第二讲
│
任务型作文之一
——
写好文章概要
从近五年江苏高考分析，高考书面表达主要考查读写任务型作文。读写任务型作文的写作内容一般分为两部分：写作内容一为摘要写作，即概括短文大意；写作内容二，就某个主题发表个人看法。
“
读写任务
”
是
“
读
”
和
“
写
”
的有机结合，
“
读
”
的材料是为后面的
“
写
”
提供情景；同样，
“
写
”
也是对
“
读
”
的材料的思考和延伸。
读写任务型作文主要以记叙文和议论文为主。从近五年江苏高考书面表达来看，都是议论性的读写任务型作文。
如何写记叙文概要
记叙文体的阅读材料，在写概要前，除明确文章主题外，还应抓住六个要素：
when
，
where
，
who
，
what
，
why
，
how
。在这六个要素中，所占内容比重较大的是
what
，学生最容易犯的错误就是把
what
写得太详细。一般来说，记叙文的故事概要可以用这样的模板来表示：
1.
没有寓意只单纯介绍事件的记叙文摘要要素：
人物
——
事件
——
结果
2.
篇末有表示文章内涵的记叙文摘要要素：
人物——事件——结果——启示
记叙文摘要可以用下列句式开头：
The writer tells us his experience...
The author shares his experiences...
From the passage
，
we know that...
The passage tells us that...
当然，不是说每个故事概要都包含
how
或
why
，有时两者选其一即可。
请阅读下面短文，然后以约
30
个单词概括下文的主要内容。
A
__
father
__
came
__
home
__
from
__
work
__
late
，
tired
__
and
__
exhausted
.He
worked day and night
，
hoping to earn more money for his only child.
His
__
5-year-old
__
daughter
was waiting for him at the door.
“
Dad
，
how
__
much
__
do
__
you
__
earn
__
an
__
hour
？
”
asked the daughter.
“
Why do you ask that
？
”
“I just want to
know.Please
tell me how much you earn an hour.”
“If you really want to know...I earn$20 an hour.”
“
Oh
，
”
the little girl replied with her head
down.Looking
up
，
she said
，
“
Dad
，
may
__
I
__
borrow
__
$10
？
”
The father became
angry.
“
Go
to bed right now! Think about how selfish you
are.I
work hard every day
，
but you just want to buy your silly toy
！
”
The little girl quietly went to her bedroom
，
feeling
sad.After
an hour or so
，
the father calmed down and started to feel sorry because she really didn’t ask for money very
often.So
he went to his daughter’s room and gave her $10.
The little girl jumped from the
bed.
“
Oh
，
thank you
，
Dad
！
”
She was really happy indeed.
Then she took out her own savings and said
，
“
Dad
，
I have$20
now.
Can
__
I
__
buy
__
an
__
hour
__
of
__
your
__
time
?
Please come home earlier
tomorrow.
I
__
would
__
like
__
to
__
have
__
dinner
__
with
__
you
.
”
[
材料分析
]
这是一篇小女孩想购买父亲的时间，渴望得到父亲陪伴的记叙文。首先我们先找出记叙文的六要素：
who
a girl and her father
when
at the time when her father came home from work
where
at home
what
The girl borrowed $10 from her father and wanted to buy an hour from her father.
列出了要点之后，我们就可以用自己的话将要点组织起来，概括成一段约
30
个词的通顺文段：
In this passage
，
the writer mainly tells us about a little girl
，
who wanted to buy some time from her busy father so that he could accompany her.
请用约
30
个单词概述短文信息的主要内容。
Once there lived a very rich and powerful
king.All
the people in his kingdom were afraid of
him.But
was he happy? No
，
he was always ill and
unhappy.His
money and power could not help
him.The
doctor in his kingdom could not cure him
，
either.He
was so angry with them that he had their heads cut off.
One day two famous doctors from another kingdom came to his palace.
“
If you can cure me and make me happy
，
”
said the king
，
“I will give you all the gold you can carry.”
The first doctor examined the
king.He
found nothing wrong with him so he said to the king
，
“You only think you are ill and that makes yourself unhappy.”
The king was very angry when he heard
this.He
told his soldiers to cut off the doctor’s head.
The second doctor knew he had to be
careful.
“
Oh
，
king.You
will be well if you wear the shoes of a man who is always
happy.
”
he
said.The
king was pleased with his answer and thought that the doctor was very
wise.He
gave the doctor a bag of gold.
The king asked hundreds of people if they were always
happy.They
all said they were sometimes happy and sometimes
sad.At
last he met a beggar who said that he was always happy.
“
Give me your shoes quickly
，
”
said the
king.“And
I will make you a very rich man.” The beggar laughed
，
“
I am sorry
，
”
he answered
，
“
I never wear shoes
！
”
【参考答案】
As the above story goes
，
the king
，
who was rich and powerful
，
was not happy at all while the beggar claimed he was always happy
，
indicating that wealth doesn’t mean happiness.
说明文通常会有明确的主题句，先抓住关键词，并根据各段落的主题，有序地组织语言，完整地表达出文章的中心内容。如果是分析型说明文，概括时要找出文章所说明的现象、产生的原因及解决的方法或建议，然后用自己的话将这些信息重组起来。
如何写说明文的概要
请阅读下面短文，然后以约
30
个单词概括下文的主要内容。
Urban public bike service isn’t a new
phenomenon.
Government-sponsored
__
public
__
bike
__
systems
__
have
__
been
__
introduced
__
into
__
many
__
cities
__
in
__
China.Mobike
，
a
__
new
__
kind
__
of
__
public
__
bike
__
rental
__
service
，
started
__
in
__
Shanghai
__
and
__
has
__
expanded
__
to
__
Beijing
.
People can use this service by scanning the QR code(
二维码
) on the bike to unlock the smart
lock.The
standard cost of this service is 1
yuan
per 30
minutes.Users
can pay with popular mobile payment methods such as
Alipay
and
WeChat.Mobike
now has more than 10
，
000 bikes in Shanghai
，
allowing
most riders to find a bike anywhere within a diameter(
直径
) of 300
meters.Many
people ride a
Mobike
for a short trip
，
such as from home to the subway
，
subway to the work place or to a grocery
store.Experts
say
Mobike
is a good supplement(
补充
) to the public bike rental service since city people are now fond of “Green Riding”
，
and environmentally-friendly means of
transportation.Just
because of this
，
the
__
company
__
providing
__
the
__
service
__
is
__
increasing
__
the
__
number
__
by
__
hundred
__
every
__
day.
[
材料分析
]
短文的开头和结尾
(
画线句
)
为中心句。
【参考答案】
Mobike
，
a new kind of public bike rental service
，
has been put into use in Shanghai and
Beijing.With
their great
favour
with city people
，
more
Mobikes
will be available in the future.
请用约
30
个单词写出下文概要。
A pair of British researchers said Monday they had worked out a simple equation(
方程式
) to quantify (
量化
) happiness that could put an exact figure on the emotional state.
After interviewing 1
，
000 people
，
the researchers concluded that happiness equals P
＋
5E
＋
3H.
In the equation
，
P stands for Personal
Characteristics(outlook
on life
，
adaptability and resilience); E for Existence (health
，
friendships and financial stability) and H represents Higher
Order(self
-esteem
，
expectations and ambitions).
The researchers asked interviewees—a mix of men and women all over 18 years old—to choose five scenarios that made them more happy or less happy from a list of 80 different
situations.They
also asked a series of questions about their own natures
，
outlook and
situations.Not
surprisingly
，
the results showed that different people found happiness in different ways.
【参考答案】
Two British researchers interviewed 1
，
000 people about their opinions on happiness and concluded happiness equals
“
P
＋
5E
＋
3H
”
，
a simple equation to quantify
happiness.And
different people define happiness differently.
议论文体的阅读材料，在写概要前，应该紧紧抓住议论文的文体特点、文章结构和三要素，准确捕捉材料的内容要点。议论文的结构形式有
“
总分
”
、
“
总分总
”
、
“
分总
”
或
“
并列
”
等。文章的三要素是：论点、论证、论据。而三要素中最重要的应是论点，因此，准确把握文章的论点就显得非常重要了。文章的论点往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶尔也在文章的中间。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句。还应特别注意段落中表转折或因果的连词，因为这些词往往会引出文章的论点。
此外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作关键词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，关键词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
如何写议论文的概要
请阅读下面短文，然后以约
30
个单词概括下文的主要内容。
If
_
you
_
ask
_
people
_
what
_
makes
_
them
_
happy
，
you
__
will
__
probably
__
get
_
many
__
different
_
answers
_
but
_
there
_
are
_
two
_
fundamental
_
things
_
that
_
will
__
ensure
__
happiness.
The
__
first
__
part
__
of
__
what
__
makes
__
people
__
happy
__
is
__
growth
.
When you feel like you are improving your life
，
that’s when you are
happy
.It
doesn’t necessarily mean that you have to constantly buy bigger and better
things.You
need to feel like you are growing on a personal
level.You
need to know that the essence of who you are is continually improving in some
way.Keep
looking for ways to make yourself better today than you were
yesterday.This
can mean different things to different people but the point is that you have to feel like you are improving and getting better as a human being as time goes by.
The
__
second
__
part
__
of
__
what
__
makes
__
people
__
happy
__
is
__
the
__
sense
__
of
__
contribution.
Everyone wants to believe that they were put here to do something
great.As
long as you know that by your being here
，
by doing what you are doing
，
you are helping someone somewhere
，
it will bring you happiness.
These are two ways of how to find __
happiness
.Are
these the only answers to what makes people
happy?
That depends on how you define
happiness
.
[
材料分析
]
通读文章可知，
happy
为本文的关键词，本文为总分结构的
“
观点对比式议论文
”
。
1.
人们的观点：
People have different opinions about what makes them happy.
2.
作者的观点：
Happiness comes from two fundamental sources.
基于以上分析之后，我们就可以用自己的话将要点组织起来，概括成一段约
30
个词的通顺文段：
While people have different opinions about what makes them happy
，
the writer thinks that happiness comes from the two fundamental sources: the improvement of one
’
s life and the sense of contribution.
请阅读下面短文，然后以约
30
个单词概括下文的主要内容。
It’s a question every social media user faces after taking a great photo: Should I post this? Or is it going to come back to worry me? The questions get doubly complex when they involve
children.A
parent on average will post almost 1
，
000 photos of a child online before the child turns five
，
according to a recent
survey.Are
parents putting kids at risk by
oversharing
on social media?
Here are the selections of the views.
Lauren
Apfel
(
US
)
The big reason to share is to build a
community.I
live
，
for example
，
thousands of miles from my
family.In
this atmosphere of modern parenthood
，
we all struggle to make it through the day
，
and the Internet has become a source of
support.In
the early years of mothering twins
，
one of the things that brought me the most happiness was posting pictures of them on
Facebook.Sharing
those photos and engaging with an online community was a lifeline.
Dracarys
(
China
)
I don’t post pictures of my kids online because I don’t like it when friends of mine post photos of me
online.It
feels way too public and an exhibitionist to
me.So
I treat my kids the way I want to be
treated.That
is probably what the parents who are comfortable with online photos think
，
too
，
when they decide to put the photos out there.
【参考答案】
While it is common for a parent to post children’s photos online nowadays
，
people take different attitudes toward
it.Some
think it’s beneficial while others are anxious about it.
如果读写任务所给的阅读材料是
“
图表
/
图画＋文字
”
，那么务必看清题目的概述要求，是对文字加图表
/
图画内容进行概述，还是仅概述图画或图表信息。如果是文字加图表
/
图画一起概述，那么概述的要点必须包括文字内容与图表信息。若仅是要求对图表
/
图画概述，只要描述图画内容即可。
如何写
“
图表
/
图画＋文字类
”
的概要
(2018·
南京市、盐城市高三二模
)
请认真阅读下面有关
“
不同年龄达到不同能力巅峰
”
的研究结果，用约
30
个单词概述图表和下文的主要内容。
“
At almost any given age
，
most of us are getting better at some things and worse at others
，
”
Joshua Hartshorne
，
an MIT cognitive science researcher and the lead author of a study looking at how intelligence changes as we age
，
told Business
Insider.The
team behind that study quizzed thousands of people aged 10--90 on their ability to do things like remembering lists of words
，
recognizing
faces.
Their
__
results
__
suggest
__
that
__
no
__
matter
__
what
__
your
__
age
，
there’s
__
almost
__
always
__
a
__
new
__
peak
__
on
__
the
__
horizon
.
[
材料分析
]
通读文字结合图片
(
尤其是文字提示词
)
，可知调查结果表明：不同年龄阶段达到不同能力巅峰。
基于分析，我们就可以用自己的话将要点组织起来，概括成一段约
30
个词的通顺文段：
A research
，
which involves thousands of subjects aged 10-90
，
reveals that people reach different capacity peaks at different ages with teenagers blessed with good memories and the elderly possessing a large vocabulary.
(2018·
南京市高三三模
)
请用约
30
个单词概述图片和文字的主要内容。
Mum
：
It’s time to list some written family rules in order to help our son form good habits.
Dad
：
I
agree.But
what do you want to include in the list?
Mum
：
First
，
we must stress the importance of honesty.
Dad
：
Right.Then
not hurting anyone’s feelings is also
necessary.Do
you think so?
Mum
：
Yes
，
and good manners can’t be
ignored.For
example
，
knock on closed door before entering.
Dad
：
Good idea
，
but I think it will be better if our son can involve himself in some home affairs
，
so...
Mum
：
So let’s encourage him to express his opinion.
Dad
：
You are so
thoughtful.Let’s
do it.
【参考答案】
Due to their child’s lying about the exam
，
a couple have a thorough discussion and decide to list some family rules
，
which they think will help regulate his behavior.
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