阅读理解 说明文
精选大题
A.
【2018年全国卷Ⅰ】We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
1. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
2. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
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B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
3. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.
4. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A
【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。
1.观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。
3. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。
B
【2018年天津卷】There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer
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makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same”, freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
5. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
6. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
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D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
7. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is tastier than food in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
8. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
9. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【答案】5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A
【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
5.推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
6.细节理解题。根据文章第三段Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
7.推理判断题。根据文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
8.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。
9.
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主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。
模拟精做
A
【2018年秋四川省棠湖中学高三期末】Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
10. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small population.
C. Its geographical position.
D. Its favorable climate.
11. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
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C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
12. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A. They found the city too crowded.
B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable to stand the winter.
D. They were short of food.
13. What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city.
B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness.
D. Tourism in Dawson.
【答案】10. C 11. B 12. B 13. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。
10.细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。
11.细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。
12.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人们离开Dawson的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。
13.主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawson这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。故A正确。
B
【2018届豫南九校高三下学期第一次联考】Many of us have reached in our pockets, feeling a vibration （振动）, wrongly believing our mobile phones have just rung. The phenomenon even has a name: phantom vibration syndrome—and found it is surprisingly common.
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Now scientists believe that we are so alert（警觉） for phone calls and messages we are misinterpreting slight muscle spasms （痉挛） as proof of a call. Robert Rosenberger, an assistant professor at the Georgia Tech Institute of Technology has studied the delusional calls. He said sufferers describe a vague tingling feeling which they think is their mobile phone indicating it has received a text message or call while on ‘silent’. But when the device is retrieved, there was no one on the other end.
Dr. Rosenberger said “I find so many people say, ‘This happens to me, but I thought I was the only one. I thought I was odd. ”It seems that the syndrome particularly affects people at the beck and call of mobile phones or pagers. A 2010 study by Michael Rothberg and colleagues found that nearly 70 per cent of doctors at a hospital in Massachusetts suffered phantom vibrations. A more recent study of US college students found the figure was as high as 90 per cent.
While the odd feeling is widespread, it does not seem to be considered a grave problem. Dr. Rosenberger said: “it's not actually a syndrome in a technical sense. That's just the name that's got stuck to it.” He added: “Only 2 per cent of people consider it a problem.”
While widespread, the scientific community has not yet invested much effort in getting to the bottom of why we suffer phantom calls.
Dr. Rosenberger said: “People are guessing it has something to do with nervous energy. The cognitive（认知的） scientists are talking about brain chemistry, cognitive pathways changing. But it's not like they have brain scans to go on.” He said: “We have a phone call in our pocket all the time and it becomes sort of an extension of ourselves. We have this sort of readiness to experience a call. We feel something and we think, OK, that could be a call.”
14. Why do some people mistake slight muscle spasms for a call?
A. They all have a vivid imagination.
B. They are sensitive to calls and messages.
C. There are few calls and messages in their life.
D. Slight muscle spasms affect them more than other people
15. Which of the following are more likely to have phantom vibration syndrome than others?
A. Doctors.
B. University professors.
C. College students.
D. The cognitive scientists.
16. In Dr. Rosenberger's opinion, phantom vibration syndrome ___.
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A. isn't a kind of disease actually
B. is considered a problem by most people
C. is a serious problem ignored by people
D. has something to do with brain chemistry
17. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. Most people have phantom vibration syndrome.
B. How to keep away from phantom vibration syndrome.
C. How to reduce phantom phone vibrations.
D. People care too much about phantom phone vibrations
【答案】14. B 15. C 16. A 17. A
【解析】这是一篇社会生活类说明文。文章介绍了一种非常普遍的病症—振动幻听综合症。
14. 细节理解题。由第二段中的“Now scientists believe that we are so alert（警觉） for phone calls and messages we are misinterpreting slight muscle spasms （痉挛） as proof of a call”可知，科学家们认为我们对手机电话和短信如此警觉以至于我们会把轻微的肌肉痉挛误认为是电话。故结合选项，B选项正确。
15. 细节理解题。由第三段中的“A 2010 study by Michael Rothberg and colleagues found that nearly 70 per cent of doctors at a hospital in Massachusetts suffered phantom vibrations. A more recent study of US college students found the figure was as high as 90 per cent”可知，90%的大学生患有振动幻听综合症。故C选项正确。
16. 细节理解题。由第四段中的“it's not actually a syndrome in a technical sense”可知，Dr. Rosenberger认为，从专业角度来说，这并不是一种综合症。也就是说，他认为这并不是一种病。故A选项正确。
17. 主旨大意题。第一段是文章中心段。该段主要介绍了振动幻听综合症是一种非常普遍的现象。大部分人都患有振动幻听综合症。下文简单分析了这种现象的原因以及科学家们对此的看法。故结合选项，A选项正确。
C
【2018届湖北省孝感高级中学高三9月摸底考试】 It was reported last week that developers could take photos from Apple mobile and Google Android devices without the phone owners knowing that the images were being taken. In Apple’s case, developers can also obtain the location information for each photo.
Senator(参议员) Charles Schumer said in a telephone interview that his office had spoken with officials at both Apple and Google on Monday.
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“We asked them if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private information,” Mr. Schumer said. “They were friendly and open to the idea that this ought to be changed.”
On Sunday, Mr. Schumer said that he planned to send a letter to the Federal Trade Commission asking the agency to investigate Apple and Google after the privacy concerns came to light. Claudia Bourne Farrell, an F.T.C. spokeswoman, said the agency had received the letter but she could not comment further.
“It worries people to think that one’s personal photos, address book, and who knows what else can be obtained and even posted online without permission,” Mr. Schumer wrote in his letter to the F.T.C. “If the technology exists to open the door to this kind of privacy invasion, then surely technology exists to close it, and that’s exactly what must happen.”
Mr. Schumer said if Apple and Google could not come to an agreement to fix the problem, then he would be forced to take the issue further.
He said other companies had been willing to work with his office to fix issues. “I’m optimistic that we can get this changed without any regulation,” he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.”
The F.T.C. has warned companies to try to be more vigilant (警醒的) in their efforts to protect consumers when it comes to privacy.
18. The senator’s office spoke with officials at both Apple and Google___________.
A. to urge them not to invade consumers’ privacy
B. to discuss whether it is illegal to have access to private information
C. to stop them from developing the technology of taking photos
D. to keep them from obtaining the location information for each photo
19. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Privacy invasion from Apple has existed for a long time.
B. Mr. Schumer takes the privacy concerns caused by Apple and Google seriously.
C. Privacy invasion from Google has existed for a long time.
D. Apple and Google have decided to make a change.
20. Mr. Schumer’s letter to the F.T C. mainly shows that the technology to open the door to privacy invasion_____.
A. causes privacy invasion to happen frequently
B. can be used if permitted
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C. causes people to worry about the safety of their personal information
D. causes personal information to be posted online without permission
21. If the privacy concerns can’t be solved with the help of the F.T C., ___________.
A. The senators will force the companies not to invade privacy
B. The companies will be closed
C. The companies will be fined
D. The senators will turn to legislation
【答案】18. A 19. B 20. C 21. D
【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道类说明文。文章介绍了Apple and Google开发了一种软件, 不经过对方的允许就能拍照，还可以传到网上。并且能知道照片的具体信息。这是对个人隐私的侵害。
18. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的We asked them if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private information（此处的privacy和private information同义。）句意：我们（参议员们）问他们，他们是否能独立找到阻止苹果公司进入个人信息空间的方法。及第六段“If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.”句意：如果苹果和谷歌不能达成协议来解决这个问题，然后他将被迫采取进一步的问题。综合以上内容可知是敦促他们不要侵犯个人的隐私权，故选A。
19. 细节理解题。根据文章中的he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.”可知，Mr. Schume说，如果不改变，我们就向联邦贸易协会求助，如果那不起作用，我们将考虑法律手段。这说明他对Apple and Google侵犯个人隐私这个问题是认真的。故选B。根据文章第一段中的It was reported last week that developers could take photos from Apple mobile and Google Android devices without the phone owners knowing that the images were being taken.可知，这事是上周报道的，时间不长。所以A和C项错误。文章没有提到它们已经决定改变。故D项错误。
20. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“It worries people to think that one’s personal photos, address book, and who knows what else can be obtained and even posted online without permission,” Mr. Schumer wrote in his letter to the F.T.C.可知，个人的相片、地址等（这些属于个人隐私）可能被获得，甚至没有经过许可就被传到网上，这令人们很担心。由此可推断出人们担心个人信息的安全问题，此处采用的是同义句表达的方法。选C。
21. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中的he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.”可知，Mr. Schume说，如果不改变，我们就向联邦贸易协会求助，如果那不起作用，我们将考虑法律手段。从中可推断出如果不解决，就考虑求助于法律。由此可推断出D符合题意。
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D
【黑龙江省哈尔滨师范大学附属中学2018届高三第四次模拟】Chinese scientists recently have produced two monkeys with the same gene, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using the same technique that gave us Dolly the sheep. These monkeys are not actually the first primates（灵长类）to be cloned. Another one named Tetra was produced in the late 1990s by embryo（胚胎）splitting, the division of an early-stage embryo into two or four separate cells to make clones. By contrast, they were each made by replacing an egg cell nucleus（原子核）with DNA from a differentiated body cell. This Dolly method, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer（SCNT）, can create more clones and allows researchers greater control over the edits they make to the DNA.
Success came from adopting several new techniques. These included a new type of microscopy to better view the cells during handling or using several materials that encourage cell reprogramming, which hadn’t been tried before on primates. Still, the research process proved difficult, and many attempts by the team failed. Just two healthy baby monkeys born from more than 60 tested mothers. This leads to many researchers’ pouring water on the idea that the team’s results bring scientists closer to cloning humans. They thought this work is not a stepping stone to establishing methods for obtaining live born human clones. Instead, this clearly remains a very foolish thing to attempt, it would be far too inefficient, far too unsafe, and it is also pointless.
But the scientists involved emphasize that this is not their goal. There is now no barrier for cloning primate species, thus cloning humans is closer to reality. However, their research purpose is entirely for producing non-human primate models for human diseases; they absolutely have no intention, and society will not permit this work to be extended to humans. Despite limitations, they treat this breakthrough a novel model system for scientists studying human biology and disease.
22. What do we know about the technology called SCNT?
A. It created the first two primates.
B. It may contribute to editing the DNA.
C. It can divide an early-stage embryo into several cells.
D. It produced two cloned monkeys with different genes.
23. What does the author mean by “pouring water on the idea” in paragraph 2?
A. Keeping a hot topic of it. B. Having a low opinion of it.
C. Attaching no importance to it. D. Adding supportive evidence to it.
24. What is the scientists’ purpose to clone these monkeys?
A. To help with the study of human diseases.
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B. To serve as a stepping stone to their reputation.
C. To prepare for their research on human cloning.
D. To raise money for holding an exhibition of novels.
25. What can we infer from the passage?
A. New techniques seem to be pointless.
B. Cloning humans is already on its way.
C. Society won’t agree to clone another monkey.
D. The success rate of cloning a monkey was not high.
【答案】22. B 23. B 24. A 25. D
【解析】本文是一篇科普类的文章。被称作SCNT的高科技可能有助于编辑DNA。本文中科学家们克隆这些猴子的目的是帮助研究人类疾病。
22. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句This Dolly method, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer（SCNT）, can create more clones and allows researchers greater control over the edits they make to the DNA.可知，SCNT可能有助于编辑DNA。故B项正确。
23. 词义猜测题。根据第二段中Still, the research process proved difficult, and many attempts by the team failed. Just two healthy baby monkeys born from more than 60 tested mothers. This leads to many researchers’ pouring water on the idea that the team’s results bring scientists closer to cloning humans.可知在第二段中“pouring water on the idea”的意思是“对它的评价很低。”故B项正确。
24. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中However, their research purpose is entirely for producing non-human primate models for human diseases; they absolutely have no intention, and society will not permit this work to be extended to humans.可知，科学家们克隆这些猴子的目的是帮助研究人类疾病。故A项正确。
25. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后两句They thought this work is not a stepping stone to establishing methods for obtaining live born human clones. Instead, this clearly remains a very foolish thing to attempt, it would be far too inefficient, far too unsafe, and it is also pointless.和最后一段最后一句Despite limitations, they treat this breakthrough a novel model system for scientists studying human biology and disease.可知，克隆一只猴子的成功率并不高。故D项正确。
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