第三讲
│
信息概括题
这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)
总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。
[
典例
1]
(2017·
江苏高考
)
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5
nowadays.Furthermore
，
around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per
woman)and
almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth
rate.You
might think that developing nations would make up the
loss(especially
since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)
，
but you’d be
wrong.Declining
birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too
，
which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________of population.
分析
第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。
第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是
“
almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate
”
和
“
Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too
，
which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
”
可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。
size/scale
表示
“
尺寸，大小，规模
”
，符合文意。
第三步：确定答案为
size/scale
。
[
典例
2]
(2017·
江苏高考
)
In the north of India
，
the population is booming due to high birth rates
，
but in the south
，
where most economic development is taking place
，
birth rate is falling
rapidly.In
a further twist
，
birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban
areas.In
total
，
25% of India’s working-age population has no
education.In
2030
，
a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
Leaving aside the birth rate issue
，
India’s economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________of educational opportunity.
分析：
第一步：根据题干中的
“
India
’
s economy
”
以及
“
educational
”
，可以定位到文章第五段。
第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。
第三步：确定答案为
equality
。
[
知识链接
1
]
信息概括常用词
1.
原因与结果：
reason (for)
，
result
；
cause (of)
，
consequence
2.
异同点与优缺点：
difference
，
similarity; advantage
，
disadvantage
3.
功能：
function
4.
观点与态度：
opinion
，
view (on/about)
，
viewpoint
，
idea; attitude (to/towards)
5.
评论与评价：
comment (on)
，
remark (on/upon)
，
assessment
6.
方式与方法：
means
，
way
，
method (of); solution
，
approach (to doing
sth
)
；
(take) measures (to do
sth
)
7.
目的：
purpose
，
aim
，
goal
8.
积极与消极：
positive
，
negative
9.
建议：
advice
，
suggestion
，
tip
10.
概括与总结：
summary
，
conclusion
11.
特点：
feature
，
characteristic
12.
种类：
kind
，
type
，
category
，
class
13.
精神上与身体上：
mentally
，
physically
14.
影响：
influence
，
impact
，
effect (on)
15.
情形，状况：
situation
，
condition
16.
方面与项目条款：
aspect
，
item
17.
材料：
materials
18.
知识与消息：
knowledge
，
information
19.
日程计划：
schedule
，
agenda
20.
百分比：
percentage
21.
性别：
sex
22.
年龄：
age
23.(
不
)
熟悉：
familiar/unfamiliar
24.
个人，个人的：
individual
25.
细节：
description
，
detail
26.
文化：
culture
27.
责任：
(take) responsibility
28.
贡献：
(make) contributions (to)
29.
重要：
value
，
importance
，
significance
30.
比较：
contrast
，
comparison
31.
时期：
period
，
time
32.
存在：
existence
，
exist
33.
人口：
population
34.
天气与气候：
weather
，
climate
35.
位置：
location
36.
主题：
theme
37.
背景：
setting
，
background
38.
情节：
plot
39.
高潮：
climax
40.
反对者与支持者：
opponent
，
supporter
[
知识链接
2
]
同义替换常考词汇
1
result from
＝
arise from
由
……
导致
2
at random
＝
randomly
随意地
3
in particular
＝
particularly
尤其，特别
4
in peace
＝
peacefully
平静地；安宁地
5
in advance
＝
ahead of time (schedule)
预先
6
in part
＝
partly
在一定程度上
7
in silence
＝
silently
寂静地，沉默地
8
in harmony
＝
harmoniously
和谐地
9
be accused of
＝
be charged with
被指控
10
put forward
＝
come up with
提出
11
on behalf of
＝
represent
代表
12
show up
＝
turn up
＝
appear
出现
13
including
sth
＝
sth
included
包括某物
14
be exposed to
＝
exposure to
暴露于，接触到
15
account for
＝
make up
占据
……
比例
16
lack
sth
＝
be short of
sth
＝
be lacking in
sth
缺少某物
17
at hand
＝
handy
在手边
18
escape from
＝
flee
逃离
19
stand/bear/tolerate/put up with
忍受
20
at the same time
＝
meanwhile
同时
21
make fun of
＝
laugh at
＝
tease
＝
mock
取笑
22
treat
sb
badly
＝
abuse
sb
虐待某人
23
take pride in
＝
be proud of
对
……
感到自豪
24
be dressed in
＝
wear
sth
穿着
……
25
burst into tears
＝
burst out crying
突然大哭
26
look after
＝
take care of
＝
attend to
照顾
27
compensate for
＝
make up for
补偿
28
online
＝
on the Internet
在网上
29
matter/count/be important
重要
30
catch on
＝
popularize
流行
31
take up
＝
occupy
占据
32
believe in
＝
trust
信任
33
take in
sth
＝
absorb
sth
理解，吸收某物
34
starve to death
＝
die of hunger/starvation
饿死
35
accompany
sb
＝
keep
sb
company
陪伴某人
36
turn to
sb
for help
＝
ask
sb
for help
向某人求助
37
100 years
＝
1 century
＝
10 decades 100
年
38
a fortnight
＝
two weeks
两周
39
every year
＝
yearly
＝
annual
每年的
40
36
＝
3 dozen 3
打
41
face
sth
＝
be faced with
sth
面对某事
42
facing
sth
＝
faced with
sth
(
状语
)
面临某事
43
support
＝
be in favor of
＝
favor
＝
subscribe to
支持
44
be of use/value
＝
be useful/valuable
对
……
有用
45
do with
＝
deal with
＝
cope with
＝
handle
处理
46
be absorbed in
＝
be lost in
＝
be buried in
专心于
……
47
object to doing
sth
＝
oppose doing
sth
＝
be opposed to doing
sth
＝
raise an objection to doing
sth
反对做某事
48
convince
sb
＝
make
sb
convinced
使某人信服
49
the remaining money
＝
the money left
剩下的钱
50
now and then
＝
sometimes
＝
occasionally
有时
51
make an apology to
sb
＝
apologize to
sb
向某人道歉
52
a variety of
＋
n
.
＝
varieties of
＋
n
.
＝
various
＋
n
.
各种各样的
……
53
make full use of
＝
make the most (best) of
＝
take advantage of
利用
54
be related to
＝
be associated with
＝
be linked to
＝
be connected with
跟
……
有关
55
put off doing
＝
delay doing
＝
postpone doing
＝
buy time to do
推迟做
56
an approach to doing
sth
＝
a way of doing
sth
＝
a way to do
sth
＝
how to do
sth
做某事的方法
57
replace B with A
＝
substitute A for B
＝
take the place of B with A
用
A
替代
B
58
resemble
＝
look like
＝
be similar to
＝
bear a resemblance to
像，类似于
59
sb
makes sense of
sth
＝
sb
understands
sth
某人明白某事
60
be accessible to
＝
have access to
＝
be available to
可获得的
61
be drunk with
＝
be addicted to
＝
be hooked on
沉迷于
62
manage to do
sth
＝
succeed in doing
sth
(
设法
)
做成某事
63
to be honest/frank/strict
＝
honestly/frankly/strictly speaking
坦率地
/
直白地
/
严格地说
64
be tired/sick of
＝
be bored with
＝
be fed up with
对
……
感到厌倦
65
have an edge/advantage over
＝
be superior to
＝
be better than
胜过，比
……
强
66
be consistent with
＝
be in line with
＝
correspond with
＝
agree with
与
……
相一致
67
take the place of A
＝
be in place of A
＝
replace A
取代
A
68
at your convenience
＝
when it is convenient for you
当你方便时
69
on one’s own
＝
by
onself
＝
alone
独自地
70
be aware/conscious of
＝
realize
＝
recognize
意识到
71
be responsible for
＝
take responsibility for
＝
answer for
对
……
负责
72
in spite of/despite
＋短语＝
though/although/while/as
＋句子
虽然
(
用
as
要倒装
)
73
beyond belief
＝
incredible
＝
unbelievable
难以置信的
74
out of the question
＝
impossible
不可能的
out of question
＝
no problem
没问题
75
be unaware of
＝
fail to notice
＝
overlook
＝
ignore
＝
neglect
忽视
76
stress/underline/emphasize the importance of
sth
强调某事
/
物的重要性
77
sth
benefits
sb
＝
sth
be beneficial to
sb
＝
sth
be of benefit to
sb
＝
sb
benefits from
sth
某人从某事中受益
78
make preparations for
＝
be in preparations for
＝
prepare for
为
……
做准备
79
take an active part in
sth
＝
take part in
sth
actively
积极参加某事
have a positive influence on
＝
influence
sth
positively
对某物有积极影响
80
sth
kills
sb
＝
sth
costs
sb
the life
＝
sth
claims one’s life
某物杀了某人
81
be tired out
＝
be worn out
＝
be exhausted
＝
be burnt out
＝
be weary
累坏了
82
come into being/existence
＝
form/exist
存在，形成
83
make one’s dream come true
＝
realize/achieve one’s dream
实现某人的梦想
84
be over
＝
end
＝
put...to an end
＝
come to an end
结束
85
don’t/never do
＝
avoid doing
＝
keep away from doing
避免做
86
be able to do
sth
＝
be capable of doing
sth
能够做某事
87
use up
＝
run out of
用光
run out
＝
give out
＝
be used up
耗尽
88
cause
sb
to participate in
sth
＝
involve
sb
in
sth
让某人参加某事
89
A be responsible for B
＝
A causes/results in/leads to B
A
是
B
的起因
90
bring about/result in/lead to/contribute to/account for/cause/make for
导致
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