第四讲
│
词义猜测题
一、题型解读
词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中一种常见的题型。通过对近几年江苏高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可以看出，词义猜测题一般有
1
～
2
题。常见的考查方式有：
词义猜测题
考点
1
猜测词义题
考点
2
猜测短语题
考点
3
猜测指代题
考点
4
猜测句意题
二、设问方式
·The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”
.
·Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?
·The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”
.
·What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean?
·The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”
.
·The word “it” in the last sentence refers to “________”
.
词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从
“
已知
”
得出
“
未知
”
的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分
(
尤其是该词或短语前后的句子
)
进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义，常见的命题形式有：
三、常见生词类型
在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的
“
绊脚石
”
，这些
“
绊脚石
”
的出现大致分五类：
1.
旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义，如：
Nearby is the Indianapolis race
course
，
where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.
我们学过
course
的意思是
“
过程，课程
”
等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文
course
是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断
course
在该句是
“
车道
”
或
“
跑道
”
的意思。
2.
合成词、转化词与派生词，如
shoplifting
，
heartbroken
，
computer-literate
，
decision-thinking
，
imperfect
等；
3.
“
灵活
”
的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；
4.
“
新鲜
”
的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景；
5.
超纲生词。
[
典例
]
(2017·
全国卷
Ⅲ
·
阅读
C)
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States
，
but they were gradually
displaced
by human
development.By
the 1920s
，
wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone
area.They
went farther north into the deep forests of Canada
，
where there were fewer humans around.
猜测词义题
29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in
Paragr-aph
2 mean?
A.Tested
.
B.Separated
.
C.Forced
out.
D.Tracked
down.
答案
C
[
词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。
]
【技巧点拨】
如何解决词义猜测题？
1.
根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语
(
同位语前常有
or
，
similarly
，
that is to say
，
in other words
，
namely
，
or rather
，
say
等
)
或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。
2.
根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：
unlike
，
not
，
but
，
however
，
despite
，
in spite of
，
in contrast
等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：
while
引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：
similarly
，
like
，
just as
，
also
，
as well as
等。
3.
通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。
(1)
不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；
(2)
不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
[
典例
]
(2017·
江苏高考
·
阅读
B)
Before birth
，
babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and
voices.They
can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female
stranger.But
when it comes to embryonic learning(
胎教
)
，
birds could
rule
__
the
__
roost
.As
recently reported in
The
Auk
：
Ornithological
Ad
v
ances
，
some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(
孵化
).New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.
猜测短语题
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”
.
A.be
the worst
B.be
the best
C.be
just as bad
D.be
just as good
答案
B
[
本段一开始提到婴儿在辨别母亲的声音方面能力非常强，然后用了一个转折连词
“
But
”
，说明其后的内容
“
鸟类在胎教方面
”
应该是做得最好。故选
B
。
]
【技巧点拨】
如何解决猜测短语题？
猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。
[
典例
]
(2017·
全国卷
Ⅰ
·
阅读
C)
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz
Day.UNESCO(United
Nations Educational
，
Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music
，
its significance
，
and its potential as a unifying(
联合
) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations
，
though
，
in the
U.S.the
jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older
，
and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
猜测指代题
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change
that
.As
the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz
，
Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz
，
make the music more accessible
，
and preserve its history and culture.
29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Jazz
becoming more accessible.
B.The
production of jazz growing faster.
C.Jazz
being less popular with the young.
D.The
jazz audience becoming larger.
答案
C
[
代词指代题。根据前文
Despite the celebrations
，
though
，
in the
U.S.the
jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older
，
and the music has failed to connect with younger generations
可知尽管
UNESCO
为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合
It
’
s Jason Moran
’
s job to help change that(
是
Jason Moran
的工作帮助改变那一情况
)
可推测
that
指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选
C
。
]
【技巧点拨】
如何解决猜测指代题？
此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则
——
代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。
[
典例
]
(2017·
江苏高考
·
阅读
D)
When it comes to adaptation
，
it is important to understand that climate change is a
process.We
are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard
，
but to a constantly shifting set of
conditions.This
is why
，
in part at least
，
the US National Climate Assessment says that
：
“
There
__
is
__
no
__
‘
one-size
__
fits
__
all
’
__
adaptation
.
”
Nevertheless
，
there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
猜测句意题
65.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies________.
A.adaptation
is an ever-changing process
B.the
cost of adaptation varies with time
C.global
warming affects adaptation forms
D.adaptation
to climate change is challenging
答案
A
[
根据上文中的
“
We are therefore...but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.
”
可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分表示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。本题采取的是重述的方法。故选
A
。
]
【技巧点拨】
如何解决猜测句意题？
此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，做题时只要通过阅读文章，对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析，并和答案选项做一番比较，不难找出正确选项。一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。
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