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A
(2017·长春监测)Life in the Internet age is lonely—or is it? That’s what experts in human interaction are debating after a new Stanford University survey has been published.
According to the study, the more time people spend online, the less they can spare for reallife relationships with family and friends. The researchers asked 113 people about the Web’s influence on daily activities. 36% of those people are online for more than five hours a week. “As Internet use becomes more widespread, it will have an increasingly isolating(孤立的) effect on society，”says Robert Kraut, one of the researchers.
Scholars and Web lovers criticized the study for stretching its data to make the “isolating” point. While 13% of regular Web users admitted the loss of time with loved ones，60% reported watching less TV. The survey also shows that email is the most popular online activity. If some of webheads(网虫) spend what was once passive TV time keeping company with friends via emails, “that’s a move toward greater connectedness，” says Paul Resnick，a professor at the University of Michigan.
This isn’t the first claim that the Web should be criticized. A 1998 report monitored 73 Pittsburgharea families’ Internet use for a year. People who used the Internet more “talked less to family members and reported being lonelier and more depressed，” says Robert Kraut.
“It’s true that there have been big declines in social connectedness over the past decades, but those declines began before the Internet was invented，” says Thomas Putnam.
As Amitay Etzioni says, the Internet gives us a different kind of social life—not better or worse than before, but just different.
[解题导语] 本文介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究，即网络是否会导致社会孤立以及来自社会各界的讨论。
1．Who claimed that the Web had negative influence?
A．Robert Kraut. B．Paul Resnick.
C．Thomas Putnam. D．Amitay Etzioni.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As Internet use becomes more widespread, it will have an increasingly isolating(孤立的) effect on society，”says Robert Kraut, one of the researchers.可知，罗伯特·克劳特认为随着网络使用越来越广泛，网络会导致社会孤立效应。故选A项。
2．The underlined word “This” in Para.4 refers to ________．
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A．the study conducted by Stanford University
B．the survey made by the University of Michigan
C．the conclusion in a report written in 1998
D．the opinion expressed in Bowling Alone
A 解析：词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：这不是第一次有人称网络应该受到批评。这仍然是罗伯特·克劳特的观点，也就是斯坦福大学开展的调查研究的结果。故选A项。
3．From the passage we learn that ________．
A．watching TV used to take time away from staying online
B．36% of Web users spend more than five hours a week online
C．the Web was blamed more than once for causing an isolating effect
D．the Web has the same influence as the telephone and the television
C 解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句This isn’t the first claim that the Web should be criticized.可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系减少，不止一次有人对此进行谴责。故选C项。
4．The passage mainly discusses ________．
A．how we can make a better use of the Internet
B．whether the Internet causes an isolating effect
C．how declines in social connectedness appear
D．what a different life the Internet brings to us
B 解析：主旨大意题。文章以一项调查研究入题，进行了关于网络是否会导致社会孤立效应的讨论。故选B项。
B
(2017·广东佛山检测)The times are changing. On Thursday October 13th, singersongwriter Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, marking the first time the highlyeyedon literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician, and giving rise to heated discussions.
The 75yearold won the prize “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”， the Swedish Academy said.
“For 54 years he has been at it, reinventing himself，” said Sara Danius, the academy’s permanent secretary. “Bob Dylan writes poetry for the ear. But it’s perfectly fine to read his works as poetry.”
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And while many Dylan’s fans have found great delight at the news, others online and in the literary community are__cross__with the Committee, saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year.
New York Times Book Review editor Pamela Paul said it was good news but pointed out how many “deserving” novelists there are.
Director Martin Scorsese put out a statement saying he was “overjoyed” that Dylan was awarded the prize.
“Dylan’s poetry, his musical genius, has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world，” Scorsese said. “His work has influenced and shaped culture, and he has never stopped exploring and growing as an artist. The Nobel Committee has given Dylan a form of recognition that fits his role in our culture—in world culture.”
Dylan won a Pulitzer Prize in 2008 for his “great influence on popular music and American culture”. He’s the first American to win the literary Nobel since Toni Morrison in 1993.
[解题导语] 作为一名歌手，鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多人大感意外，从而引发热议。
5．Why does Bob Dylan’s winning the Nobel Prize cause heated discussions?
A．He created poetic expressions.
B．He is known as a musician.
C．He reinvents himself.
D．He is 75 years old.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的marking the first time the highlyeyedon literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician可知，正是因为鲍勃·迪伦是一位歌手，所以获得诺贝尔文学奖才引发热议。故选B项。
6．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined part in Paragraph 4?
A．Are thankful to. B．Are satisfied with.
C．Are angry with. D．Are worried about.
C 解析：词义猜测题。第四段开头的And while many Dylan’s fans have found great delight at the news中while表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，所以后面的others online and in the literary community are__cross__with the Committee中的are cross with与found great delight意思应该相反。再根据最后的saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year可判断，are cross with应表示“对……生气”，而不是D项中的“担心……”。故选C项。
7．What can we know about Dylan according to Martin Scorsese?
A．Dylan influences Martin a lot.
B．Dylan is happy with the award.
C．Dylan is a poet rather than a musician.
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D．Dylan benefits a lot from world culture.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的Dylan’s poetry, his musical genius, has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world可知，鲍勃·迪伦对他影响很大。故选A项。
8．What is the passage mainly about?
A．A brief introduction to Bob Dylan.
B．The reason for Bob Dylan’s success.
C．Bob Dylan’s influence on American culture.
D．Different views on Bob Dylan’s winning the Nobel Prize.
D 解析：主旨大意题。文章开头就点明了鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖引起了热议，接着说明了不同的人对此事的不同态度。故选D项。
C
(2017·江西名校联盟检测)Biologist Robert Pitman and his colleagues tracked orcas，or killer whales, and humpback whales off the coast of Western Australia. To research further, the scientists attached a tracker to a female orca, which allowed them to use satellites to monitor her movements. They followed her for six days. During that time, the orca attacked eight young humpback whales. During the seven attacks, the orca killed the humpback whale calf(幼兽) on three occasions.
But the story doesn’t end there. Humpback whales themselves are popularly thought to be large but generally, passive creatures. Pitman’s study findings may let people think otherwise.
When chased by orcas, humpback whales are known to try to outswim orcas. They are thought to do this at high speed so that the orcas can’t keep up. On some occasions, the humpback whales sought out protection. They swam to shallow water, nearby reefs, or even under the researchers’ boats. These ways often reduced the attack. But at other times, the humpback whales decided to stay and fight.
As the orcas approached, the mother humpback would sometimes move her calf to her side, or lift it out of the water using her head or flippers. She also blew huge breaths of air to disturb the orcas, and lunged or charged at them, slashing(劈) and slapping her tail and flippers. Perhaps most surprisingly, humpback whales also have adult escorts(护卫队) that try to protect calves that are not their own, joining the mother in defending the smaller whale. These escort whales either charged at the orcas, or placed themselves between the attackers and calves, slashing their tails and flippers.
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Despite the efforts of the mother whales and escorts, the orcas were more often than not successful in their attacks. But the presence of the escorts did reduce how many times a whale calf was killed.
[解题导语] 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家使用科学仪器来观察杀人鲸是如何追杀驼背鲸及后者是如何反击和保护幼小的驼背鲸的。
9．What’s the purpose of the scientists’ further research?
A．To keep a record of whales’ living habits.
B．To observe orcas’ hunting humpback whales.
C．To see what lifeordeath battles whales may face.
D．To find out the techniques orcas use when hunting.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“To research further... to use satellites to monitor her movements. They followed her for six days. During that time, the orca attacked eight young humpback whales.”可知，科学家进行进一步研究的目的是观察杀人鲸追杀驼背鲸的活动。故选B。
10．Why did the humpback whales swim to shallow water?
A．To avoid being attacked.
B．To hunt for food.
C．To protect their young.
D．To trick the chasers.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“On some occasions, the humpback whales sought out protection. They swam to shallow water, nearby reefs, or even under the researchers’ boats.”可知，驼背鲸游至浅水区是出于自身的安全考虑，为了避免被攻击。故选A。
11．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 4?
A．Why humpback whales fall victim to orcas.
B．How humpback whales protect their calves.
C．The great mother love of humpback whales.
D．Smaller humpback whales’ ways of surviving.
B 解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是在面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸是如何进行反击来保护自己的幼崽的。故B项最能概括本段的主旨要义。
12．What does Pitman’s study find?
A．Orcas are successful in their attacks.
B．It’s not easy for orcas to obtain food.
C．Humpback whales swim faster than orcas.
D．Humpback whales could be active animals.
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D 解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的“Humpback whales themselves are popularly thought to be large but generally, passive creatures. Pitman’s study findings may let people think otherwise.”可知，驼背鲸一般被认为是大型的、通常被动的生物，Pitman的研究发现可能会让人不这么认为。下文接着讲了面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸所采取的一些应对方式，其中包含积极迎击。故选D。
专题强化训练16 主旨大意题——标题归纳类[学生用书P107(单独成册)]
A
(2017·江西师大附中、临川一中联考)“My neighbor doesn’t speak English, but her kindness needs no translation.”
Angie Morris, an 81yearold Canadian woman who grew up in wartime Britain and now lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, was describing how her nextdoor neighbor, Ms. Wing, a 68yearold Chinese woman, voluntarily cooks meals for her every day. She called it “the ultimate homedelivery service”．
Morris’s moving, firstperson narrative which was published last week by the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail, has gone popular，with more than 24，000 online reposts.
“I know what is inside the paper carrier bag，” she wrote. “A thermos with hot soup and a stainlesssteel container with a meal of rice, vegetables and either chicken, meat or shrimp，sometimes with a kind of pancake. This has become an almost daily occurrence.”
Wing started her act of kindness when she learned that Morris had to undergo heart surgery.She took it upon herself to begin feeding her neighbor, even though the two women have no way of communicating verbally. Wing speaks only Mandarin, and Morris’s Mandarin is limited to ni hao(hello)．
“So here we are, two grandmothers a world away from where we were raised, neither of us able to speak the other’s language, but communicating one way or another(with some help from technology). The doorbell keeps ringing and there is the familiar brown paper carrier bag, handed smilingly to me by Wing，” Morris wrote.
Readers and netizens around the world have been touched by this relationship that crosses national boundaries and focuses on human kindness.
“You know that most people in this world just want to live a good life，” one reader commented. “I come from old Ireland, so I can tell you a thing or two about conflict. The point is, most people are very good with big hearts and want their children to grow up safe and in places like this country can offer.”
[解题导语] 互为邻居的两位老人温女士与安吉·莫里斯虽然语言不通无法交流，但温女士在得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，主动为其做饭。她的善举感动了很多读者和网友。
1．Why did Ms. Wing cook meals for Morris?
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A．Morris had some health problems.
B．Wing was an expert cook.
C．Ms. Wing had nothing else to do.
D．They were raised in the same place.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句Wing started her act of kindness when she learned that Morris had to undergo heart surgery.可知，温女士因为知道莫里斯要做手术，所以做饭给她吃。故选A项。
2．Which of the following words can best describe Ms. Wing?
A．Kind-hearted. B．Sensitive.
C．Communicative. D．Arrogant.
A 解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，温女士一直自愿为邻居做饭，所以推断她是一位善良、热心的女士，故选A项。sensitive意为“敏感的”；communicative意为“爱说话的，好社交的”；arrogant意为“傲慢的；自大的”。
3．What can be concluded from the last two paragraphs?
A．Most people in this world are having a good life.
B．People from different countries easily have conflicts.
C．Old Ireland is a place where children can grow up safe.
D．People are impressed and moved by Ms. Wing’s behavior.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第七段以及第八段网友的留言可知，很多读者和网友都被温女士的善举所感动，感受到了跨越国界和语言的人性之善。故选D项。
4．What can be the best title of this passage?
A．A Voluntary Cook.
B．Serving Your Neighbor.
C．Kindness Beyond Language.
D．Nutritious Meals.
C 解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述一位来自中国的温女士虽与邻居莫里斯言语不通，但是得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，一直自愿为她做饭，这一超越语言和国界的善举感动了很多读者和网友。由此可知，C项最适合用作文章标题。
B
(2017·河北衡水中学高三大联考)Scientists in Britain have managed to teach
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bumblebees(大黄蜂) to pull strings to get to food and then pass on what they have learned to others in their colony(群体)—showing a high level of intelligence despite their tiny brains.
Researchers at Queen Mary University of London said the experiments, often used to test the intelligence of apes(猿) and birds, showed for the first time that some insects are up to the task，and can also pass skills on through several generations.
The findings add to the evidence suggesting the ability for “culture spread”—the ability to learn and pass on knowledge and skills—may not be exclusive to humans.
In the research, published in the journal PLOS Biology on Tuesday, the scientists were able to train 23 out of a group of 40 bees to pull strings with their legs and feet.
The strings were attached to discs—or artificial “flowers”—containing food at their center but placed under a transparent screen. The bees, spotting the food beneath the screen, learned to pull the “flowers” out by pulling the string with their legs and feet to be able to get to it.
From another group of bees given the chance to solve the task without any training, only two of 110 were successful.
Another group of bees was then allowed to observe the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent of them successfully learned the skill. Finally, trained bees were put in colonies, and the scientists found the technique spread successfully to a majority of the colony’ s worker bees.
Lars Chittka, a Queen Mary University professor who guided the project, said the team is interested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.
[解题导语] 本文介绍了大黄蜂经过训练可以习得某种技能，还会传播自己所学的技能。
5．What does the underlined word “exclusive” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Ordinary. B．Unique.
C．Beneficial. D．Widespread.
B 解析：词义猜测题。第二段中提出，不仅猿和鸟类有学习和传播知识的能力，一些昆虫也有这样的能力。第二段和第三段中的关键词also和add to the evidence提示，这种能力并非人类独有的。故选B项。
6．What did the researchers find about bees?
A．Bees learn best in insects.
B．Bees are as clever as birds.
C．Bees are born good learners.
D．Bees can be trained to learn skills.
D 解析：细节理解题。依据第四段中的the scientists were able to train 23 out of a group of 40 bees to pull strings with their legs and feet可知，科学家发现大黄蜂经过训练可以学会技能。故选D项。
7．What may the research team focus on next?
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A．What else bees can do.
B．Where bees learn skills.
C．How bees teach others.
D．How bees’ brains work.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句．..the team is interested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.可知，科研团队对大黄蜂学习和传播技能的大脑思考过程很感兴趣，因此，接下来他们应该会研究大黄蜂大脑的工作原理。故选D项。
8．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Small Bees, Great Abilities
B．Bees Can Learn and Teach
C．Bees Are Smarter
D．Let Bees Learn
B 解析：标题归纳题。综合全文尤其第一段可知，文章主要介绍了一项科学发现，即大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能，故选B项。
C
(2017·安徽百所重点高三二模)I had the honour of being elected chief of my tribe(部落)．With the title came great responsibility. It was my job to make peace with the Maori Tamaki tribe, whose village we visited. Their soldiers jumped from a canoe and faced us down with fierce crying, sticking eyes and much noise of sticks. They laid a palm leaf on the ground and, as head, I was forced to accept this peace offering by picking it up, then touching noses with their chief. “Kia ora，” he said, welcoming us into the woodland home of his people.
My “tribe” was my New Zealand coach tour group, who had forced me into being their leader. We’d been warned that the ceremony was a serious occasion and that to laugh or even smile would be considered rude to the Tamaki. After that it was nonstop fun as they demonstrated their ancient customs and I received instruction in performing the haka, the war dance immortalized(使不朽) by the All Blacks rugby team.
Then they pulled our dinner of lamb, beef and vegetables out of the ground. It had been slowcooked in the heat just below the surface in the geothermal(地热的) area of North Island, a Maori tradition known as a hangi that goes back an extremely long period of time.
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Obviously, this form of it is put on for tourists but it was hugely enjoyable. The journey back to the hotel was alone worth the effort, our elder Maori driver being deserving of his own television show. “The wheels on the bus go round and round，” he got us singing, while he circuited a round about three times.
A couple of days from the end of our trip, there was still something missing, a New Zealand icon I wanted to see to make my grand tour complete. Riding over a ridge, there it was—Aotearoa. The Maori name for New Zealand translates as “the land of the long white cloud”. Can I say “Kia ora, Aotearoa？” You bet I can.
[解题导语] 本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了他去新西兰旅游时接触到的毛利文化。
9．How were the visitors greeted in the tribe?
A．The soldiers made a palm leaf road.
B．The soldiers touched their noses.
C．The soldiers shook sticks fiercely.
D．The soldiers made noise with shut eyes.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Their soldiers jumped from a canoe and faced us down with fierce crying, sticking eyes and much noise of sticks. They laid a palm leaf on the ground and”可知，毛利部落的勇士们从独木舟上跳下来，用狂热的叫喊、瞪大的眼睛和巨大的棍棒晃动声将作者一行人镇住了，他们还在地面上放置一片棕榈叶。这些都是毛利人对游客表示欢迎的方式。故选C。
10．Which refers to the Maori cooking custom?
A．Kia ora. B．Haka.
C．Hangi. D．Tamaki.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Then they pulled our dinner of lamb, beef and vegetables out of the ground. It had been slowcooked in the heat... a Maori tradition known as a hangi...”可知，在地下土炉中烹制食物是毛利饮食传统，这被称为hangi。
11．What does the author think of the driver?
A．He was good at singing.
B．He made the journey memorable.
C．He was not familiar with the road.
D．He performed well on a TV show.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的“The journey back to the hotel was alone worth the effort，our elder Maori driver being deserving of his own television show.”可知，作者一行人的回宾馆之旅让他们难忘：有表演天赋的毛利老司机让作者他们一路欢歌，故选B。
12．What is the best title for the text?
A．A Taste of Maori Culture
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B．Hello, New Zealand
C．The Honour of Being a Tribe Chief
D．The Best of New Zealand
A 解析：标题归纳题。作者作为赴新西兰的旅游团的队长，在旅游中有幸接触毛利文化，这给作者留下了深刻的印象，故A项“体验毛利文化”作标题最佳。
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