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第二讲 │ 主旨大意题
一、题型解读
主旨大意题是高考英语阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落大意以及选择标题等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以此类题目在高考试题中具有很好的选拔作用，属于能力型题目。
主旨大意题一般分为三类：
主旨大意题
考点1
精确归纳标题
考点2
概括文章大意
考点3
总结段落大意
二、 设问方式
解答主旨大意题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。
1.标题归纳类主旨大意题的主要设题形式
·What is the best title for this passage?
·Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
·The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is ________.
·The most suitable title of this passage is ________.
·What would be the most suitable title for the text?
·The suitable title of the passage may be ________.
2.文章大意类主旨大意题的主要设题形式
·What is the main idea of the passage?
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·Which of the following can best summarize the passage?
·What is the subject discussed in the passage?
·What does the passage mainly deal with?
3.段落大意类主旨大意题的主要设题形式
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·The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that ________.
·What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?
·What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3?
·Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1?
·What is the main idea discussed in Paragraph 2?
三、选项特征
1.主旨大意题正确选项的特征
(1)涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
(2)确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
(3)精确性强，能恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。
2.主旨大意题干扰选项的特征
(1)过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容归纳、概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
(2)以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
(3)移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
(4)无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
[典例] (2016·江苏高考·阅读D)
Not so long ago，most people didn’t know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become.She was just an average high athlete.There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future.However，one person wanted to change this.Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness.Her times were not exactly impressive，but even so，he sensed there was something trying to get out，something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking.He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions.Their cooperation
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quickly produced results，and a few years later at Jamaica’s Olympic trials in early 2008，Shelly-Ann，who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world，beat Jamaica’s unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).
70.What is the best title for the passage?
A.The Making of a Great Athlete
B.The Dream for Championship
C.The Key to High Performance
D.The Power of Full Responsibility
答案 A [主旨大意题。首先，根据题干可以确定本题为标题归纳类主旨大意题。整篇文章介绍了牙买加短跑明星弗莱瑟-普利斯由一名不为人知的中学普通运动员成长为奥运会金牌得主的故事。成名后，弗莱瑟-普利斯并没有止步不前，而是计划为祖国做更多的事情。所以A项“一个伟大的运动员的造就”能覆盖全文，恰当地表达原文的主题和中心思想。]
【技巧点拨】
如何精确归纳标题？
1.利用主题段来概括标题
主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。
2.利用主题句来概括标题
解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
3.做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：
(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；
(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。
[典例] (2016·江苏高考·阅读B )
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct (本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even
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chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory，chimps don’t naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
60.The passage is mainly about ________.
A.the helping behaviors of young children
B.ways to train children’s shared intentionality
C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D.the development of intelligence in children
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答案 C [主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文。作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。A、B、D项都属于文章的部分内容，并非心中思想。故C项正确。]
【技巧点拨】
如何概括文章大意？
1.做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。
2.在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。
[典例] Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour：we move closer to people we like.Most negative emotions，in contrast，are associated with avoidance behaviour：we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are，the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger：the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称) of EEG activity.Interestingly，this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response.In defensive anger，in contrast，the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.
64.What is the key message of the last paragraph?
A.How anger differs from other emotions.
B.How anger relates to other emotions.
C.Behavioural responses to anger.
D.Behavioural patterns of anger.
答案 D [段落大意题。根据本段第三句“But anger is an exception to this pattern.”以及下面对愤怒形式的描述可确定D项正确。]
【技巧点拨】
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如何总结段落大意？
段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。
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