1‎ Why are Canadian officials placing chickens along the border? （细节理解题）‎ A. To help clean up the border. ‎ B. To see if the virus is still around. ‎ C. To protect the chickens from falling ill. ‎ D. To make sure that the birds can find food. ‎ ‎2‎ Which of the following is TRUE? （细节理解题）‎ A. People find it difficult to travel from one place to another. ‎ B. Plants always create problems in places where they belong. ‎ C. Biological polluters may destroy the local plant and animal life. ‎ D. Viruses spend a long time getting used to the local environment. ‎ 29‎ ‎3‎ Customs officials in many countries prevent people from bringing in ____. （细节理解题）‎ A. chocolates B. shoes C. pictures D. plants ‎ ‎4‎ What is the best title for the passage? （主旨大意题）‎ A. Land Pollution B. The West Nile Virus ‎ C. Smart Polluters D. The Water Hyacinth ‎ 通篇寻读 ‎（通读文章，根据问题中的关键词标记出文章中的重点词，短语或句子，为逐题分析做准备）‎ 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 科普环保类 说明文 ‎360‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★‎ Health officials in Canada are very busy these days. They are placing chickens at fixed points all along their 2,500 km border (边境) with the United States of America. ‎ It’s not a joke, nor have the Canadians gone mad. They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around. The virus infects birds, so the chickens have a chance of catching the virus and fall ill. The West Nile virus is spread among humans. It killed seven people in New York last year. ‎ Countries around the world are realizing that it may just be possible to stop certain kinds of people from entering their land. However, it is very difficult to stop viruses traveling from one end of the earth to another. When they travel to new places, they get used to the environment very easily and sometimes start destroying the local plant and animal life. These biological polluters are called smart polluters. ‎ These smart polluters can be carried across borders of countries unknowingly. Just as we humans are travelling across the world more often than earlier, these biological polluters have also started journey much more. They slide into airplanes through their wheels. They dig into objects that travelers may be carrying from one country to another. ‎ There are some good examples of how these polluters work. The water hyacinth (水葫芦) of South America is blocking lakes in China and Africa. Tree snakes from Papua New Guinea are busy eating up some birds in the country of Guam, which breaks its natural balance. ‎ 29‎ That’s why the customs (海关) officials in many foreign countries prevent people from bringing in a small plant, or an object made of wood that is in its natural form. The customs officials have these rules because these varieties (多样性) of plants are special to certain places. The plants have the power to spread new illnesses among native plants and animals. Biological polluters always create problems in places where they do not belong. They could be special varieties of plants, bugs or even animals. ‎ 逐题分析 语篇解读：本文是一篇科普环保类的说明文。文章主要说明了smart polluters这种污染的特性，传播途径及对自然造成的危害。‎ ‎1. Why are Canadian officials placing chickens along the border? ‎ A. To help clean up the border. ‎ B. To see if the virus is still around. ‎ C. To protect the chickens from falling ill. ‎ D. To make sure that the birds can find food. ‎ 解析：B.‎ 细节理解题。题干意为“为什么加拿大官方沿着边境放置鸡？”，题干关键词Canadian officials placing chickens出现在文中第一段，浏览第一段并没有发现答案，我们接着浏览第二段，第二段同样是对这一事实的描述，根据关键句They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around.可知“他们用这些鸡是为了看病毒是否仍然存在。”，故选B。‎ ‎2. Which of the following is TRUE? ‎ A. People find it difficult to travel from one place to another. ‎ B. Plants always create problems in places where they belong. ‎ C. Biological polluters may destroy the local plant and animal life. ‎ D. Viruses spend a long time getting used to the local environment. ‎ 解析：C. ‎ 细节理解题。本题需要我们逐项排除。A项意为“人们发现smart polluters很难从一个地方传播到另一个地方”，根据文章第四段关键句These smart polluters can be carried across borders of countries unknowingly.中的“unknowingly”可知它的传播是不知不觉的，故此项错误；B项意为“植物总是在它们所属的地方创造问题”‎ 29‎ ‎，根据文章最后一段关键句Biological polluters always create problems in places where they do not belong.可以判定此项是错误的，这里需要注意选项中的plants就是biological polluters中的一种；C项意为“生物污染能够摧毁当地的植物或动物的生命”，根据第三段中关键句sometimes start destroying the local plant and animal life可以判定此项是正确地；D项意为“病毒花费很长时间适应当地的环境”，根据第三段中关键句they get used to the environment very easily可知它们很容易适应环境，故此项错误。‎ ‎3. Customs officials in many countries prevent people from bringing in ____. ‎ A. chocolates B. shoes C. pictures D. plants ‎ 解析：D. ‎ 细节理解题。题干意为“许多国家的海关官员阻止人们携带什么入境？”，A项意为“巧克力”；B项意为“鞋”；C项意为“图片”；D项意为“巧克力”。根据题干关键词customs officials可将答案锁定在文中最后一段，根据段中关键句customs (海关) officials in many foreign countries prevent people from bringing in a small plant, or an object made of wood that is in its natural form.可以推断出答案，故选D。‎ ‎4. What is the best title for the passage? ‎ A. Land Pollution B. The West Nile Virus ‎ C. Smart Polluters D. The Water Hyacinth ‎ 解析：C 主旨大意题。本题旨在为文章选择合适的题目。浏览全文会发现文章主要介绍的是smart polluters这种污染，而B和D是这种污染形式的例子，A项文中没有涉及，故选C。‎ 精讲笔记 ‎（学生在教师的指导下, 回顾本讲中积累的阅读理解的知识和方法）‎ 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）‎ 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）‎ 29‎ 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）‎ 细节理解题 ‎1、2、3‎ 推理判断题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 ‎4‎ 能力提升 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译★‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 adj.‎ 疯狂的 spread v. ‎ realize v.‎ get used to v.‎ 毁坏，破坏 biological adj.‎ adj.‎ 聪明的 unknowingly adj.‎ 29‎ slide into v.‎ 打破 prevent…from…‎ v.‎ 属于 二、句子英汉互译★★‎ ‎1. 医生彻夜的工作以拯救伤者的生命。‎ ‎_____________________________________________.‎ ‎2. 因特网是如此有趣，它使任何事都有可能发生。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎3. They are using these chickens to see if the West Nile virus (病毒) is still around.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎4. Countries around the world are realizing that it may just be possible to stop certain kinds of people from entering their land.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎5. Tree snakes from Papua New Guinea are busy eating up some birds in the country of Guam, which breaks its natural balance. ‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 科普环保类 议论文 ‎418‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★‎ Need to buy something? Why go to a store? Buy it on the Internet! Need it now? Why wait? Ask for next-day delivery! Each day, more and more people try online shopping. In fact, online sales have doubled in the last ten years. But not everyone is excited. Some scientists now say that online shopping is bad for the environment.‎ People are surprised to hear this. “They think, ‘I don’t need to drive, and the business doesn’t need to build a store, so there will be less pollution,’” says Nuria Prost, an environmental scientist. “But it is not so simple. In fact, online shopping is wasteful. It also adds to air pollution.”‎ In truth, the Internet is not always as good a friend to the environment as it 29‎ ‎ seems. For example, most people thought that the Internet would help offices use less paper and other materials. But paper use increased by 33 percent between 1986 and 1997. “Online shopping could have similarly negative effects,” says Nevil Cohen, a professor of environmental science.‎ Part of the problem is what people are buying these days. In the past, people bought things on the Internet that did not require much packing material, such as books and clothing. But now people also shop online for large, heavy products such as televisions, computers, and furniture. These products need to be packed in large amounts of plastic and paper. This creates a lot of waste.‎ Another problem caused by online shopping is air pollution. When customers buy products and ask for next-day delivery, companies often have to send them by air. Airplanes use much more fuel than cars and produce more carbon dioxide (CO2). When people buy a lot of different things from different online businesses, this creates even more travel by airplane.‎ Online product returns are also a problem. For example, an online shoe store may allow customers to return shoes without extra pay if they are the wrong size. This doubles the packing material and number of airplane trips required to sell one pair of shoes.‎ ‎“If people want to protect the environment, they need to think before they shop,” says Prost. “People need to ask themselves: Is this exactly what I want? Do I really need it tomorrow, or can I wait?” Online stores can also charge（收费）customers for returns. This may make people shop more carefully. “Online shopping is fast and easy,” says Prost, “but we can’t forget the negative effects it has on the environment.”‎ ‎1. Why does online shopping create a lot of waste?（细节理解题）‎ A. Because companies charge more for product returns. ‎ B. Because people buy too many things they don’t need. ‎ C. Because paper use has increased by 33 percent from 1986 to 1997.‎ D. Because large, heavy products require much packing material.‎ ‎2. What do companies do to meet the needs of the next-day delivery?（细节理解题）‎ A. Prepare more products. ‎ B. Get more workers to pack.‎ C. Send the products by air. ‎ D. Open more stores in cities.‎ 29‎ ‎3. Prost probably agrees that ______.（推理判断题）‎ A. people should drive to stores to buy things B. online shopping adds pollution to the environment C. online shopping saves more than shopping in a store D. people can buy things online without careful consideration ‎4. What is probably the best title of the passage?（主旨大意题）‎ A. A Good Deal to Make? ‎ B. A Different Lifestyle to Keep?‎ C. A Cleaner Way to Shop? ‎ D. A New Business to Start?‎ 参考答案 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 mad adj.‎ 疯狂的 spread v. ‎ 传播 realize v.‎ 意识到 get used to 习惯于，适应 destroy v.‎ 毁坏，破坏 biological adj.‎ 生物的 smart adj.‎ 聪明的 unknowingly adj.‎ 不知不觉的 slide into 溜进 break v.‎ 打破 prevent…from…‎ 阻止…做…‎ belong v.‎ 属于 二、句子英汉互译。‎ ‎1. Doctors worked through the night to save the life of the injured man.‎ ‎2. Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen. ‎ ‎3. 他们用这些鸡的目的是为了看是否西尼罗河病毒仍然在周围。‎ 29‎ ‎4. 世界各地的国家正在意识到阻止某种人进入他们的领地也许是有可能的。‎ ‎5. 来自巴布亚新几内亚的树蛇正忙着吃光关岛的一些鸟，这件事打破了它的自然平衡。‎ 阅读练习 ‎1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C D篇 名师点拨 知识篇 高频词 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 aim at 目的在于 pleasant adj.‎ 高兴的 cooperate with 与…合作 whether…or not 不论，是否 normally adv.‎ 正常的 manage v. ‎ 管理，设法 manage to do sth. 设法做某事 influence v. ‎ 影响 n. influence throw…at…‎ 朝…扔…‎ solve v.‎ 解决 29‎ speak ill of 诋毁，‎ 说…的坏话 cheerful adj. ‎ 愉快的 necessary adj.‎ 必要的 opp. unnecessary 长难句 ‎1. To make life easy and pleasant, he must cooperate with his neighbors. （优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：为了使生活简单、愉快，他必须与他的邻居合作。‎ 本句为不定式作目的状语，为了……。‎ ‎2. However, the sympathy (同情), admiration and appreciation which a neighbor may offer will have a great humanizing influence.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：然而，邻居所能提供的同情，钦佩和赞赏将会提供极大的人性化的影响。‎ 本句为which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the sympathy , admiration and appreciation。‎ ‎3. Neighborliness is not only for people but it is also largely important between neighboring countries. （优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：睦邻友好不仅对人们是重要的，而且对于邻国之间也是很重要的。‎ 本句涉及句型“not only…but also…”,意为“不仅…而且…”，此句型可以用到写作中。‎ 方法篇 ‎“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？‎ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 29‎ 第一步 快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。‎ 浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。‎ 第二步 浏览问题，明确要求。‎ 把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。‎ 第三步 通篇寻读，确定段落。‎ 也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。‎ 第四步 逐条分析，对号入座。‎ 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。‎ 第五步 复读全文，验证答案。‎ 全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。‎ 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。‎ 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. Which of the following statements is true/false?‎ ‎2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?‎ ‎3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)…?‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 ‎2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 ‎3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left ‎ 29‎ 典题精析 handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.‎ If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .‎ A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。‎ 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. It can be inferred from the text that_____.‎ ‎2. From the text we know that _____.‎ ‎3. With which of the following does the author agree?‎ ‎4. The passage is probably taken from a _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 ‎2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 ‎3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 典题精析 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.‎ 29‎ Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. ‎ The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .‎ A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。‎ 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ______.‎ ‎2. The word“…”most likely means _____.‎ ‎3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 ‎2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 ‎3. 通过构词法猜测词义 ‎4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 ‎5. 通过描述猜测词义 ‎6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 ‎7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义 29‎ 典题精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. ‎ What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?‎ A. Slow down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。‎ 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _____.‎ ‎2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _____. / The passage is mostly about _____.‎ ‎3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _____. / The purpose of this article is to _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 ‎2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 ‎3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图 典题精析 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.‎ What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?‎ A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.‎ 29‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。‎ 语篇精讲 浏览问题 ‎（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）‎ 题号 题干及选项 ‎1‎ What can we learn from the first paragraph?（细节理解题）‎ A. One is often needed by his family. ‎ B. No one likes to be alone on an island. ‎ C. Everyone has to live with his neighbors. ‎ D. Everyone lives an easy and pleasant life. ‎ ‎2‎ Which of the following may cause misunderstanding?（细节理解题）‎ A. Hobbies and habits. ‎ B. Children and pets. ‎ C. Sports and games. ‎ D. Likes and dislikes. ‎ ‎3‎ What does the sentence “Small differences can be easily patched up or worked out.” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?（词义猜测题）‎ A. Praising others can help to be good neighbors.‎ B. Unimportant disagreement can be easily solved. ‎ C. One can easily make good use of small arguments. ‎ D. Nobody can be perfect enough to speak ill of others. ‎ ‎4‎ In the passage, the writer tries to ____.（推理判断题）‎ A. show the important of getting on with neighbors ‎ B. teach the basic rules of behaving well at home ‎ C. explain the reasons of learning teamwork ‎ 29‎ D. introduce ways of being a better person ‎ 通篇寻读 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 议论文 ‎445‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★★‎ Living next to next is the principle (原则) of a neighbor. Good neighborliness is the ideal to be aimed at. As the saying goes, no man is an island; he has to live with his neighbors. To make life easy and pleasant, he must cooperate with his neighbors. ‎ Whether one likes it or not, one cannot do without neighbors. Normally one may think he can do without neighbors because he can manage all comforts and services, so the services or the need for a friend may not happen. However, the sympathy (同情), admiration and appreciation which a neighbor may offer will have a great humanizing influence. To share one’s view and sometimes even sadness, one needs some neighbors. ‎ But all neighbors are not always keeping the friendly relationship. Stresses and tension (紧张) develop because of misunderstanding. Very often children may be the cause for tense feelings. The neighbor’s son may pick a flower or a fruit from your garden and an argument may follow. Again he may throw his ball at your window breaking it. These are common cases so far as the younger one is concerned but it is for the elders to view them with calmness and make up for it. This may read easy on paper but not so in real life. But being broad minded, one must be able to tolerate (容忍). Another reason for tension may be the animals. Your neighbor’s dog may be a real trouble or his chickens would come into your garden and eat away your plants. ‎ In all these cases to keep up good neighborliness, some understanding between the neighbors is important. Small differences can be easily patched up or worked out. Try to be friendly and the problem will not be difficult to solve. Care can at times play a good part and help the neighbors in a small or big way. Nobody is perfect and it is better not to speak ill of your neighbors. A cheerful word, a nod or a small talk will strengthen the feeling of good neighborliness. ‎ Neighborliness is not only for people but it is also largely important between neighboring countries. History has got a lot to teach on this. Unless countries learn to live as good neighbors, there cannot be peace on earth. So children must be taught at home and in the school to cooperate with the neighbors and be friendly with them. ‎ 29‎ The basic rule is to give and take and to develop a sense that the other man has as much right as you do, and some degree of tolerance is very necessary. ‎ 逐题分析 语篇解读：本篇文章是一篇日常生活类的议论文。文章所要表达的中心观点是邻里关系的重要性。‎ ‎1. What can we learn from the first paragraph? ‎ A. One is often needed by his family. ‎ B. No one likes to be alone on an island. ‎ C. Everyone has to live with his neighbors. ‎ D. Everyone lives an easy and pleasant life. ‎ 解析：C 细节理解题。题干意为“我们能从第一段中得知什么？”，通过题干我们知道本题应该从第一段中搜寻答案。根据第一段中关键句no man is an island; he has to live with his neighbors.“没有人是一座岛，他必须与邻居相处。”，通过此句即可推断出正确答案，故选C。‎ ‎2. Which of the following may cause misunderstanding? ‎ A. Hobbies and habits. ‎ B. Children and pets. ‎ C. Sports and games. ‎ D. Likes and dislikes. ‎ 解析：B 细节理解题。题干意为“下面哪一项可能会引起误解？”，根据题干的关键词misunderstanding可以将关键段落锁定在第三段中，细读整个段落会发现发现两个概括性的句子，根据第一句“Very often children may be the cause for tense feelings.”可以判断出孩子是导致误解的原因之一；根据第二句“Another reason for tension may be the animals.”可以判断出动物是引起误解的另一个原因，即可推断出正确答案为B“孩子和宠物”。‎ ‎3.What does the sentence “Small differences can be easily patched up or worked out.” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? ‎ A. Praising others can help to be good neighbors.‎ 29‎ B. Unimportant disagreement can be easily solved. ‎ C. One can easily make good use of small arguments. ‎ D. Nobody can be perfect enough to speak ill of others. ‎ 解析：B ‎ 词义猜测题。A项意为“表扬别人能够帮助我们与邻居友好相处”；B项意为“不重要的争论能够很容易被解决”；C项意为“一个人能够容易的利用小争吵”；D项意为“没有人是足够完美到能够说别人的坏话”。根据划线部分后面的句子“Try to be friendly and the problem will not be difficult to solve.”“尝试友好，问题将不难解决。”可推断出正确答案为B。本题要注意到一个迷惑性选项，学生可能会注意到段落中的Nobody is perfect and it is better not to speak ill of your neighbors.而误选择D，但要注意句中的not，表示的是否定，与选项不一致。‎ ‎4. In the passage, the writer tries to ____. ‎ A. show the important of getting on with neighbors ‎ B. teach the basic rules of behaving well at home ‎ C. explain the reasons of learning teamwork ‎ D. introduce ways of being a better person ‎ 解析：A 推理判断题。A项意为“展示出与邻居相处融洽的重要性”；B项意为“教授在家举止端正的基本技巧”；C项意为“解释学习团队合作的原因”；D项意为“介绍成为一个更优秀的人的方法”。浏览全文，根据首段关键句To make life easy and pleasant, he must cooperate with his neighbors.“为了使生活更加容易和愉悦，他必须学会与邻居相处”，故选A。‎ 精讲笔记 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）‎ 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）‎ 29‎ 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）‎ 细节理解题 ‎1、2‎ 推理判断题 ‎4‎ 词义猜测题 ‎3‎ 主旨大意题 能力提升 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译★‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 aim at adj.‎ 高兴的 cooperate with whether…or not adv.‎ 正常的 v. ‎ 管理，设法 influence v. ‎ throw…at…‎ v.‎ 解决 speak ill of adj. ‎ 愉快的 29‎ adj.‎ 必要的 二、句子英汉互译★★‎ ‎1. 他不仅弹钢琴，而且拉小提琴。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎2. 这两个组同意相互协作。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎3. To make life easy and pleasant, he must cooperate with his neighbors.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎4. However, the sympathy (同情), admiration and appreciation which a neighbor may offer will have a great humanizing influence.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎5. Neighborliness is not only for people but it is also largely important between neighboring countries.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 科普环保类 议论文 ‎442‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★★‎ ‎“You expect your friends to see you in a positive manner, but they also are observers of the personalities that could cause you an early death,” said Joshua Jackson, an assistant professor of psychology in Arts & Sciences.‎ Published in the journal Psychological Science, the study shows that your personality at an early age can predict how long you will live across 75 years and that close friends are usually better than you at recognizing these traits.“Our study shows that people are able to observe and evaluate（评价）a friend’s personality exactly enough to predict early death years down the road,” Jackson said. “It suggests that people are able to see important characteristics related to health even when their friends were, for the most part, healthy and many years from death.”‎ While other studies have shown that a person’s view of his or her own personality can be helpful in evaluating death risks, there has been little research on whether 29‎ ‎ a close friend’s personality evaluation might also predict the chances of a long life.‎ To explore this question, Jackson and colleagues analyzed data（数据）from a longitudinal study that in the 1930s began following a group of young people in their mid-20s.The study included wide-ranging data on participant（参与者）personalities, both self-reported and as reported by close friends.‎ Using information from follow-up studies and searches of death certificates（证书）, Jackson and colleagues were able to record dates of death for all but a few study participants. Peer（同龄人）evaluations of personality were stronger predictors of death risks than were self-evaluations of personality.‎ ‎“There are two possible reasons for the advantage of peer evaluations over self- evaluations,” Jackson said.“First, friends may see something that you miss; they may have some insight that you do not. Second, because people have several friends, we are able to average the characteristics of any one friend to get a more trustworthy evaluation of personality. With self-reports, people may miss certain sides of themselves and we are not able to counteract（抵抗）that because there is only one you, only one self-report.”‎ The study also shows some gender differences in self-evaluation: Men’s self-evaluations of personality were somewhat useful in predicting their life spans（寿命）, whereas the self-reports of women had little predictive value.‎ ‎“This is one of the longest studies in psychology,” Jackson said. “It shows how important personality is in influencing important life outcomes like health, and that information from friends can play a critical role in understanding a person’s health issues. ‎ ‎1. What can we learn from Paragraph 2? （推理判断题）‎ A. People’s health is related to their friends. ‎ B. Friends can predict life spans better than us.‎ C. An early personality evaluation helps us live longer. ‎ D. The study shows most people can live across 75 years.‎ ‎2. The underlined word “insight” in Paragraph 6 probably means “_______”.（词义猜测题）‎ A. advice B. influence C. imagination D. understanding ‎3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? （细节理解题）‎ 29‎ A. People with more close friends have better personalities.‎ B. Self-evaluations have advantages over peer evaluations. ‎ C. Men predict their life spans more exactly than women.‎ D. The findings are based on participants’ disease data.‎ ‎4. What can we infer from the last paragraph? （推理判断题）‎ A. Friends’ personality evaluations can help recognize health risks. ‎ B. Best friends play an important role in treating certain diseases. ‎ C. Psychology studies may influence personality development.‎ D. Personality has little important effect on people’s health. ‎ 参考答案 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 aim at 目的在于 pleasant adj.‎ 高兴的 cooperate with 与…合作 whether…or not 不论，是否 normally adv.‎ 正常的 manage v. ‎ 管理，设法 influence v. ‎ 影响 throw…at…‎ 朝…扔…‎ solve v.‎ 解决 speak ill of 诋毁，‎ 说…的坏话 cheerful adj. ‎ 愉快的 necessary adj.‎ 必要的 二、句子英汉互译。‎ ‎1. He plays not only the piano but also the violin. ‎ ‎2. The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other. ‎ ‎3. 为了使生活简单、愉快，他必须与他的邻居合作。‎ 29‎ ‎4. 然而，邻居所能提供的同情，钦佩和赞赏将会提供极大的人性化的影响。‎ ‎5. 睦邻友好不仅对人们是重要的，而且对于邻国之间也是很重要的。‎ 阅读练习 ‎1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 29‎