安徽专版
新课标(
RJ
)
语法专题(八) 动词的时态和语态
PART TWO
第二篇
语法突破篇
【中考考点】
(
1
)动词的第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和
v.
-ing
形式的构成。
(
2
)动词的八种时态的基本结构及用法。
(
3
)动词的被动语态的基本结构及用法。
(
4
)动词的主动形式表示被动意义的用法。
动词的时态
考点一 一般现在时
1.
结构
:
主语
+
动词原形(当主语是第三人称单数时
,
谓语动词也要用单数形式)
2.
用法
:
(
1
)表示事实、现状、性质或经常性、习惯性的动作。
I go to school at seven every day.
我每天七点去上学。
(
2
)表示普遍真理和客观事实。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
(
3
)表示在现在的时间里发生的动作。
Here comes the bus.
公共汽车来了。
(
4
)在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。
I’ll go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow.
如果明天我妈妈有空的话
,
我将和她去购物。
动词的时态
3.
一般现在时的标志词
:
seldom, often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays
等。
4.
动词的第三人称单数形式变化规则如下
:
(
1
)直接加
-s
。如
:work
—
works
(
2
)以“辅音字母
+y
”结尾的词
,
变
y
为
i,
再加
es
。如
:carry
—
carries, cry
—
cries, try
—
tries, study
—
studies
(
3
)以
s, x, o, ch, sh
结尾的词加
es
。如
:pass
—
passes, fix
—
fixes, go
—
goes, teach
—
teaches, wash
—
washes
(
4
)特殊
: have
—
has, be
—
is
动词的时态
考点二 一般过去时
1.
结构
:
主语
+
动词的过去式
2.
用法
:
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
3.
一般过去时的标志词
:
last night, yesterday, some years ago, in 2015, in the past, just now
等。
动词的时态
4.
动词过去式的变化规则
:
(
1
)一般情况下
,
在动词原形后加
-ed
。如
:watch
—
watched
(
2
)以不发音的字母
e
结尾的词加
d
。如
:live
—
lived
(
3
)以“辅音字母
+y
”结尾的词
,
变
y
为
i,
再加
-ed
。如
:study
—
studied, carry
—
carried, cry
—
cried
(
4
)以重读闭音节结尾
,
且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词
,
先双写该辅音字母
,
再加
ed
。如
:
stop
—
stopped, plan
—
planned, prefer
—
preferred
(
5
)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。
动词的时态
考点三 一般将来时
1.
结构
:
助动词
shall/will+
动词原形
be going to+
动词原形
2.
用法
:
(
1
)表示将要发生的动作或未来存在的状态。
I shall be eighteen years old next year.
明年我就
18
岁了。
(
2
)表示某种必然的趋势。
Fish will die without water.
没有水
,
鱼就会死。
动词的时态
[
注意
]
be going to
表示计划、打算做某事
,
也表示根据某些迹象推测出某事将要发生。
I’m going to visit my grandparents next week.
下周我打算去拜访我的祖父母。
Look at the black clouds. I think it’s going to rain.
看这些乌云
,
我觉得要下雨了。
3.
一般将来时的标志词
:
tomorrow, in the future, soon, next time, from now on,
“
in+
时间段”等。
动词的时态
考点四 过去将来时
1.
结构
:
would+
动词原形
was/were+going to+
动词原形
2.
用法
:
表示从过去的某一时刻来看将要发生的动作。常用于宾语从句。
His uncle said that there would be a good harvest the next year.
他叔叔说第二年会有个好收成。
动词的时态
考点五 现在进行时
1.
结构
:
am/is/are+
v.
-ing
形式
2.
用法
:
(
1
)表示目前正在发生(进行)的动作(不指状态)。
Are you writing a letter to your friend now?
你现在正在给你的朋友写信吗
?
Listen! She is singing in the next room.
听
!
她正在隔壁房间唱歌。
(
2
)表示现阶段正在进行
,
而此刻不一定在进行的动作。
We are planting trees these days.
这些天我们一直在植树。
(
3
)趋向动词的进行时表示动作将要发生。此类动词有
come, go, leave, arrive, fly
等
,
常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon.
他们明天下午将动身去英格兰。
动词的时态
3.
现在进行时的标志词
:
now, at the moment, look, listen
等。
4.
现在分词的变化规则
:
(
1
)一般直接在动词后加
ing
。如
:play
—
playing
(
2
)以不发音的字母
e
结尾的词
,
去
e,
再加
ing
。如
:come
—
coming, make
—
making, live
—
living
(
3
)以重读闭音节结尾
,
且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词
,
先双写该辅音字母
,
再加
ing
。如
:
run
—
running, sit
—
sitting, begin
—
beginning
(
4
)特殊
: die
—
dying, lie
—
lying, tie
—
tying
动词的时态
考点六 过去进行时
1.
结构
:
was/were+
v.
-ing
形式
2.
用法
:
过去进行时主要表示过去某一时间点或某一时间段正在进行的动作。
Tom fell down while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
汤姆骑自行车时摔倒了
,
弄伤了自己。
3.
过去进行时的标志词
:
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten, when, while
等。
What were you doing at ten o’clock last night?
你昨晚十点钟在做什么
?
They were building a large house last week.
上周他们一直在建造一所大房子。(过去某阶段一直在进行的动作)
动词的时态
考点七 现在完成时
1.
结构
:
have/has+
动词的过去分词
(过去分词的变化规则基本与过去式的变化规则相同
,
有些特殊变化动词需单独记忆)
动词的时态
2.
用法
:
(
1
)表示过去发生的动作或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
,
常与
just, already, yet, recently, before, ever, never, twice, three times
等连用。
I
the film already.
我已经看过这部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了)
(
2
)表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“
since+
时间点”或“
since+
从句(一般过去时)”
,
“
for+
时间段”及
how long, ever, before, so far, in the last/past few years, up to now, till now
等连用。
We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years.
在过去几年中
,
我们种了成千上万棵树。
So far there
no bad news.
到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。
have seen
has been
动词的时态
3.
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
:
一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等。而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响
,
因此
,
若不强调某事对现在的影响就不用现在完成时。
I saw the movie yesterday.
昨天我看了这部电影。(强调电影是昨天看的)
I have already seen the film.
我已经看过这部电影了。(强调知道这部电影的内容了)
动词的时态
4.
延续性动词
:
在现在完成时中
,
如果有表示持续的时间状语
,
则要把非延续性动词变为延续性动词。
I have had the book for two days.
这本书我已经买了两天了。(用
had
而不用
bought
)
I have been in Tokyo for two weeks.
我已经来东京两周了。(用
been in
而不用
come to
)
动词的时态
常见的非延续性动词变延续性动词
:
(
1
)
have arrived at/in sp., have got to/reached sp., have come/gone/moved to sp.
→
have been in sp.
(
2
)
have become
→
have been
(
3
)
have got up
→
have been up
(
4
)
have died
→
(
5
)
have left sp.
→
(
6
)
have fallen asleep/gone to sleep
→
have been asleep
(
7
)
have finished/ended/completed
→
(
8
)
have married
→
have been married
(
9
)
have begun
→
(
10
)
have borrowed
→
have been dead
have been away from sp.
have been over
have been on
have kept
动词的时态
(
11
)
have bought
→
have had
(
12
)
have caught/got a cold
→
have had a cold
(
13
)
have got to know
→
have known
(
14
)
have joined the League/the Party/the army
→
have been a member of the League/the Party/the army
或
have been in the League/the Party/the army
5.have been to, have gone to
与
have been in
的区别
:
have been to
表示“曾去过某地”
,
说话时已从该地回来
,
现在已不在该地
;have gone to
表示“已去了某地”
,
说话时已到达某地或在去某地的途中
,
现在还未回来
;have been in
表示“曾在某地待了多久”
,
后面跟副词时不用
in
。
—
Where is Mrs. Smith?
史密斯夫人在哪儿
?
—
She isn’t here. She has gone to England.
她不在这儿
,
去英格兰了。
动词的时态
动词的时态
考点八 过去完成时
1.
结构
:
had+
动词的过去分词
2.
用法
:
表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态
,
也就是“过去的过去”。常以
by, before
短语或
when, before, after, until
等引导的从句作为时间状语。
My teacher said she had never been to London.
我的老师说她从来没去过伦敦。
When the police arrived, the thieves
.
当警察到达时
,
小偷已经逃跑了。
had run away
动词的语态
考点一 被动语态的结构
时态
被动语态的结构
一般现在时
主语
+am/is/are+
动词的过去分词
一般过去时
主语
+was/were+
动词的过去分词
一般将来时
主语
+will/shall/be going to+be+
动词的过去分词
现在进行时
主语
+am/is/are+being+
动词的过去分词
过去进行时
主语
+was/were+being+
动词的过去分词
含情态动词的被动语态
主语
+
情态动词
+be+
动词的过去分词
动词的语态
【注意】
在使役动词
have, make, let
以及感官动词
see, watch, notice, hear, feel
等后面作宾语补足语的不定式
,
在主动结构中不定式符号
to
要省略
,
但变为被动结构时
,
要还原
to
。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
A stranger was seen by someone
into the building.
有人看见一个陌生人走进了这栋楼。
to walk
动词的语态
考点二 某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.
英语中有很多动词
,
如
break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash
等
,
当它们用作不及物动词来描述主语的性质特征时
,
常用其主动形式表达被动意义
,
主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth
.
这种布料很好洗。
【注意】
主动语态强调的是主语的特征
,
而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较
:
The door won’t lock.
(指门本身有毛病)
The door won’t be locked.
(指不会有人来锁门
,
表示“门没有锁”是人的原因)
2.
不及物动词和动词短语
,
如
happen, last, take place, come out, come true, run out
等
,
以主动形式表示被动意义。
How do the newspapers come out?
这些报纸是如何出版的呢
?
washes well
动词的语态
3.
系动词没有被动形式。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来合理。
4.
下列结构中的
v
.-ing
形式是主动形式表示被动意义。
(
1
)
need, require
作“需要”讲时
,
其后常跟动名词形式。但当这些动词后接不定式时
,
则必须用被动形式表示被动意义。
The bike needs mending.
这辆自行车需要修理。
Our classroom needs to be cleaned.
我们的教室需要打扫。
(
2
)
be worth doing sth.
值得做某事
The book is well worth reading.
这本书很值得一读。
对接中考专练
1.[2014
·安徽
] Mr. Wang has left for Guangzhou. He
a speech there in two days.
A.gives B.gave
C.will give D.has given
2.[2014
·安徽
] As we all know, the Silk
Road
China to the West in ancient times.
A.connects B.connected
C.will connect D.is connecting
1.C
根据时间状语
“in two days”
可知
,
应该用一般将来时
,
故选
C
。
C
B
动词的时态
对接中考专练
3.[2015
·安徽
]
—
Cathy, can you answer the door?
I
the room.
—
I’m coming, Mum.
A.clean B.cleaned
C.have cleaned D.am cleaning
4.[2016
·安徽
] I saw Sam and David in the playground yesterday afternoon.
They
games with their classmates then.
A.play B.will play
C.are playing D.were playing
3.D
根据问句
“
你能开下门吗
?”
可以推测
“
我
”
此刻应该是正在打扫卫生。故选
D
。
D
D
对接中考专练
5.[2017
·安徽
] I am surprised at the new look of my hometown, for it
a lot over the years.
A.changed B.changes
C.will change D.has changed
6.[2018
·安徽
] Before the sun
, we need to get to the top of the mountain.
A.set B.sets
C.is setting D.will set
5.D
根据句意及句中时间状语
“over the years”
可知
,
这里指的是
“
过去的动作对现在的影响
”,
应用现在完成时态表达。故选
D
。
D
B
6.B
before
引导时间状语从句
,
而在时间状语从句中不能使用将来时态
,
排除
D;
主句为一般现在时态
,
所以从句也应用一般现在时态表达。故选
B
。
对接中考专练
7.[2018
·宿州一模
]
—
I remember you
a diary in high school. Do you still write a lot?
—
No, I don’t. Now, I hardly ever write.
A.kept B.are keeping
C.have kept D.will keep
8.[2018
·明光一模
]
—
Where was your sister just now? I visited her but she wasn’t at home.
—
She
a movie in the cinema with her boy-friend.
A.watched B.has watched
C.is watching D.was watching
8.D
根据上文信息可知
:
妹妹刚才不在家。故下一句可以推知
:
妹妹应该是正在和男朋友看电影。故选
D
。
A
D
对接中考专练
9.[2018
·马鞍山一模
] I still remember my happy childhood when my mother
me to the farm at weekends.
A.takes B.took
C.will take D.has taken
10.[2018
·芜湖期中
]
—
May I speak to Mrs. Smith?
—
Hold on, please. She
in the kitchen.
A.has cooked B.cooks
C.will cook D.is cooking
B
D
对接中考专练
1.[2014
·安徽
] Thanks to the Internet, different kinds of information
in a short time.
A.can be learned B.has been learned
C.can learn D.has learned
2.[2016
·安徽
] When the baby dog
, it was very hungry. So we gave it some food.
A.is found B.was found
C.has been found D.will be found
A
B
动词的语态
2.B
根据语境可知是一般过去时
;
又因为小狗与找之间应该是被动关系
,
故应用被动语态。故选
B
。
对接中考专练
3.[2017
·安徽
] Mr. Green
to sing an English song at the party and he sang well.
A.was invited B.invited
C.is invited D.invites
4.[2018
·安徽
] The weatherman says a rain shower
this afternoon in the south.
A.expects B.expected
C.is expected D.was expected
3.A
由句意可知
,
句子的主语
Mr. Green
是动词
invite
的承受者
,
应用被动语态表达
,
排除
B
、
D;
由
sang
可知
,“
受邀
”
的动作已经发生过
,
应用一般过去时态表达
,
排除
C
。故选
A
。
A
C
4.C
从句意可知
,
宾语从句的主语
a rain shower
是动作
expect
的承受者
,
应用被动语态
,
排除
A
、
B;
从语境可知
,
本句说的是现在对天气的预测
,
应用一般现在时态表达。故选
C
。
对接中考专练
5.[2018
·名校联考
] It’s said the novel
about 50 years ago, but it is still popular among young people now.
A.is written B.was writing
C.was written D.wrote
6.[2018
·芜湖一模
] According to a report, a Chinese library
in Havana in 2020.
A.is built B.will build
C.will be build D.will be built
5.C
根据句中的时间状语
“50 years ago”
可知
,
应用一般过去时
,
排除选项
A;
又因为主语
“the novel”
与谓语
“write”
之间为被动关系
,
所以应用被动语态。故选
C
。
C
D
对接中考专练
7.[2018
·芜湖一模
] Jack and Rose
to hang flags in the hall by the head teacher just now.
A.were asked B.are asked
C.are asking D.asked
8.[2018
·淮北月考
]
—
Was table tennis invented by the Chinese?
—
No. It
in China until the start of the 20th century.
A.played B.was played
C.didn’t play D.wasn’t played
A
D
对接中考专练
9.[2018
·合肥二模
] In Hefei, more schools
to provide children with better education in a few years.
A.have been built B.are built
C.were built D.will be built
10.[2018
·合肥月考
]
—
Mary will be sad if we don’t ask her to come.
—
Don’t worry. She
to come soon.
A.will invite B.is invited
C.was invited D.will be invited
9.D
根据句中的时间状语
in a few years”
可知应该用一般将来时
;
又因为学校与建立之间为被动关系。故选
D
。
D
D
语法综合演练
见
Word
资源 语法专题
08
动词的时态和语态