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第一讲 时态、语态
考查动词的各种时态
基本定义最重要
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food ____________(be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
is 解析：此处表示客观事实，应用一般现在时，故填is。
2．(2016·浙江卷)While online shopping ____________(change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
has changed 解析：主语是online shopping，结合语境以及后面的have been可知，这里要用现在完成时。
3．(2016·浙江卷)Silk ____________(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
had become 解析：by about 100 BC是时间状语，这里强调到公元前一百年为止，所以要用过去完成时。
4．(2015·天津卷)Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she ____________(teach) a class at that time.
will be teaching 解析：at that time提示此处表示将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作。
5．(2016·北京卷) Jack ____________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
was working 解析：表示过去某时正在发生的事情，应用过去进行时。
6．(2017·太原一模)At first, both of them joined together and the frog____________(lead) his friend towards the pool in which he lived, and didn’t stop until he reached the side of the water.
led 解析：考查动词时态。与上文joined呼应，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!
____________________
came→comes 解析：主句为一般将来时，时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来，故用comes。
8．(2016·四川卷)Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mother’s Day. We get up early in the morning.____________________
get→got 解析：根据上句中的planned可知，事情发生在过去，故应用一般过去时。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
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高考考试说明规定掌握的十二种时态的基本用法
(1)表示经常性或习惯性动作、客观事实或存在的状态要想到用一般现在时；
As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知，地球围着太阳转。
(2)表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态要想到用一般过去时；
When I was at school, I often went to the cinema on Sundays. 我上学时，周日经常去看电影。
(3)表示将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态要想到用一般将来时；
Dr.Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer. 史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻子、女儿们一起游览北京。
(4)表示在过去某一时刻看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态要想到用过去将来时；
I told him that I would see him the next day.
我告诉他第二天会见他。
(5)表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作要想到用现在进行时；
I don’t actually work here. I am helping out until the new secretary comes.
我实际上不在这里工作。我目前在这里帮忙一直到新秘书来。
(6)表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作要想到用过去进行时；
I walked slowly through the market, where people were selling all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
我慢慢地走过市场，市场里人们在卖各种各样的水果与蔬菜。我认真地研究了价格之后，买了些我所需要的。
(7)表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作要想到用将来进行时；
I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I will be flying to Beijing.
我感到很激动！明天上午这个时候我正在飞往北京。
(8)表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其产生的影响或结果现在还存在；或持续到现在的动作或状态要想到用现在完成时；
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(9)表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成，即“过去的过去”时要想到用过去完成时；
Before he went to college, he had read several English books.
他上大学前就读过好几本英文书。
(10)表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文中常含有by短语时要想到用将来完成时；
By the time I graduate from college, I will have been in the city for eight years.
到大学毕业时，我就在这个城市待了8年了。
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(11)表示一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作要想到用现在完成进行时；
In order to find the missing child, villagers have been doing all they can over the past five hours.
为了找到那个失踪的孩子，过去的五小时里，村民们做了他们所能做的一切。
(12)表示从过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作要想到用过去完成进行时。
When I got home, I saw Jack’s hands were dirty. He had been playing with mud.
我到家时看见杰克的手很脏。他此前一直在玩泥巴。
时间状语很有效
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school ____________(come) first.
comes 解析：由时间状语at the moment可知，这里是指现在发生的事情，因此用一般现在时。
2．(2017·北京卷)People ____________(have) better access to health care than they used to, and they’re living longer as a result.
have 解析：这里讲述的是一个客观事实，应用一般现在时。主语是表示复数意义的people，故填have。
3．(2015·北京卷)In the last few years，China ____________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.
has made 解析：句意：在过去的几年里，中国在环境保护方面已经取得了巨大的成就。根据时间状语In the last few years可知用现在完成时。
4．(2017·浙江嘉兴基础测试)By that time，she ____________(accept) by Yale University and Harvard University in the U．S.
had been accepted 解析：根据by that time可知，此处用过去完成时，she与accept之间为被动关系，故填had been accepted。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically but also mentally in the past few years.____________________
had→have 解析：由时间状语in the past few years可知，此处应用现在完成时。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
有些题目本身就带有明确的时间状语，要学会利用这些时间状语来解题。
1．看到always, every time, now and then, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等表示频率的时间状语，要想到用一般现在时；
2．看到yesterday, last week, two days ago, the other day, in 1998，时间段＋later，after＋一段时间等时间状语，要想到用一般过去时；
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3．看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等时间状语，要想到用一般将来时；
4．看到the next day/morning, the next/following week/month/year等时间状语，要想到用过去将来时；
5．看到all the time, now, at 4 o’clock, at this moment, at present等时间状语，要想到用现在进行时；
6．看到at that time, at this time yesterday, at five yesterday, the whole morning等时间状语，要想到用过去进行时；
7．看到at this time tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等时间状语，要想到用将来进行时；
8．看到since, recently, lately, already, in/for/during the last/past few years, so far, up to now, during the past/last＋时间段等时间状语，要想到用现在完成时；
9．看到by that time, by the end of＋过去时间，before 2000，by the time＋一般过去时的从句，要想到用过去完成时；
10．看到by the time＋一般现在时的从句，by the end of＋将来时间的名词，by＋将来时间名词等时间状语，要想到用将来完成时。
Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
到目前为止，工作进展得很顺利，我们确信一定会按时完工。
平行谓语做参考
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·浙江卷6月)Pahlsson and her husband ____________(search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.
searched 解析：根据句意和but turned up nothing可知，search的动作发生在过去，所以填searched。
2．(2017·浙江湖州期末考试)One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he ____________(bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly.
was bathing 解析：由前面的“I was drawing diagrams”可知，本句应用过去进行时，而且and连接的并列句要保持时态一致。
3．(2017·聊城检测)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also ____________(give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
gives 解析：考查时态。not only...but also连接两个平行结构，因此所填动词与makes一致，故填gives。
4．(2017·福建五校统考)According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also ____________(express) their great concern about
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it.
expressed 解析：考查时态。and前后并列时态一致，根据句中showed可知，该句叙述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
5．(2017·湖北武昌区高三调考)Finally, I work harder than ever and made great progress in my math.____________________
work→worked 解析：由后面的made可知，此处讲述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both...and..., neither...nor...，either...or...，not only...but (also)．..，rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个平行的结构。平行的另外一个结构与所选谓语动词的先后关系，则决定着所选动词的时态。
(2017·陕西质检)When facing the eitheror situation, I smiled and decided to trust my heart.
当面对必须作出决定的情况时，我笑了笑并决定相信自己的心。
语境理解少不了
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·广东深圳二模)It ____________(rain) at that time and the streets were full of holes which were full of water.
was raining 解析：根据时间状语at that time可知，当时正在下雨，即“下雨”这一动作在过去某段时间内正在进行。故用过去进行时。
2．(2017·广东佛山二模)In 2016, I ____________(feel) I needed a new challenge so I decided to take a filmmaking course.
felt 解析：句意：在2016年，我觉得我需要一个新的挑战，因此我决定修一门电影制作的课程。根据时间状语In 2016可知，应用一般过去时。故填felt。
3．(2015·四川卷)As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here.____________________
tell→told 解析：根据时间状语last time可知，此句用一般过去时。
4．(2017·西安九校联考)Today, at the local convenience store where I work, an elderly man with a guide dog come in.____________________
come→came 解析：考查动词的时态。这里叙述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
5．(2017·山东青岛模拟)What’s more, thousands of tourists from the world came here every year, which is really splendid.____________________
came→come 解析：根据时间状语every year及从句为一般现在时可知，主句应用一般现在时，故将came改为come。
通关点击 _____________________________________________________原则这样解读
高考对时态的考查更注重对语法知识的具体运用，即将语法知识置于一定的语境中，
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要求考生在实际语言环境中填写正确答案。做题时树立全局观念，根据提供的语境，挖掘题中隐含的信息，从而找到解题的突破口。
(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)It was on a warm autumn day that my father and I walked into my new high school.
在一个温暖的秋天，父亲和我一起走进了新高中学校。
固定句式要记牢
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2017·天津卷)I ____________(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
was driving 解析：此处是be doing... when...结构，意为“正在做……，这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。
2．(2017·沈阳监测一)This was the first time I ____________ (experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again.
had experienced 解析：考查动词的时态。根据“This was the first time”可知，从句用过去完成时。
3．Hardly had I got home when the rain ____________(pour) down.
poured 解析：hardly... when...意为“刚……就……”，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
4．(2017·梧州一模)I say to him with a cheerful smile, “Go to exercise and you ____________(feel) better.”
will feel 解析：此题考查时态，祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句用一般将来时。
5．(2017·河北邯郸一模)It has been a long time since we meet in China last time.____________________
meet→met 解析：It has been＋一段时间＋since...句式中时间状语用过去时。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
1．看到no sooner... than...或hardly... when...，要想到主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
2．看到并列连词when，要想到was/were doing sth. when...；be about to do sth.when...等连用；
One day, I was about to do some shopping when he telephoned me.
一天，我正要去购物这时他给我打电话了。
3．看到It/This/That is＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用现在完成时；
This is the third time that you have been late this month.
这是本月你第三次迟到。
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4．看到It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that从句，要想到从句用过去完成时；
That was the first time that I had gone abroad.
那是我第一次出国。
5．时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来；
I will go to the cinema as soon as I finish my homework.
我一完成作业就去看电影。
6．在由since引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句是现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时；
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从来到我们学校，他学习就一直非常努力。
7．看到“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，要想到陈述句用一般将来时。
Keep on trying and you will succeed.
继续尝试，你会成功的。
考查动词的语态
逻辑关系需知晓
示之以范 ____________________________________________________原则这样运用
1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I ____________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.
was allowed 解析：根据it was可知，此处用过去时态，主语I与allow之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might ____________(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
be made 解析：chopsticks和make之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，空格前有might，所以用be made。
3．(2016·四川卷)The giant panda ____________ (love) by people throughout the world.
is loved 解析：主语the giant panda和动词love之间是被动关系，且由后面的by...结构可知，应用一般现在时的被动语态。
4．(2015·天津卷)Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement ____________(reach) so far by the two sides.
has been reached 解析：句意：尽管经过了前几轮的商讨，到目前为止双方仍没有达成一致意见。句中的so far是现在完成时的时间标志短语，agreement与reach之间是被动关系，因此用现在完成时的被动语态。
5．(2015·安徽卷)It is reported that a space station ____________(build) on the moon in years to
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come.
will be built 解析：句意：据报道，未来几年里将在月球上建造一个空间站。根据时间状语in years to come可知，“建造空间站”是将来的动作，设空处需用一般将来时；宾语从句的主语a space station与build之间是被动关系，因此需用一般将来时的被动语态。
6．(2017·武汉武昌区调研)As a foreigner, I ____________ (absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth of welcome and unique culture during the trip.
was absorbed 解析：考查动词时态和语态。此处描述当时旅行的情景，故应用一般过去时；由语境可知，作者被吸引住了，故应用被动语态。
7．(2017·安徽师大附中高三阶段性测试)This morning, I got an email from the library. It said the book I reserved was ready to be picking up.____________________
picking→picked 解析：考查动词语态。根据语境可知，pick up和句子逻辑主语book构成动宾关系，故用被动语态。
通关点击 ____________________________________________________原则这样解读
1．被动语态在各种时态中的运用
时态
被动语态的构成
一般现在时
am/is/are done
一般过去时
was/were done
一般将来时
shall/will be done
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
过去进行时
was/were being done
现在完成时
have/has been done
过去完成时
had been done
将来完成时
shall/will have been done
(2015·福建卷)To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
使我高兴的是，我从成百上千申请参加开幕仪式的人员中当选。
2．不能用被动语态的特殊动词
(1)系动词类，如look，seem，feel，taste，sound，smell，prove，appear等；
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来很合理。
(2)表示主语特征的词，如read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock，break，catch，cut，drive，open，wash等，常与hardly，well, easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。
This pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很流畅。
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,[学生用书P15] )
单句语法填空
1．(2017·浙江台州期末考试)We____________(reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years, but cars are still major source of them.
have reduced/have been reducing 解析：由句中的时间状语in recent years可知，应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
2．(2017·福建福州十三中期中考试)Then he____________(hide) behind a tree and waited.
hid 解析：根据and后面的waited可知，与之并列的动作也应用一般过去时。
3．(2017·江西南昌一模)At a young age, he____________(move) to Spain and now plays professionally for the FC Barcelona.
moved 解析：根据时间状语at a young age可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
4．(2017·浙江金丽衢州十二校联考)I just graduated from West Coast University.I____________(receive) job skill training just before that, but I had never worked.
had received 解析：此处根据just before that可知，我在之前受过职业技能的培训，根据上句中的一般过去时可知，此处应用过去完成时。
5．(2017·浙江金华十校模拟)Doctors and scientists ____________(learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years.
have learned 解析：根据in the last thirty years可知，本句应用现在完成时。
6．(2017·合肥第一次检测)It’s fun for amateurs to try, but to become good at it, not only years of practice but also natural talent ____________(need)．
is needed 解析：考查主谓一致和被动语态。“not only...but also...”作主语，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则，故此处谓语动词应用单数。natural talent与动词need之间是动宾关系，故用is needed。
7．(2017·石家庄质量检测)A newborn baby would ____________(dress) in a gown for his first year or two.Then he was “breeched(穿裤礼)” and wore articles of clothing like shorts.The usual custom is that a boy graduates to trousers around eight years old.
be dressed 解析：考查语态。名词baby和dress之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态。
8．(2017·郑州第二次质量预测)A group of people paraded(游行) through the village, two of them dressed as a lion, going into every home to perform a song for good fortune.I ____________(attract) by this and followed the group, taking photos to share with my family.
was attracted 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。该句主语I和动词attract之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；该句叙述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
9．(2017·贵州普通高等学校招生适应性考试)There are many different taboos(禁忌) around the world.A taboo is a social action that is not ____________(allow)．
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allowed 解析：考查被动语态。该句是一个复合句，在that引导的定语从句中关系词that代指a social action，和动词allow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。
10．(2017·河北七所名校联考)The market, which ____________(call) Train Night Market Ratchada in English, was opened in January 2015 and has become a popular spot for locals and tourists.
is called 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。定语从句说的是现在的客观事实，应该用一般现在时；which(指代The market)与call之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态。
单句改错
1．(2017·湖北八校第一次联考)But yesterday we have an argument about the football clubs.____________________
have→had 解析：考查动词的时态。根据该句中的时间状语yesterday可知，该句应用一般过去时，故动词用过去式。
2．(2017·安徽百所重点高中二模)It’s not the people you came across in your daily life who will stand by you in time of need.____________________
came→come 解析：根据本句主要时态为一般现在时以及此处描述通常的情况可知，此处应用一般现在时。
3．(2017·郑州第一次质量预测)When I get home, I said to my parents, “Everything was great about the camping. I want to be a teacher like Anna in the future.”____________________
get→got 解析：考查动词时态。由said可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
4．(2018·山东省部分重点中学第一次调研)Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran bought a real bed.It was the first time that he have become the proud owner of a bed.____________________
have→had 解析：It was the first time that sb.had done sth.为固定句型。
5．(2017·洛阳统一考试)When Dad came home, he noticed my uneasiness and asked me what has happened.____________________
has→had 解析：考查动词时态。与asked呼应可知，此处应用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。
6．(2017·贵阳监测)Once I went to the market with my mum for a big dinner on Saturday.When we were walking past the stalls，a loud noise was caught my attention.____________________
删除was 解析：考查动词语态。主语a loud noise与catch之间构成主谓关系，表主动，故删除was。
7．(2017·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)Although the best doctors called for him, he could still find no relief.I have realized that health is worth all the money in the world.____________________
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called前面加were 解析：考查主谓一致、时态和语态。主语the best doctors为复数且和动词call之间为动宾关系，故用被动语态；这里讲述的是过去发生的事情，故用were。
8．(2017·湖北武汉高三调考)Then we go to a KTV bar where we sang many popular songs.____________________
go→went 解析：由从句中的sang可知此处是讲述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时。
9．(2017·福建福州十三中期中考试)Today I’ve got wonderful news to tell you.I had been offered a job at a company in England for my good performance.____________________
had→have 解析：根据句意可知，指过去的动作对现在造成的结果，应用现在完成时。
10．(2017·湖南衡阳八中二模)To everyone in the world, money was a sensitive topic.____________________
was→is 解析：根据句意可知，表示一种客观事实，用一般现在时。
语法填空
(2017·福建漳州一中期中考试)Ask three people to look out of 1.____________same window at a busy street corner and tell you what they see.Chances are 2.____________you will receive three different answers.Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives something 3.____________(difference) about it.
Perceiving goes on in our minds.Of the three people who look out of the window, one may say that he 4.____________(see) a policeman giving a motorist a ticket.Another may say that he sees rushhour traffic jam at the intersection.The 5.____________(three) may tell you that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four 6.____________(child)．Perception is the mind’s interpretation of what the senses—in this case our eyes—tell us.
Many psychologists today are working 7.____________(try) to determine just how a person experiences or perceives the world around.8.____________(use) a scientific approach, these psychologists set up experiments in which they can control all of the factors.9.____________ measuring and charting the results of many experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive 10.____________(total) different things about the same scene.
1．the 解析：the same“相同的”，为固定搭配。
2．that 解析：Chances are that...“……很可能”，为固定句型，其中that在从句中没有实际意义，也不作成分，但不能省略。
3．different 解析：修饰不定代词something，应用形容词。
4．sees 解析：所填词作谓语，主语为he，故用第三人称单数。
5．third 解析：由上文的“Of the three people...one may say...Another may say...”可知，此处表示“第三个人”，故用序数词。
6．children 解析：child是可数名词，其前有four修饰，故用其复数形式。
7．to try 解析：动词不定式to try作目的状语。
8．Using 解析：psychologists和use之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作方式状语。
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9．By 解析：此处表示“通过测量和绘图……”，应填介词By。
10．totally 解析：修饰形容词different，应用副词。
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