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Section_ⅤGrammar
单元语法项目(一)——被动语态(Ⅰ)
语法图解
探究发现
①Every year in September or October, the MidAutumn Festival is celebrated by the Chinese people all over the world.
②On this day, the moon is said to be its biggest and brightest.
③Traditional moon cakes are usually made with bean paste.
④In one story, lanterns were lit to celebrate the power of light over darkness.
⑤In another story, a town was almost destroyed but the light from many lanterns saved it.
⑥He was fooled when he saw thousands of lanterns.
⑦In the past, lanterns were usually lit by candles and decorated with pictures of birds, animals and flowers, etc..
⑧Nowadays, most lanterns are made with light bulbs and batteries, and they come in many shapes and sizes.
⑨Sweet dumplings are boiled and served in hot water.
⑩In the old days, dragon boat races were organised only by Chinese people.
⑪It is called zongzi, which is sticky rice in fresh bamboo leaves.
[我的发现]
(1)例句①②③⑧⑨⑪是一般现在时的被动语态。
(2)例句④⑤⑥⑦⑩是一般过去时的被动语态。
一、基本知识
(一)概念
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语态是动词的一种形式，它表示句子的主语和谓语动词之间的关系。语态通常分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。
(二)构成
被动语态一般由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词 be 本身无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。
(三)用法
1．讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(此时可省略by 短语)。
More than fifty electric bikes were stolen in our community last night.
昨晚，我们社区的五十多辆电动车被偷了。
2．借助被动的动作突出动作的受动者。
The bike was knocked down by a naughty boy.
这辆自行车被一个调皮的小男孩撞倒了。
3．为使句子更加合理、流畅。
The plan was supported by those who wished to live on the campus.
这个计划得到希望住校的人的支持。
4．习惯用法的需要。这类词常见的有born, determine, devote, seat, dress, situate等。
He was born in China in 2014.
他于2014年出生在中国。
二、形式
时态
构成形式
一般现在时
am/is/are＋done
一般过去时
was/were＋done
一般将来时
be going to/will/shall＋be done
现在进行时
am/is/are＋being done
过去进行时
was/were＋being done
现在完成时
have/has＋been done
过去完成时
had＋been done
含情态动词
情态动词＋be done
The boy is often heard to play the piano upstairs.
人们常听到这个男孩在楼上弹钢琴。(一般现在时)
Many famous actors and directors were seen to enter the hall.
有人看见许多著名的演员和导演进了大厅。(一般过去时)
New houses will be built by us for the victims of the flood next year.
明年我们要为洪水受害者们建一些新房子。(一般将来时)
The problem is being discussed at the meeting.
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会议上正在讨论这个问题。(现在进行时)
The naughty boy was being blamed for breaking the window on purpose when his mother phoned the teacher.
当他的妈妈给老师打电话时，淘气的小男孩正在因故意打碎玻璃而受责备。 (过去进行时)
(2014·天津高考)We won’t start the work until all the preparations have been made.
直到所有的准备工作都做完了，我们才开始工作。(现在完成时)
The building had been completed before I arrived.
在我去之前，那座建筑就已竣工了。(过去完成时)
These books may be kept for two weeks.
这些书可以借两周。(含情态动词)
[名师点津] 被动语态中的be 动词有时可用 get 来代替。“get＋过去分词”一般用来谈论突然发生的事件，只表示动作，不表示状态。
She got hurt on her way back home.
她在回家的路上受伤了。
[即时演练1] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①(2015·福建高考改编)To my delight, I was_chosen (choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
②He is a good teacher, so he is_loved (love) by all his pupils.
③The paint was_being_cleaned (clean) when the accident happened.
④The next Olympic Games will_be_held (hold) in Tokyo in 2020.
⑤When he knew he had_been_fooled (fool) already, he was very angry.
⑥(福建高考改编)The girl has a great interest in sport and has_been_taking (take) badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
三、以主动形式表示被动意义的动词
1．系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等后接形容词或名词构成系表结构。
To the farmers’ disappointment, the apples have gone bad.
令农民们失望的是，苹果已经腐烂了。
[即时演练2] 完成句子
①她的额头摸起来很烫。恐怕她病了。
Her forehead feels_hot. I’m afraid she is ill.
②整个故事听起来很奇怪。
The whole story sounded_very_strange.
③这道菜尝起来很不错，因此我们对这家饭店印象深刻。
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The dish tasted_very_good,_so we were impressed by the restaurant.
2．表示主语的内在特征、性质或状态的动词，如drive, lock, sell, read, wash, dry等，常用主动形式表示被动含义。
These clothes wash easily.
这些衣服很容易洗。
[名师点津] 主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
The door won’t lock.
这扇门锁不上。(指门本身有毛病)
The door won’t be locked.
这扇门不会被锁上的。(指不会有人来锁门)
[即时演练3] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①It is said that this kind of coat dries (dry) easily.
②Your article reads (read) smoothly, so you had better add some beautiful expressions.
③His books sell (sell) well, so they are_sold (sell) out soon.
④Your composition reads (read) beautifully. Is it the one I saw you write yesterday?
⑤The door won’t shut (shut). Better have it repaired.
3．不定式作定语，与前面被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且不定式的逻辑主语为主句的主语时，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
It is true that all the students have a lot of homework to do every day.
这是真的，学生们每天都有许多要做的家庭作业。
4．不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，如difficult, easy, comfortable, convenient, hard, cheap, expensive, happy等，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
Those signs are hard to see clearly.
那些标志很难看清楚。
I find the question difficult to answer.
我发现这个问题很难回答。
[即时演练4] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①(全国卷Ⅱ改编) The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy to_watch (watch) anything that happened to be on.
②This book is difficult to_understand (understand)．
③I have a lot of problems to_solve (solve)．
5．动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式。这类的词有need, want, require, deserve等。
The problem requires studying with great care.
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＝The problem requires to be studied with great care.
这个问题需要仔细研究。
6．be worth后的动名词要用主动形式表被动含义。
The movie is worth seeing.
这部影片值得一看。
7．不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动形式表被动含义。
Who is to blame?
该怪谁呢？
The house is to let.
此屋出租。
8．表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, run, move等。
The shop closes at 6 o’clock p．m. every day.
这家商店每天下午六点关门。
[即时演练5] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①(湖南高考改编)We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs to_be_done/doing (do) to achieve the final success.
②Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.
③The book is worth reading (read) again.
四、使用被动语态应注意的问题
1．不及物动词(短语)无被动语态，容易出错的有：appear, die, disappear, end, fail, fall, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, agree with, arrive at, succeed in, happen to, take part in, belong to, break out, come true, take place, run out, come up, come out等。
Three days later a rash appeared.
三天后出现了皮疹。
Very little of the house remained after the fire.
火灾之后，这座房子所剩无几。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.
狮子和老虎属于猫科动物。
[即时演练6] 完成句子
①根据最新报道，这种天气持续不了多久。
According to the latest report, the_weather_won’t_last.
②据报道，火灾是在夜间突然发生的。
It was reported that the_fire_broke_out during the night.
③在过去几年里，中国发生了巨大变化。
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Great changes have_taken_place in China in the past few years.
④不论你走到哪里，生不生二胎这一话题都在被提及。
The subject of whether to give birth to a second baby comes_up wherever you go.
⑤洪水受灾区的食物供给就要用完了。我们必须在全部用完之前立即行动。
(重庆高考改编)Food supplies in the floodstricken area are_running_out.We must act immediately before there’s none left.
2．在主动语态里，动词see, make, hear, watch，notice等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但变为被动语态时to必须补上。
They made him go there alone.
他们让他自己去那里。(主动语态)
He was made to go there alone.(被动语态)
3．带介词或副词的动词短语(如look after, put on, pay attention to)用作被动语态的谓语时，它们原来所带的介词或副词应保留下来。
She often looks after the old.
她经常照看老人。(主动语态)
The old are often looked after (by her)．(被动语态)
[即时演练7] 完成句子
①这起事故已经被调查。
This accident has been_looked_into.
②有人看见一个陌生人走进这幢大楼。
A stranger was seen to_walk_into_the_building.
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2015·北京高考改编)—Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes. We were_treated (treat) well by our hosts.
2．(2015·安徽高考改编)It is reported that a space station will_be_built (build) on the moon in years to come.
3．I have a letter to_write (write). I can’t go out with you.
4．As a result of the serious flood, twothirds of the buildings in the area need repairing/to_be_repaired (repair)．
5．It is the first time that he has come here and now it is high time that he was_showed/should_be_showed (show) around.
6．Come and look. What has_happened (happen) to the flowers?
7．Though small, the oranges sell (sell) well, because they taste (taste) nice.
8．—Did Shirley hold the party in her new house?
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—No. It_is_being_painted (paint)．
9．(北京高考改编)Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has_been_made (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.
10．Hurry up! There is no time to get changed (change)．
Ⅱ.单句写作(完成句子)
1．(2015·天津高考改编)The textbooks and dictionaries can_be_used_as_reference_books (可被用作参考书) while the magazines serve as reading materials.
2．(2014·四川高考改编)It’s_widely_known_that (广为人知的是) the college entrance examination in China falls on June 7 and 8 each year.
3．(2014·天津高考改编)Our school is_located_in_a_northern_city_of_China (坐落于中国北方的一座城市), where you can taste many kinds of delicious food, because it is well famous for its snacks.
4．(2014·天津高考改编)Our class is_made_up_of_50_lively_boys_and_girls (由50名可爱的男生和女生组成), who are warm and generous and ready to offer help.
5．When it comes to its functions, it_can_not_only_be_used_to (它不仅可以用来) predict major diseases, but also to foresee the examinees’ food preference.
单元语法项目(二)——have to/not have to, can/can’t, ought to/ought not to
探究发现
①The bridegroom has to ask the bride’s father for his daughter’s hand in marriage.
②He doesn’t/didn’t have to contribute a lot of money.
③And what kind of present do I have to take?
④That can’t be Mary — she’s in hospital.
⑤There is someone outside — who can it be?
⑥Can you speak Spanish?
⑦If you really want to see it, you ought to ask first.
⑧There is a box at the entrance to the reception and you ought to put money into it!
[我的发现]
(1)例句①中have to强调客观上的必要性，常译为“不得不”。
(2)在例句②③中have to的否定和疑问形式都需要借助于助动词do/does/did，而且有数和时态的变化。
(3)例句④⑤can表示推测；例句⑥中can表示一般性的能力。
(4)ought to在例句⑦中表示“建议或劝告”；在例句⑧中表示义务或责任。
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一、have to和not have to
1．have to意为“必须，不得不”，侧重指客观需要，可用于不同时态。
You had to clean the classroom before going home.
在回家前，你必须把教室打扫干净。
2．not have to表示“不必”，即客观上没有必要做某事。
The parents don’t have to pay all their attention to their children’s study.
父母不必把所有的注意力都放在孩子们的学习上。
3．have to和must 的用法比较
(1)have to强调客观需要，must 则强调主观看法。
His mother was ill and he had to stay there to look after her.
他母亲生病了，他只好待在那里照顾她。
I must admit I favor my youngest son.
我必须承认我更偏爱我的小儿子。
(2)二者否定形式的意义不同。not have to 表示“不必”，相当于don’t need to, needn’t; mustn’t 则表示“不允许，禁止”。
You don’t have to look up every new word while reading.
在阅读时，你不必查阅每一个新词。
It is required that all the students mustn’t use phone at school.
我们学校禁止所有的学生在校内使用手机。
[即时演练1] 完成句子
①You don’t_have_to_run (不必跑), for we have enough time to catch the train.
②I can’t see things clearly. I have_to_wear_glasses (不得不戴眼镜)．
③You don’t_have_to_know (不必知道) the name of the author to find a book, but you_must_know (你必须知道) the name of the book.
二、can和can’t
1．表示能力。could 是can的过去式。
To my surprise, all the students in the class can sing that song in English.
令我吃惊的是，班里的所有学生都能用英文唱那首歌。
2．表示请求。could 表示请求时不是can 的过去式，只是表示更委婉的语气，主要用于疑问句(作肯定回答时应用 can)。
Can you tell me how to get to the airport?
你能告诉我怎么去机场吗？
—Could I borrow your car?
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—Yes, of course you can.
——我能借用你的汽车吗？
——是的，当然可以。
3．表示许可。 can’t 表示禁止， 意为“不能”。
You can take the car if you want.
如果你想用那辆车就尽管用吧。
The police require that all the tourists can’t park their cars near the pool.
警察要求所有的游客都不能把车停在水池边。
4．can表示某地或某人一时的特点， 意为“有时会，可能会”。
It can be quite cold here in winter.
这里的冬天有时会很冷。
5．表示推测，常用于疑问句或否定句。 can’t 表示否定意义的可能性，意为“不可能”。
That can’t be Lucy — she’s in New York.
那不可能是露西， 她在纽约呢。
What can he mean?
他会是什么意思呢？
[即时演练2] 完成句子
①大厅里太吵闹以至于我们不能听到自己说的话。
(2015·浙江高考改编)It was so noisy in the hall that we_couldn’t_hear_ourselves_speak.
②门口不可能是邮递员，(现在)才六点钟。
(江西高考改编)It_can’t_be_the_postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock.
③——在打篮球方面，无人能与姚明媲美。
——噢，你真是姚明的铁杆粉丝。
(湖南高考改编)—No one can_be_compared_with Yao Ming in playing basketball.
—Oh, you are really his big fan.
三、ought to和ought not to
1．表示有义务或责任。
As a student, you ought to listen to the teacher carefully in class.
作为学生，课上你应该认真听老师讲课。
2．表示建议或劝告，语气较should强。ought not to“不应该”。
Your face looks red, so you ought to see the doctor at once.
你的脸看着红红的，你应该马上去看医生。
You oughtn’t to smoke so much.
你不应抽那么多的烟。
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3．表示推测，这种推测把握比较大。
Ask John. He ought to know.
问问约翰吧，他应该知道。
4．ought to have done表示“本该做某事(实际上未做)”；ought not to have done表示“本不该做某事(实际上做了)”。
You ought not to have spent too much time on playing computer games.
你不应该花那么长的时间玩电脑游戏。
5．ought to的否定式、疑问式及反意疑问式。
I ought not to go.
我不应该走。
Ought I to go?
我要走吗？
We oughtn’t to go, ought we?
我们不应该走，是吗？
[即时演练3] 完成句子
①这周末你应当去看望你祖父母。
You ought_to_visit your grandparents this weekend.
②你本不该把这个秘密告诉别人。
You ought_not_to_have_told the secret to others.
③他该给你道歉，对吗？
He ought to apologize to you, oughtn’t_he?
Ⅰ.选词填空
1．It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
2．—Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
—No, it can’t be him. I am sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
3．—Shall I tell Tony about it?
—No, you don’t_have_to. I’ve told him already.
4．You mustn’t drive into a street with a “No Entry” sign.
5．—Mum, can I go to Charlie’s birthday party tonight?
—Yes, you can, but you must return home before 10 o’clock.
6．—I didn’t tell my parents that I would leave home.
—You ought_to have when you left home since you are living with them.
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7．We ought to help each other in our work, oughtn’t we?
8．In some parts of the world, you have_to boil the water before drinking it.
Ⅱ.单句写作(完成句子)
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ改编)You_can_write_anything_relevant (你可以写任何相关的东西) so long as it’s interesting and informative (给予知识的)．
2．You ought_to_do (应该做) as he says because he is always thinking of you.
3．You ought_not_to_waste (不应该浪费) any time playing video games.
4．(2015·浙江高考改编)When it comes to my class, I have to say that I_can’t_stand_some_classmates’_selfishness (我不能忍受一些同学的自私)．
5．He had_to_look_after_his_sister (不得不照顾他妹妹) yesterday because his parents weren’t at home.
6．(2014·安徽高考改编)The truth is everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so_you_don’t_have_to_worry_so_much (因此你不必太担心)．
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