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课时作业31
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2016·天津高考)
Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.
We experience this tiredness in two ways: as startup fatigue (疲惫) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.
Such startup fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.
Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order (按字母顺序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work with the difficult task of essaywriting. Experience proved that the rule works.
Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can—then let the unconscious take over.
When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (《大英百科全书》) , I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this
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problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe, must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.
1．People with startup fatigue are most likely to ________.
A．delay tasks B．work hard
C．seek help D．accept failure
2．What does the author recommend doing to prevent startup fatigue?
A．Writing essays in strict order.
B．Building up physical strength.
C．Leaving out the toughest ideas.
D．Dealing with the hardest task first.
3．On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?
A．Before starting a difficult task.
B．When all the solutions fail.
C．If the job is rather boring.
D．After finding a way out.
4．According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us ________.
A．ignore mental problems
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B．get some nice sleep
C．gain complete relief
D．find the right solution
5．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Success Is Built upon Failure
B．How to Handle Performance Fatigue
C．Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success
D．Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems
答案与解析
本文是一篇说明文。一次次的失败会导致人们产生疲惫，只要克服这些疲惫，人们就会走向成功。文章主要介绍了两种疲惫及克服这些疲惫的方法。
1．A 细节理解题。该题问的是在开始阶段有疲惫感的人们的表现。根据第二段第二、三句可知，他们会推迟任务，A项与原文相符。故A项正确。
2．D 细节理解题。该题问的是作者提议应如何阻止开始阶段的疲惫。根据第三段第二句可知，作者建议从最难的工作着手来阻止开始阶段的疲惫。故D项正确。
3．B 细节理解题。该题问的是在什么场合人很容易产生执行疲惫。根据第五段第三句可知，当所有的努力都失败时，我们就很容易产生执行疲惫。故B项正确。
4．D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二句可知，潜意识的思维也许会帮助我们找到正确的解决方案。故D项正确。
5．C 标题概括题。通过对全文的理解可知，文章主要介绍了两种类型的疲惫以及人们可以采取的克服措施，故C项“
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克服疲惫：一条通往成功的路”最能概括文章的主旨，适合做标题。故C项正确。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2017·开封、武邑、鹤壁、新乡、安阳联考)
You're surrounded by robots and you probably don't even know it. Most are not all that __1__ and they won't come up to you and speak like a friend.__2__ you're unaware of them, they know you're there. Robots are monitoring __3__ in hospitals, providing banking services, __4__ people from burning buildings and assisting astronauts in __5__. Robots are everywhere.
Are robots __6__or deadly enemies? Robotic expert Hans Moravec says intelligent robots today are no smarter than the average insect. But, don't feel too __7__about that. For example, army ants in South America __8__ everything in their path when they go to war—forests, crops, buildings, people...
In case you __9__ don't care about our little mechanical friends, __10__ this: Robot technology is currently __11__ at a rate 10 million times faster than the evolution of __12__.
Considering the advances in robot technology during the upcoming years, Moravec says that robots must pass through four __13__ of development before they rule the planet.
First robot technology must achieve the ability to __14__ as generalpurpose tools with software running at one million instructions per second (MIPS). Those robots will have the __15__ of reptiles (爬行动物). Next, this happening into 2020, robots will have acquired brains capable of __16__ 300 million MIPS, which will give them the intelligence of smart mice. A hundred billion MIPS will be __17__sometime after 2030. By then robots will be provided by
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their__18__ (humankind) with monkeylike brains. __19__， at the dawn of 2040, robots will __20__human intelligence and they will quickly surpass humans and challenge people for supremacy (至高无上) of the planet.
1．A.slow B．obvious
C．huge D．valuable
2．A.In case B．If only
C．Even if D．As if
3．A.researchers B．scientists
C．presidents D．patients
4．A.rescuing B．forcing
C．sending D．calling
5．A.studio B．space
C．distance D．town
6．A.servants B．leaders
C．competitors D．friends
7．A.curious B．nervous
C．safe D．pleasant
8．A.destroy B．hide
C．smell D．visit
9．A.also B．still
C．again D．seldom
10．A.consider B．explain
C．declare D．conclude
11．A.beginning B．selling
C．exploding D．reducing
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12．A.farmers B．theories
C．societies D．animals
13．A.stations B．generations
C．results D．experiments
14．A.serve B．stay
C．settle D．appear
15．A.weight B．memory
C．intelligence D．sense
16．A.recording B．improving
C．dividing D．processing
17．A.followed B．reached
C．corrected D．loaded
18．A.neighbor B．parent
C．creator D．enemy
19．A.Finally B．Luckily
C．Suddenly D．Regularly
20．A.collect B．change
C．discover D．equal
答案与解析
随着科技的发展，机器人会越来越多地出现在我们的生活中。
1．B 考查形容词。根据后面的“you're unaware of them, they know you're there.”可知，有些机器人并不显眼。A.slow“慢的”；B.obvious“明显的，显而易见的”；C.huge“大的”；D.valuable“有价值的”。故选B。
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2．C 考查连词。句意：即使你没有意识到他们，他们仍然就在你身边。故选C。A.In case“假使，万一”；B.If only“要是……就好了”；C.Even if“即使，尽管”；D.As if“如同，好像”。故选C。
3．D 考查名词。此处指机器人在医院里帮助监视看管病人。A.researchers“研究者”；B.scientists“科学家”；C.presidents“总统，董事长”；D.patients“病人”。故选D。
4．A 考查动词。根据后面的“from burning buildings”可知，此处指救援处在危险中的人。A.rescuing“救援”；B.forcing“强迫”；C.sending“运送”；D.calling“打电话”。故选A。
5．B 考查名词。根据单词“astronauts”可知，机器人可以帮助在太空的宇航员。A.studio“录音棚”；B.space“太空，空间”；C.distance“距离”；D.town“城镇”。故选B。
6．D 考查名词。根据连词or后面的“deadly enemies”可知，此处是在询问“机器人会成为朋友呢还是敌人”。A.servants“仆人，佣人”；B.leaders“领导”；C.competitors“竞争者”；D.friends“朋友”。故选D。
7．C 考查形容词。根据连词but可知，此处是说也不要感到太安全。A.curious“好奇的”；B.nervous“紧张的”；C.safe“安全的”；D.pleasant“愉悦的”。故选C。
8．A 考查动词。这里是说蚂蚁大军会毁坏掉它们所途经路上的东西，包括树木、庄稼等。A.destroy“杀死，破坏”；B.hide“隐藏”；C.smell“闻”；D.visit“拜访，参观”。故选A。
9．B 考查副词。句意：如果你仍然不在乎我们的这些“机械的朋友”。A.also“也”；B.still“仍然”；C.again“再，又”；D.seldom“很少”。故选B。
10．A 考查动词。指“考虑到这一点”。A.consider“
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考虑，认为”；B.explain“解释”；C.declare“宣布，申明”；D.conclude“得出结论”。故选A。
11．C 考查动词。这里是说机器人科技的发展比一些动物的进化速度快好多倍。A.beginning“开始”；B.selling“卖”；C.exploding“爆炸，激增”；D.reducing“减少”。exploding是“激增，翻倍”的意思。故选C。
12．D 考查名词。根据“army ants in South America”可知，这里是说一些动物。A.farmers“农民”；B.theories“理论”；C.societies“社会”；D.animals“动物”。故选D。
13．B 考查名词。此处指的是机器人一代一代的发展。A.stations“车站；位置”；B.generations“世代，一代代”；C.results“结果”；D.experiments“实验”。故选B。
14．A 考查动词。serve as是固定搭配，“担任……，起……的作用”。此处指机器人首先要充当一种工具。A.serve“服役，服务，招待”；B.stay“呆，停留”；C.settle“解决；定居”；D.appear“出现，露面”。故选A。
15．C 考查名词。此处指那些机器人将会有爬行动物的智能。A.weight“重量”；B.memory“记忆”；C.intelligence“智力，智能”；D.sense“感觉，观念，道理”。故选C。
16．D 考查动词。此处指“每秒加工处理百万条指令的能力”。A.recording“记录，记载”；B.improving“改善，增进；提高”；C.dividing“划分，除，分开”；D.processing“处理；加工”。故选D。
17．B 考查动词。这里是说达到“每秒加工处理上亿条指令的能力”。A.followed“跟随，遵循，追求”；B.reached“达到，影响，抵达”；C.corrected“改正；告诫”；D.loaded“使担负；装；填”
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。故选B。
18．C 考查名词。人类是机器人的创造者。A.neighbor“邻居”；B.parent“父母”；C.creator“创造者”；D.enemy“敌人”。故选C。
19．A 考查副词。根据前面说的过程可知，这是最后一步。A.Finally“最后，终于”；B.Luckily“幸运地是”；C.Suddenly“突然”；D.Regularly“有规律地，定期地”。故选A。
20．D 考查动词。此处指机器人将会抵得上人类的智力。A.collect“收集”；B.change“改变”；C.discover“发现”；D.equal“等于；比得上”。故选D。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2017·山师附中月考)
According to the data from population reports and the statistics made by the World Bank, Japanese people in 2013 __1__ (live), on average, to 83 years old, and the country itself ranks __2__ the top five nations with the longest life expectancy (预期寿命)．
__3__ major contributor to Japan's high life expectancy and overall health is their diet, as determined by the country's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
According to a recent study __4__ (publish) by the BMJ, Japanese people __5__ kept on the traditional Japanese diet during the 15year study had a mortality rate (死亡率) 15% lower than those who did not. Further, those who __6__ keep were also __7__ (little) likely to suffer from some diseases.
Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare __8__ (break) the traditional Japanese diet down in their version of the food pyramid, called the “Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top”. Though the Japanese diet gives
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special __9__ (important) to high intakes of fish and soybean products instead of fats, it is __10__ (general) a balance of grains, vegetables, fish and meat, and milk and fruits. However, the guide also includes snacks, sweets, cakes and alcoholic drinks, which can be consumed in control, rather than completely rejected.
答案与解析
本文为说明文。根据世界银行的统计数字，日本人的平均寿命在世界上名列前五名，其原因是日本的传统饮食习惯。
1．lived 根据本句中 in 2013可知本句需用一般过去时。
2．among/on rank 在这里为不及物动词，故设空处需为介词。among 意为“……之一”。on the top 在……之首。
3．A 设空处后的 contributor 为可数名词，在本句中表示泛指，故与不定冠词连用。
4．published 本题考查非谓语动词作定语。被修饰词 study 与 publish 为逻辑上的被动关系且表示完成，故用过去分词形式作定语。
5．who/that 本句中 Japanese people had a mortality rate 15% lower than those...为主句，“__5__ kept on the traditional Japanese diet during the 15year study”为定语从句，先行词为 Japanese people，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词指“人”，故答案为 who 或 that。
6．did 本题考查强调。“who __6__ keep”为定语从句，根据上下文可知该从句谓语动词应为一般过去时，故设空处填 did。动词原形前加助动词表示强调。
7．less 句意：此外，那些真正保持日本传统饮食习惯的人们患一些疾病的可能性也更小。根据上句中 lower than 可推知本空也需用比较级形式。
8．breaks 根据本段中的 gives
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(一般现在时)，可推知本空的时态也应该为一般现在时，主语“Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare”为第三人称单数，故答案为 breaks。
9．importance 此处需用名词形式作动词 gives 的宾语。
10．generally 此处需用副词形式作“is”的状语。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2017·九江一中月考)
Can you imagine someone steal your shoes? Well, that's exact what happened to a 18yearold student from Izumo. Nine boys come to him and forced him give them his shoes. The thief were young, about 14 to 15 years old. The shoes were Nike Air Max sneakers who are very popular with young people yet they were worth about $164. The boys also injured her. This has happened to other middle school students. How a strange world it is!
答案
Can you imagine someone your shoes? Well, that's what happened to 18yearold student from Izumo. Nine boys to him and forced him give them his shoes. The were young, about 14 to 15 years old. The shoes were Nike Air Max sneakers are very popular with young people they were worth about $164. The boys also injured . This has happened to other middle school students. a strange world it is!
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