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第四讲 怎样赚取“级差分”——句式要“活”，句子要“鲜”
句式单一、缺乏生气的文章，哪怕无任何错误也不可能得高分。精彩句式的合理使用会使文章极具可读性。考生在写作时应多运用一些高级句式和复合句，并注意句式的灵活多变，让文章读起来抑扬顿挫，让考生深厚的语言功底得以体现，让作文跨上五档线！
[写作技法指导]
一、 利用复合句式，提升文章档次
(一)增加亮点的定语从句
1.定语从句的应用可以非常有效地提升表达档次，在写作中如果我们可以把两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，就是从低级到高级的表达。
①Besides, I advise you to go to the bookstore to borrow a history book and learn the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance.It can help you better understand the poems to be learned.
→Besides, I advise you to go to the bookstore to borrow a history book and learn the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance，which can help you better understand the poems to be learned. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
②You find some mistakes in them.You can correct any mistakes.
→You can correct any mistakes you find in them. (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
③Firstly，people may feel forced when asked to do things.They don’t want to do things.
→Firstly，people may feel forced when asked to do things that they don’t want to. (2016·江苏卷)
2．定语从句有多种形式，引导词也有若干，但最常运用、最能增加亮点的是as和which引导的非限制性定语从句以及“介词＋which”引导的定语从句。
(1)在表达“正如……”这一含义时，我们常用as引导的非限制性定语从句。常见的句式有：
①As we all know.../As is known to all...
②As he pointed out...
③As we can see from...
④As the famous saying goes...
As you know, the scenery along the Yangtze River is amazing, with many wellknown sightseeing spots. (2017·北京卷)
(2)which引导定语从句时，可以指代某个词，也可以指代整个主句。
I am writing to invite you to take part in the Chinese papercutting art exhibition，which is to be held in the art gallery from 8：00 am to 5：00 pm next Sunday in our city center. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
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(3)“介词＋which”引导的定语从句
①Material collecting took us a whole week, during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life. (2017·北京卷)
②It makes no difference from ordinary voting events, in which candidates go around to seek supports. (2016·江苏卷)
(二)吸引眼球的状语从句
在英语写作中，状语从句是经常用到的句型，它的灵活运用使作文更具吸引力。
①Several days later, when the video was played on the graduation ceremony, it was well received. (2017·北京卷)
②To begin with, the final exam of this term is around the corner so I am busy preparing for it. (2017·天津卷)
③If you are interested in the Chinese folk art, please email me.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
④We can set out early so that we will have more time to read and select books. (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)
(三)提升档次的名词性从句
1.名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。尤其what，that所引导的名词性从句是写作中常见的高级表达方式。
①What I want to stress is that I have already been a volunteer for the 13th National Games which will be held at the end of August in TianJin.(主语从句，表语从句) (2017·天津卷)
②I believe (that) this magazine will surely benefit us，and I am looking forward to reading it.(宾语从句) (2017·陕西检测)
③Planning is good as it decides in detail how we do what we want to do.(宾语从句)(2016·浙江卷)
④It’s said that a large number of papercut works by experts throughout China will be on show.(主语从句) (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
⑤What we need most are popular science books.(主语从句)(浙江卷)
2.在写作中我们如果能够把两个简单句合并为一个含有名词性从句的复合句，或者把一个简单句扩展成为含有名词性从句的复合句，对写作都是一种质的升华。
①He said a lot at the meeting.His words were very attractive.
→What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
②With the help of Han Meimei, you can learn how to make Chinese knots.Without doubt.
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→With the help of Han Meimei, there’s no doubt that you can learn how to make Chinese knots. (2017·洛阳统考)
二、常用8大句式，考场驾轻就熟
1．强调句型
强调句型的使用是为了突出强调句子的某一成分，其构成为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。
在写作中，我们可以通过强调句型将句子提高到一个新的层次。
①It is the teacher’s praise that contributes to my success. (2015·湖南卷)
②It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere. (江西卷)
③It’s not what difficulties we meet once in a while that shaped our lives, but what attitudes we take to face them. (安徽卷)
2．倒装句
在写作中倒装句应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。常见的有：
(1)“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
①Only when we are healthy and energetic can we become prepared for any hard work in our schoolwork and get fruitful results. (2017·陕西九校联考)
②Only in this way can we students study happily and effectively. ( 2015·湖南卷)
③Only with joint efforts can we help to construct an energysaving society.
(2)none，neither，nor，not，never，hardly，little，seldom等否定词，以及由no构成的否定短语如at no time，by no means等置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
①Visiting this exhibition, not only will we enjoy the folk art works, but also we will learn a lot. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
②Not only does it affect our daily life, but it also puts people’s lives at risk. (2015·江苏卷)
③Not until the river was seriously polluted did the local government realize the problem.
(3)在so/such...that...结构中，当so/such...位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
So excited was I that I couldn’t wait to try my hand at riding it. (福建卷)
(4)here，there，now，then，out，in，up，down，on the wall，in the room等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词而不是代词时，句子用全部倒装。
In that picture, around the table with three books on it sit three students. (2015·上海卷)
3．省略句
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省略句的应用可以使句子更简洁、明快。写作中主要用到的有状语从句的省略和不定式to后成分的省略。
①As (it is) scheduled，we participated in several instructive activities. (2016·天津卷)
②While (we were) visiting the art exhibition，we discussed the great artists’ works. (2016·天津卷)
4.虚拟语气
写作中虚拟语气的使用可以使表达更委婉，更具可读性。写作中常见的有以下几种：
(1)wish型虚拟语气
I wish that you could grasp this opportunity to learn traditional Chinese culture further. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
(2)if only型虚拟语气
If only I could go back and reset my goals. (2015·重庆卷)
(3)(should) do型虚拟语气
To master Mandarin, I strongly suggest you(should) practice with Chinese people.(2015·四川卷)
(4)It’s (high/about) time (that)．..型虚拟语气
It is high time that both children and parents took/should take action to make small changes. (福建卷)
5．非谓语动词
写作中非谓语动词的应用标志着写作水平上升了一个档次，写作中常用到的是非谓语动词作状语和定语。
(1)非谓语动词作状语
①To make the class go smoothly, you are supposed to know about the history of Tang Dynasty in advance. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
②So I’m writing you a letter, hoping to get your guide and suggestions. (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
③I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history. (2016·北京卷)
④A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth. (2016·北京卷)
⑤Faced with difficulties, we need friends to give us comfort and help. (山东卷)
(2)非谓语动词作定语
①I am sure it is worthwhile to learn the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with you.
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(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum, located in the north of our city.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
③Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials. (2016·北京卷)
6．with复合结构
with复合结构可以使文章简洁紧凑，一篇文章如果能恰当地使用一两个with复合结构，可以使文章增色不少。
①Papercutting is a traditional art form in China with a history of more than 1，500 years. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
②In the picture, we can see a boy in worn clothes and he was sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it. (2015·福建卷)
③With English words getting popular in both media and daily life, a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them. (江苏卷)
7.并列句型
并列句型是用连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来，在这一句型中要注意连接并列主语时，有些句型采取“就近原则”。写作中常用到的有以下几种：
(1)while表示对比关系，意为“然而，可是”
It is beneficial to some people，while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not.
(2016·江苏卷)
(2)not only...but (also)．..“不仅……而且……”
①By doing so，I can not only share good ideas with others but also learn to express myself clearly. (2015·浙江卷)
②It not only affects our everyday life，but may also threaten people’s lives. (2015·江苏卷)
(3)not...but...“不是……，而是……”
①To be honest，voters sometimes feel annoyed，not because they hate voting，but because they are divided between emotion and fairness. (2016·江苏卷)
②So，from now on，let’s not waste our time on unimportant things but have a hearttoheart chat with our parents once in a while. (重庆卷)
8．it句型
it的应用可以使句子更平衡，更符合英语习惯。常见的有以下几种：
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(1)it作形式主语
①Everyone in our society should help those in need, but it is more important to be sincere and earnest. (2016·江苏卷)
②It is everybody’s duty to observe them to keep our society in order and going on the right track. (2015·江苏卷)
(2)it作形式宾语
①I consider it quite interesting to learn the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with you. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
②Soon after, there are two entrances to the parking places, making it easier for us to enter it now. (北京卷)
(3)it在某些固定句式中的应用
①I would appreciate it if you could reply to me at your earliest convenience. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
②When it comes to the effect, it will help you to enhance the sense of keeping fit but it may cause you to be overly anxious. (2015·广东卷)
[应用落实体验]
A
(2017·漳州模拟)假设你是李华，临近高考了，你给初中英语老师Miss Li写一封感谢信，内容要点如下：
1．感谢她给你的帮助；
2.你为高考做的准备；
3.你对大学的展望以及上大学后的打算。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Miss Li，
Long time no see.Thank you for your kind help with my study.Time flies，I am Senior Three now.________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
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Li Hua
[考生作文]
Dear__Miss__Li，
Long__time__no__see.Thank__you__for__your__kind__help__with__my__study.Time__flies，I__am__Senior__Three__now.Because I am devoted to my study every day，I have learned much knowledge.It will definitely promise me a good performance in my College Entrance Examination.I hope that I can be admitted into my dream university，one with good equipment and learned professors，who can offer me guidance when I am in difficulty.Of course，there will be exams in college to check my study.I won’t bury myself in books the whole day.Instead，I’ll be active and join many associations where I can develop my social skills and my potential.I firmly believe that I can make my college life more colorful only when I have a common ground.
Yours，
Li__Hua
[我来提升] 将文中加黑句式升级
1．Devoted__to__my__study__every__day，I__have__learned__much__knowledge，which__will__definitely__promise__me__a__good__performance__in__my__College__Entrance__Examination.(用过去分词作状语和非限制性定语从句合并句子)
2．I__firmly__believe__that__only__when__I__have__a__common__ground__can__I__make__my__college__life__more__colorful.(用only when引起的倒装句改写)
[积累练习] 将下列句子按要求进行升级
1．I’ve always longed for the days.I will be able to be independent then.
→I’ve__always__longed__for__the__days__when__I__will__be__able__to__be__independent.(用定语从句合并句子)
2．This is my decision. All of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning.
→My__decision__is__that__all__of__us__are__to__start__at__6__o’clock__tomorrow__morning.(用表语从句合并句子)
3．We all know that our friends will lend us a helping hand when we need help.
→As__we__all__know,__our__friends__will__lend__us__a__helping__hand__when__we__need__help.(用as引导的非限制性定语从句改写句子)
→What__we__all__know__is__that__our__friends__will__lend__us__a__helping__hand__when__we__need__help.(用主语从句改写句子)
B
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(2017·大连八中、二十四中联合模拟)近年来，雾霾多次发生，引起人们对空气质量的广泛关注。假如你是校学生会主席李华，请根据下面的写作要点，写一篇英语倡议书。
1.陈述雾霾的危害；
2．分析雾霾的原因；
3．提出几点倡议。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：雾霾smog
Dear fellow students，
The smog these days has caused widespread concern about air quality._______________________________________________________ _________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Let’s take immediate action to fight against smog.
Yours，
Li Hua
[考生作文]
Dear__fellow__students，
The__smog__these__days__has__caused__widespread__concern__about__air__quality.There are more traffic accidents and more people are suffering from breathing problems because of smog.
There are some reasons for smog in China.First of all，too many cars give off waste gas in the street.Secondly，a lot of fossil fuel like coal，petrol and natural gas is consumed in factories，which produces too much carbon dioxide.
It is time for us to fight against smog.We had better walk or ride to school to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel.We should plant more trees to absorb poisonous gas in the air.It can help improve the air quality to persuade people around us to give up smoking.
Let’s__take__immediate__action__to__fight__against__smog.
Yours，
Li__Hua
[我来提升] 将文中加黑句式升级
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1．It’s__high__time__that__we__fought/should__fight__against__smog.(用“It’s high time that...”句型改写句子)
2．More__trees__should__be__planted__to__absorb__poisonous__gas__in__the__air，and__people__around__us__should__be__persuaded__to__give__up__smoking，both__of__which__can__help__improve__the__air__quality.(用被动语态和定语从句合并句子)
[积累练习] 将下列句子按要求进行升级
1．The teacher’s words touched us.We decided to work hard.
→Touched__by__the__teacher’s__words,__we__decided__to__work__hard.(用过去分词作状语改写句子)
2．Since you have realized that your time is limited, you’ll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.
→Having__realized__that__your__time__is__limited,__you’ll__have__to__study__for__your__goals__without__anger__or__hesitation.(用现在分词的完成式作状语改写句子)
3．As the society develops rapidly，it’s necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English and computer.
→With__the__society__developing__rapidly,__it’s__necessary__for__us__to__have__a__good__knowledge__of__English__and__computer.(用with的复合结构改写句子)
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