北京市2019中考英语二轮复习阅读理解5.doc

北京2019中考英语阅读理解（五）‎ 专题十八 阅读理解 第5讲北京朝阳一模阅读理解CD篇 教学目标 ‎1. 掌握本篇阅读理解中出现的高频词及长难句。‎ ‎2. 掌握阅读理解的解题技巧, 并能够指出本篇阅读理解中运用到的解题技巧。‎ ‎3. 通过阅读理解高频词、长难句等语料的积累, 及阅读理解解题技巧的练习, 灵活应对各种阅读理解题。‎ C篇 名师点拨 知识篇 ‎“巧妇难为无米之炊”, 在英语学习的过程中, 语料的积累至关重要。对于阅读理解高频词和长难句的梳理, 能够为我们今后的学习和提升打下良好的基础。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高频词和长难句, 快来看看你掌握了吗？‎ 高频词（课前检测学生的词汇量储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 28‎ hear of 听说 come up with 提出 invent v.‎ 发明 n. invention ‎ consider v.‎ 考虑 spread v.‎ 传播，展开 avoid v.‎ 避免 hit v. ‎ 打击 protect v.‎ 保护 immediately ‎ adv.‎ 立即，立刻 adj. immediate simple adj.‎ 简单的 长难句（课前检测学生的句型储备, 以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优, 模糊翻译的良, 不会翻译的为差。）‎ ‎1. While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：当我们感谢这位来自沃尔沃的工程师时，你也许也想知道他是怎样提出这样一个好主意的。‎ 本句中包含了一个由how引导的宾语从句，做wonder的宾语。‎ ‎2. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：最后，他发明了三点式安全带，它被认为是历史上最伟大的发明之一。‎ 本句为由which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词three-point seat belt。‎ ‎3. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car. （优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：如果你突然停车或被另一辆车重击，安全带也能帮助保持你的上身远离车子最坚硬的部位。‎ 28‎ 本句话是由if引导的条件状语从句，翻译时要注意语序。‎ 方法篇 ‎“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？‎ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 第一步 快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。‎ 浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。‎ 第二步 浏览问题，明确要求。‎ 把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。‎ 第三步 通篇寻读，确定段落。‎ 也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。‎ 第四步 逐条分析，对号入座。‎ 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。‎ 第五步 复读全文，验证答案。‎ 全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。‎ 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。‎ 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data 28‎ ‎）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. Which of the following statements is true/false?‎ ‎2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?‎ ‎3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)…?‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 ‎2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 ‎3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 典题精析 Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.‎ If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .‎ A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。‎ 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. It can be inferred from the text that_____.‎ ‎2. From the text we know that _____.‎ ‎3. With which of the following does the author agree?‎ ‎4. The passage is probably taken from a _____.‎ ‎1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 28‎ 解题技巧 ‎2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 ‎3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 典题精析 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.‎ Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. ‎ The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .‎ A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。‎ 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ______.‎ ‎2. The word“…”most likely means _____.‎ 28‎ ‎3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 ‎2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 ‎3. 通过构词法猜测词义 ‎4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 ‎5. 通过描述猜测词义 ‎6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 ‎7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义 典题精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. ‎ What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?‎ A. Slow down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。‎ 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _____.‎ ‎2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _____. / The passage is mostly about _____.‎ ‎3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _____. / The purpose of this article is to _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 ‎2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 ‎3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young ‎ 28‎ 典题精析 students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.‎ What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?‎ A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。‎ 语篇精讲 浏览问题 ‎（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）‎ 题号 题干及选项 ‎1‎ Three-point seat belts reduce chances of death or injury by at least_________.（细节理解题）‎ A. 10% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50%‎ ‎2‎ Nils Bohlin invented the three-point seat belt in order to_________.（细节理解题）‎ A. take a car journey quickly ‎ B. show thanks to the engineer C. keep the pilots safe in an accident ‎ D. improve the safety for people in the cars ‎3‎ From the passage we can learn_________.（细节理解题）‎ A. hips and shoulders aren’t the older children and adults’ strongest parts 28‎ B. seat belts can keep your knees and feet away from the hard parts of the car C. the body has more time to slow down in an accident with the help of seat belts D. head and spinal cord injuries might be easy to see immediately and cause death ‎4‎ This passage is mainly about_________.（主旨大意题）‎ A. how seat belts are made ‎ B. how seat belts are used C. how seat belts save lives ‎ D. how seat belts develop better 通篇寻读 ‎（通读文章，根据问题中的关键词标记出文章中的重点词，短语或句子，为逐题分析做准备）‎ 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 科普环保类 说明文 ‎402‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★‎ Few of us have heard of Nils Bohlin, but whenever we take a car journey his invention makes us safer. Found in almost every modem car, the three-point seat belt reduces our chances of death or injury (伤害）by at least 50% . While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea.‎ Having worked as a plane designer before, Nils knew clearly that the pilots were willing to put on anything to keep them safe in an accident, but to his surprise, most people in the cars just didn’t want to be uncomfortable for even a minute. To improve the safety for people in the cars, he decided to find a perfect system which should be simple, effective and convenient. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history.‎ Seat belts prevent people in the cars from serious injury in five ways.‎ Keep people inside. People who are thrown out from a car are four times more likely to be killed than those who stay inside.‎ Protect the strongest parts of the body. Seat belts are designed to fix your body at its strongest parts. For an older child and adult, these parts are the hips 28‎ ‎ (臀部)and shoulders.‎ Spread out the force in an accident. Seat belts spread the force of the accident over a wide area of the body. By putting less stress on one area, they can help you avoid serious injury. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car.‎ Help the body to slow down, A quick speed causes injury. With the help of the seat belts, your body can have more time to slow down in an accident.‎ Protect your brain and spinal cord (脊柱). Seat belts are designed to protect these two key areas of the human body. Head and spinal cord injuries may be hard to see immediately, but they can cause death. Therefore, it’s of great importance to protect these parts.‎ It takes only a few seconds to buckle up (系好安全带）once you get in the car, but this simple action could save your life. Why wouldn’t you?‎ 逐题分析 语篇解读：本文是一篇科普环保类的说明文。主要介绍了three-point seat belt（三点式安全带）的发明者，发明目的及用途。‎ ‎1. Three-point seat belts reduce chances of death or injury by at least_________.‎ A. 10% B. 30% C. 40% D. 50%‎ 解析：D.‎ 细节理解题。题干意为“three-point seat belt减少了死亡或受伤的几率至少_____。”，根据题干关键短语reduce chances of death or injury可将答案锁定在第一段中，根据第一段中关键句the three-point seat belt reduces our chances of death or injury (伤害）by at least 50% .可以判定正确答案应该为50%。‎ ‎2. Nils Bohlin invented the three-point seat belt in order to_________.‎ A. take a car journey quickly ‎ B. show thanks to the engineer C. keep the pilots safe in an accident ‎ D. improve the safety for people in the cars 解析：D. ‎ 细节理解题。题干意为“Nils Bohlin发明了三点式安全带为了_____?”根据题干可将答案锁定在文章第二段中，关键句to improve the safety for people in the cars 28‎ 为不定式表目的，意为“为了提高车里人们的安全”，这正是发明three-point seat belt的目的，故选D。‎ ‎3. From the passage we can learn_________.‎ A. hips and shoulders aren’t the older children and adults’ strongest parts B. seat belts can keep your knees and feet away from the hard parts of the car C. the body has more time to slow down in an accident with the help of seat belts D. head and spinal cord injuries might be easy to see immediately and cause death 解析：C. ‎ 细节理解题。本题需要逐项排除。A项意为“臀部和肩膀不是大孩子和成年人最强壮的部分。”，根据五个方面的第二条中的关键句“For an older child and adult, these parts are the hips (臀部)and shoulders.”可以判定此项错误；B项意为“安全带能够保持你的膝盖和脚远离车子最坚硬的部分。”，根据第三条中的关键句“Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car”可以判定此项错误；C项意为“事故中在安全带的帮助下身体有更多时间来放慢速度”，根据第四条中的关键句“With the help of the seat belts, your body can have more time to slow down in an accident.”可以判定此项与全文一致，为正确答案；D项意为“头和脊柱伤可能很容易的立即被看到并导致死亡。”，根据第五条关键句“Head and spinal cord injuries may be hard to see immediately”可以判定此项是错误的。‎ ‎4. This passage is mainly about_________.‎ A. how seat belts are made ‎ B. how seat belts are used C. how seat belts save lives ‎ D. how seat belts develop better 解析：C 主旨大意题。A项意为“安全带是怎样被制作的？”；B项意为“安全带是怎样用的”；C项意为“安全带是怎样拯救生命的？”；D项意为“安全带怎样发展的更好”，根据文章五种方法的详细介绍可知主要讲的是安全带是怎样拯救生命的，而并没有详细的说安全带的制作方式，用法及发展。‎ 精讲笔记 ‎（学生在教师的指导下, 回顾本讲中积累的阅读理解的知识和方法）‎ 28‎ 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）‎ 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）‎ 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）‎ 细节理解题 ‎1、2、3‎ 推理判断题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 ‎4‎ 能力提升 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译★‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 hear of 28‎ come up with v.‎ 发明 v.‎ 考虑 spread v.‎ v.‎ 避免 v. ‎ 打击 v.‎ 保护 immediately ‎ adv.‎ simple adj.‎ 二、句子英汉互译★★‎ ‎1. 商店应存有最畅销的货物。‎ ‎_____________________________________________.‎ ‎2. 如果他用跑的，他就会及时赶到那。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎3. While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎4. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎5. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car. ‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 说明文 ‎381‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★‎ Where did that number come from?‎ Eleven and Twelve The reason behind the change in number naming is that eleven comes from the German term ainlif, which translates to “one left”. Twelve follows the same rule. It comes 28‎ ‎ from twalif—“two left”. Why teen is used instead of lif for 13 through 19? There is something sadly lost in history.‎ ‎911 for US Emergency (急救) Calls Early phones didn’t use phone numbers—the operator had to connect your call by hand—and this led to the need for an emergency code (信号). But later phone numbers became popular, that changed. In 1967, 911 was chosen as the nationwide emergency call because it was easy to remember and could be quickly dialed (拨) on the phone.‎ ‎26.2 Miles in a Marathon (马拉松)‎ The story began with an ancient Greek soldier carrying message from a battlefield (战场) in Marathon to Athens. The modern marathon was born as a flagship event in the first Olympic Games, in 1896, with a distance (距离) of about 25 miles (40 km), as long as the distance from Marathon to Athens. But race organizers for the 1908 Olympic Games in London wanted to add something special. The race began at Windsor Castle and ended at White City Stadium, with runners finishing only after passing the royal (皇室的) box. The distance was 26.2 miles (42.1 km). And since 1924 this distance has been kept in marathon.‎ ‎28 Days in February Before using the Gregorian calendar that we use today, one of the first Roman calendars had only 304 days and ten months (March through December), with six months of 30 days and four of 31 days. The second king of Rome improved the old calendar. He added 50 days for January and February. To make the new months longer, he took one day from each of the 30-day months, making 56 days to divide between January and February (or 28 days each). Later January was given one more day to add up to 355 days a year, but February still had 28 days. That’s how it became the shortest month and it stayed that way ever since.‎ ‎1. Which language do eleven and twelve come from?（细节理解题）‎ A. English. B. German. C. French. D. Russian.‎ ‎2. When was the number 911 chosen for US emergency calls?（细节理解题）‎ A. In 1896. B. In 1908. C. In 1924. D. In 1967.‎ ‎3. The marathon distance was made longer at London Olympic Games because ______.（细节理解题）‎ A. the British was a little weak in maths B. the British didn’t like the Greek story 28‎ C. the British loved the royal family very much D. the British wanted to make the race different ‎4. How many days were there in each month after the king improved the old calendar?（推理判断题）‎ A. 28, 29 or 31. B. 28, 30 or 31. C. 28, 29 or 30. D. 29, 30 or 31.‎ 参考答案 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 hear of 听说 come up with 提出 invent v.‎ 发明 consider v.‎ 考虑 spread v.‎ 传播，展开 avoid v.‎ 避免 hit v. ‎ 打击 protect v.‎ 保护 immediately ‎ adv.‎ 立即，立刻 simple adj.‎ 简单的 二、句子英汉互译。‎ ‎1. A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.‎ ‎2. If he runs, he will get there in time. ‎ ‎3. 当我们感谢这位来自沃尔沃的工程师时，你也许也想知道他是怎样提出这样一个好主意的。‎ ‎4. 最后，他发明了三点式安全带，它被认为是历史上最伟大的发明之一。‎ ‎5. 如果你突然停车或被另一辆车重击，安全带也能帮助保持你的上身远离车子最坚硬的部位。‎ 阅读练习 ‎1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A 28‎ D篇 名师点拨 知识篇 高频词 单词/短语 词性 词义 拓展 掌握情况 优 良 差 together adv.‎ 在一起 pass away 去世 separately adv.‎ 分别地 amazing adj.‎ 令人惊异的 miss v.‎ 错过，思念 special adj.‎ 特殊的 set aside 留出 hardly adv. ‎ 几乎不 meaningful adj. ‎ 有意义的 opp. meaningless n. meaning effect n.‎ 效果，影响 compare v.‎ 比较，对照 opportunity n.‎ 机会 relationship n. ‎ 关系 similarly adv.‎ 类似地 worth adj. ‎ 值得的 长难句 ‎1. Not eating together also has negative (消极的）effects both physically and psychologically (心理上地）.（优*良*差*）‎ 28‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：不和家人一起吃饭对生理方面及心理方面都有消极的影响。‎ 本句要注意两方面内容：1. 本句为动名词短语做主语；2. 本句涉及重点句型：both…and…“…和…都”，可将这个句型拓展到写作当中。‎ ‎2. Just the opposite, children who do eat dinner with their parents five or more days a week are less likely to run away from school without reason.（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：恰恰相反，每周和父母一起吃晚饭五天或超过五天的孩子们不太可能没有理由的逃学。‎ 本句为who引导的定语从句，修饰children。‎ ‎3. Then how do we eat better, not just from a nutritional perspective (营养角度),but from a psychological one as well?（优*良*差*）‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ 句意：那么我们怎样吃的更好，不止是从营养角度，也是从一个心理的角度？‎ 本句涉及句型“not…but…”，意为“不是…而是…”，同样可以用在写作当中。‎ 方法篇 ‎“方法得当, 事半功倍。”只有语料的积累, 没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理, 能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑, 在有足够语料积累的基础上, 能够帮助我们争取高分。‎ 亲爱的同学, 老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧, 快来看看你掌握了多少？‎ 一、阅读理解解题步骤 第一步 快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。‎ 浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。‎ 第二步 浏览问题，明确要求。‎ 把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。‎ 第三步 通篇寻读，确定段落。‎ 也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。‎ 逐条分析，对号入座。‎ 28‎ 第四步 把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。‎ 第五步 复读全文，验证答案。‎ 全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。‎ 二、阅读理解解题技巧 初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。‎ 题型 题型一：细节理解题 解释 本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. Which of the following statements is true/false?‎ ‎2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?‎ ‎3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)…?‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 ‎2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案 ‎3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案 典题精析 Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.‎ If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .‎ A. get hurt B. give up cutting C. feel awkward D. change their tools 本题可以运用到解题技巧1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案 浏览题干，确定关键短语为cut up potatoes with their left hand 28‎ ‎，浏览段落，确定关键句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don’t be surprised if you feel awkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。‎ 题型 题型二：推理判断题 解释 推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. It can be inferred from the text that_____.‎ ‎2. From the text we know that _____.‎ ‎3. With which of the following does the author agree?‎ ‎4. The passage is probably taken from a _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过文章陈述的事实进行推断 ‎2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 ‎3. 根据作者的意图和态度进行推断 典题精析 Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.‎ Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. ‎ The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .‎ A. stress the great differences between them B. introduce a popular writer and a famous artist C. suggest good ways of going through boredom 28‎ D. show effects of boredom on developing creativity 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断 题干意为“作者谈论Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意为“Meera Syal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为He became creative, because he could think freely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。‎ 题型 题型三：词义猜测题 解释 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ______.‎ ‎2. The word“…”most likely means _____.‎ ‎3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 通过因果关系猜测词义 ‎2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 ‎3. 通过构词法猜测词义 ‎4. 通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义 ‎5. 通过描述猜测词义 ‎6. 用知识和生活经验猜测词义 ‎7. 根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义 典题精析 Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. ‎ What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?‎ A. Slow down. B. Keep up with. C. Go beyond. D. Give rise to.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义 浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while 28‎ 之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。‎ 题型 题型四：主旨大意题 解释 考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。‎ 设题方式 ‎1. 问标题：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _____.‎ ‎2. 问中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _____. / The passage is mostly about _____.‎ ‎3. 问目的，态度：The author wants to tell _____. / The purpose of this article is to _____.‎ 解题技巧 ‎1. 浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句 ‎2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 ‎3. 以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图 典题精析 In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.‎ What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?‎ A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handers C. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.‎ 本题可以运用到解题技巧2. 浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨 本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词these days和have accepted that表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故选D。‎ 语篇精讲 浏览问题 28‎ ‎（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）‎ 题号 题干及选项 ‎1‎ According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（细节理解题）‎ A. Most Americans share meaningful time with their loved ones.‎ B. The writer likes going out to eat sandwiches with friends and parents.‎ C. Eating together with parents is a big event and needs lots of preparation.‎ D. Children who don't eat dinner with parents are more likely to be overweight.‎ ‎2‎ The underlined part “be truant at school” probably means “________”.（词义猜测题）‎ A. be absent from school B. be pleased at school C. be present at school D. be disappointed in school ‎3‎ The writer probably agrees that ________.（推理判断题）‎ A. eating together doesn’t have good effects on adults B. it’s important for the young to eat together with parents C. it’s totally worth spending much money in eating together D. people who eat together often are likely to have problems 通篇寻读 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 日常生活类 议论文 ‎437‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/3‎ ‎★★★★‎ Eating Together After my mother passed away and my brother went to study in New Zealand, the first thing that really felt different was the dinner table. My father and I began eating separately. We went out to dinners with our friends or just ate sandwiches in front of our computers. Then, a few weeks before I was set to leave for university, my father walked downstairs. “You know, I think we should start eating together even if it’s just you and me,” he said. “Your mother would have wanted that.”‎ It wasn’t perfect—the meals we made weren’t amazing and we missed Mom and my brother. But there was something special about setting aside time to be with my father. It was a comfortable moment to get away from busy days：an excuse to talk, to think about the day, and recent events. Eating together was a small act, and it 28‎ ‎ needed very little of us—and yet it was surely one of the happiest parts of my day.‎ Sadly, Americans hardly eat together anymore. In fact, most American families report eating a single meal together less than five days a week. It’s a pity that so many Americans are missing out on the meaningful time with their loved ones, and it’s even more than that. Not eating together also has negative (消极的）effects both physically and psychologically (心理上地）.‎ Children who do not eat dinner with their parents at least twice a week were 40% more likely to be overweight compared to those who do. And students who do not eat with their parents are more likely to be truant at school .Just the opposite, children who do eat dinner with their parents five or more days a week are less likely to run away from school without reason. They also report being closer with their parents than children who eat dinner with their parents less often, according to a study conducted by the National Center at Columbia University.‎ Then how do we eat better, not just from a nutritional perspective (营养角度),but from a psychological one as well?‎ Perhaps seeing eating together as an opportunity to get away with stress, a chance to catch up with those whom we love could help our children do better in school, get in better shape, and be less likely to have problems. Eating together also leads children to report better relationships with their parents and surely relationships between adults can similarly benefit.‎ So try eating together, and you’ll find it’s totally worth it.‎ 逐题分析 语篇解读：本篇文章是一篇日常生活类的议论文。文章针对要不要和家人一起吃饭这个问题展开了论述，最后得出结论和家人一起吃饭对我的生理和心理都是有益的。‎ ‎1.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?‎ A. Most Americans share meaningful time with their loved ones.‎ B. The writer likes going out to eat sandwiches with friends and parents.‎ C. Eating together with parents is a big event and needs lots of preparation.‎ D. Children who don't eat dinner with parents are more likely to be overweight.‎ 解析：D 细节理解题。题干意为“根据文章，下面哪一项是正确的？”，本题需要逐项排除。A项意为“大多数美国人和他们爱的人一起分享有意义的时刻。”根据关键词share meaningful 28‎ ‎ time with their loved ones可以锁定文章第三段，根据关键句so many Americans are missing out on the meaningful time with their loved ones可知美国人错过了这些有意义的时刻，故此项错误；B项意为“作者喜欢和朋友、父母一起出去吃三明治”，根据关键词可锁定文章第一段，根据关键句We went out to dinners with our friends or just ate sandwiches in front of our computers.，可知是在电脑前吃三明治，而且没有父母，故此项错误；C项意为“和父母一起吃饭是一件大事而且需要很多准备”，根据第二段关键句Eating together was a small act, and it needed very little of us可知“和父母一起吃饭不需要许多准备”，故此项错误；D项意为“不和父母一起吃晚饭的孩子更容易超重”，根据第四段第一句话可以判定此项正确。，故本题选D。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.The underlined part “be truant at school” probably means “________”.‎ A. be absent from school B. be pleased at school C. be present at school D. be disappointed in school 解析：A 词义猜测题。浏览划线短语的前后句，可以发现短语Just the opposite，意为“恰恰相反”，故划线短语所在句与后句所要表达的意思应该是相反的，后句意为“恰恰相反，每周和父母一起吃晚饭五天或超过五天的孩子们不太可能没有理由的逃学。”，所以划线短语所在句表达的应该是“不和父母一起吃饭的孩子容易逃学”，A项意为“逃学”，B项意为“在学校很高兴”，C项意为“上学”，D项意为“在学校感到失望”，故选A。‎ ‎3.The writer probably agrees that ‎ A. eating together doesn’t have good effects on adults B. it’s important for the young to eat together with parents C. it’s totally worth spending much money in eating together D. people who eat together often are likely to have problems 解析：B ‎ 主旨大意题。A项意为“和父母一起吃饭对成年人没有好的影响”；B项意为“对于年轻人来说和父母一起吃饭是重要的”；C项意为“花费很多钱在和父母一起吃饭上是非常值得的。”；D项意为“经常和父母一起吃饭的人更容易有问题。”，选择文章主旨首先要浏览文章首尾段，根据尾段So try eating together, and you’ll find it’s totally worth it.可知“和家人一起吃饭是非常值得的。”，可知文章对和家人一起吃饭这件事上是保持积极态度，故排除A和D；有因为文章没有提到钱的问题，故排除C，本题选B。‎ 精讲笔记 28‎ 语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）‎ 单词 词性及词义 单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）‎ 语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）‎ 细节理解题 ‎1‎ 推理判断题 词义猜测题 ‎2‎ 主旨大意题 ‎3‎ 能力提升 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译★‎ 单词/短语 词性 词义 together adv.‎ pass away 28‎ separately adv.‎ adj.‎ 令人惊异的 v.‎ 错过，思念 adj.‎ 特殊的 set aside adv. ‎ 几乎不 meaningful adj. ‎ n.‎ 效果，影响 compare v.‎ opportunity n.‎ relationship n. ‎ similarly adv.‎ adj. ‎ 值得的 二、句子英汉互译★★‎ ‎1. 这顿饭不是为了一个人的，而是供大家享用的。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎2. 昨天在舞台上唱歌的那个女孩正站在那边。‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎3. Not eating together also has negative (消极的）effects both physically and psychologically (心理上地）.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎4. Just the opposite, children who do eat dinner with their parents five or more days a week are less likely to run away from school without reason.‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ ‎5. Then how do we eat better, not just from a nutritional perspective (营养角度),but from a psychological one as well?‎ ‎______________________________________________.‎ 阅读练习 话题 体裁 字数 建议用时 实际用时 正确率 星级 科普环保类 议论文 ‎471‎ ‎7分钟 ‎__/4‎ ‎★★★★‎ 28‎ ‎“The world has never been a better place to live in” says science writer Matt Ridley, “and it will keep on getting better.” Read on to see how Ridley makes his case. Right or wrong? You decide.‎ Compared with 50 years ago, when I was just four years old, people now make nearly three times as much money, eat one third more food and expect to live one third longer. In fact, it’s hard to find any areas of the world that’s worse off now than it was then, even though the world population has more than doubled over that period.‎ One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ever before is that the four most basic human needs—food, clothing, fuel and shelter—have grown much cheaper. Take one example: In 1800, a candle providing one hour’s light cost six hours’ work. In the 1880s, the same light from a lamp took 15 minutes’ work to pay for. In 1950, it was eight seconds. Today, it’s half a second. In these terms, we are 43,200 times better off than in1800.‎ In the United States, rivers, lakes, seas and air are getting cleaner all the time. A car today produces less pollution traveling at full speed than a parked car did from leaks (泄漏) in 1970.‎ Although the world population is growing, the rate (率) of increase has been falling for 50 years. Across the world, national birth rates are lower now than in 1960, and in the less developed world, the birth rate has almost halved. According to a research report from the United Nations, population will start falling once it reaches 9.2 billion in 2075. After all, there are already seven billion people on earth, and they are eating better and better.‎ In 1970s, there were 550 billion barrels (桶) of oil reserves (储存) in the world, and in the 20 years that followed the world used up 600 billion. So by 1990, reserves should have been overused by 50 billion barrels. Instead, it is reported there are 900 billion today. They will last for many years and people will find something in place of oil long before they run out.‎ The more we develop, the more we can develop. The more we invent, the more inventions become possible. For 200 years, pessimists (people who believe that terrible things will happen in future) have had all the headlines—even though optimists have far more often been right. There are some reasons for pessimists. No charity (慈善机构) ever raised money by saying things are getting better. No journalist ever got the front page writing a story about how terrible things won’t 28‎ ‎ happen. Don’t be a pessimist—dare to be an optimist!‎ ‎1. Today, providing one hour’s light costs ______.（细节理解题）‎ A. 6 hours’ work B. 15 minutes’ work C. 8 seconds’ work D. 0.5 second’s work ‎2. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?（细节理解题）‎ A. Things we used to need were much cheaper than they are today.‎ B. The pollution today is much more serious than it was long ago.‎ C. Population problem has nearly made the world stop developing.‎ D. It’s not necessary to be worried about oil reserves in the world.‎ ‎3. What does the word “optimists” in the last paragraph mean?（词义猜测题）‎ A. People who are brave enough to face anything terrible.‎ B. People who can always tell good things from bad ones.‎ C. People who have hopeful and happy feelings about life.‎ D. People who don’t easily believe what they’re told about.‎ ‎4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（主旨大意题）‎ A. Never Give Up B. Cheer Up C. Don’t Be Sad D. Think Out 参考答案 基础过关 一、词汇/短语英汉互译 单词/短语 词性 词义 together adv.‎ 在一起 pass away 去世 separately adv.‎ 分别地 amazing adj.‎ 令人惊异的 miss v.‎ 错过，思念 special adj.‎ 特殊的 set aside 留出 hardly adv. ‎ 几乎不 meaningful adj. ‎ 有意义的 effect n.‎ 效果，影响 28‎ compare v.‎ 比较，对照 opportunity n.‎ 机会 relationship n. ‎ 关系 similarly adv.‎ 类似地 worth adj. ‎ 值得的 二、句子英汉互译。‎ ‎1. The meal is not for one, but for many to enjoy.‎ ‎2. The girl who sang on the stage yesterday is standing over there.‎ ‎3. 不一起吃饭对生理方面及心理方面都有消极的影响。‎ ‎4. 恰恰相反，每周和父母一起吃晚饭五天或超过五天的孩子们不太可能没有理由的逃学。‎ ‎5. 那么我们怎样吃的更好，不止是从营养角度，也是从一个心理的角度？‎ 阅读练习 ‎1. D 2. D 3. C 4. B 28‎